The Effectiveness of Comic Strip for Teaching Simple Past Tense ( an experimental study at the second grade students of MTs Muhammadiyah Kalibening in Academic Year 2016 ) - repository perpustakaan

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Teaching 1. The Definition of Teaching According to Brown, (2000: 7) teaching is “showing or helping

  someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand.”

  Moreover Darwis A. Soelaiman in Erna (2006:7) said that teaching is a system that produces learning activity. In this theory, teaching should be systematic and produces students‟ learning activity.

  Harmer in Kurnia (2014, 7) teaching means to give (someone) knowledge or to instruct or to train (someone). In addition, the Longman Dictionary Contemporary English suggests that it means to „show somebody how to do something‟ or to‟ change somebody‟s ideas‟.

  According to Darwis A. Soelaiman in Erna (2006) the characteristic of teaching activity are rational and special to human.

  They said that teaching is the activity that contains 4 phases process, those are: making curriculum phase, teaching phase, measuring phase, and evaluating the output of teaching phase.

  From the definition of teaching above, there are some essential things that appear in teaching, that are: 1)

  Teaching is an activity or teachers‟ activity; 2)

  Teaching is a process; 3)

  Teaching is a teachers‟ activity that related with the students‟ learning, that happen in interaction process; 4)

  Teaching has goal and not only related in the students‟ changing.

  (Darwis A. Soelaiman in Erna, 2006:8) 2.

   The Components of Teaching Process

  The components of teaching should get extra attention because each component gives effect for success of teaching process. They are an inseparable sequence must be done in teaching process. In other words the process of teaching contains some components that related each other. According to Darwis in Erna(2006: 8), these components are:

  1) Goal

  Teaching goal is the students‟ changing of behavior as the result from learning activity.

  2) Material

  Material is the component of teaching that contains of moral value, information, facts, and knowledge. For teaching purposes, so the materials should useful or relevant with the students‟ need and their surround need.

  3) Teaching Method

  How the teacher teaches the material to reach the goal is the ability that the teacher should have. The material and the goal are the orientation for teacher to state the teaching method besides the students‟ situation and facilities.

  4) Media

  Media is all the tools that help teacher in using teaching method. The kinds of media are visual media, audio media, and audio-visual media. 5)

  Evaluation The evaluation is an effort to evaluate the output of teaching process. The evaluation includes teacher‟s teaching evaluation and students‟ evaluation. In the students‟ evaluation, teacher evaluates how far the goals of teaching have been reached by students in the form of the changing behavior.

B. Simple Past Tense 1. The Definition of Simple Past Tense

  As one of language components that is important to be mastered by students, grammar has many rules that should be learnt, one of

  The simple past is a tense that shows an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past (Betty Schrampfer Azar, 1993: 24). Simple past tense indicates that terminating in the past, whether a time is given or not (Marcella Frank, 1991: 49).

  From those statements above, it can be seen that simple past tense is a sentence which is used to talk about events, actions that happened at a specific time in the past.

2. The Features of Simple Past Tense a.

  The Uses of Simple Past Tense The uses of simple past tense are :

  1) to express the completed action in the past

  X Past Present future The simple past is used to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

  Examples : I saw a movie yesterday.

  I didn’t see a movie yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn’t travel to Japan. 2)

  To express a series of completed actions

  X1 X2 X3 Past Present future

  We used the Simple Past to list a series of completed

  st nd rd th

  actions in the past. These actions happen 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 …

  Examples : I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. 3)

  To express single duration in the past Past Present future

  The simple past can be used with a duration, which start and stop in the past. A duration is a long action often used with expressions like”for two years,” “for five minutes,” “all day,” or “all year” Examples : I lived in Brazil for two years.

  Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. 4)

  To express the habit in the past The simple past can also be used to describe a habit, which stopped in the past. It has the same meaning as “used to”. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit we often use expressions such as “always,” often,” “usually,” “never,” “…when I was a child” or “…when I was younger” in the sentence.

  Examples: I studied French when I was a child. b.

  The Pattern of Simple Past Tense Verbal Sentence : Positive : S + V2 Negative : S + did not + V1 Interrogative : Did + S + V1 Positive Negative Interrogative I played I play I play? We started We start We start? You watche You Did not watc You watch d h ? The The di The

  (didn‟t y had y ) have d y have? He saw He see He see? She did She do She do? It went It go It go? (Raymond Murphy, 1998:32) Nominal sentence Positive : She/He/It/I + was Negative : She/He/It/I + was + not They/We/You + were + not

  Interrogative : Was + she/he/it/I Were + they/we/you

  Positive Negative Interrogative

  I I

  I He He He She Was She was not was She It It It They They They We We We were were not were You You You (Raymond Murphy, 1998: 28) WH-Question WH + Did + subject + infinitive What Did you do yesterday? How did the accident happen? Where did your parents go for their holiday? (Raymond Murphy, 1998: 32) Short answer of yes/no question of simple past tense Yes, I/we/you/they Did No, I/we/you/they didn‟t

  He/she/it He/she/it Example : Questions: Short answers:

• Did you see Joe yesterday? No, I didn‟t. Did it rain on Sunday? Yes, It did.
• Did Helen come to party? No, she didn‟t. Did your parent have good holiday? Yes, they did.

c.

  The Adverb of Simple Past Tense There are some adverb of time that common use in past tense, those are

  yesterday, last…, and …ago. We also can identify the

  past tense with the other adverb or phrase which shows us that it happened in the past.

  d.

  Regular and Irregular Verb There are two kinds of past verb (V2) that are regular past verb and irregular past verb. In forming regular past verb is just add

• –ed after verb. There are some acceptations of spelling in changing regular past verb :

  1) The verb ending with –y after consonant, adding with –ied

  (e.g. to carry

• – carried) 2)

  The verb ending with –y after vowel (a,i,u,e,o), adding with –

  ed (e.g. to obey

• – obeyed) 3)

  The verb that has one syllable and ending with consonant, the last consonant is double (e.g. to stop

• – stopped) In the other hand, irregular verb do not have the rule to change the verb into past verb. We are able to know the irregular past verb by memorize them.

C. Media 1. Definition of Media

  According to Arikunto (1987:13) states that media are all of things, which are used by a teacher to explain the instructional material. Medias are the tools, methods and techniques that are used to make the communication and interaction between the teacher and learner in teaching and learning of English in the classroom more effective (Hamalik, 1982:23). For example the teacher can use music, picture or comics to explain something, so the material easy to be understood.

2. Kinds of Media

  According to Sudjana (1990: 12), there are some kinds of media : a. draft / blue print

  A combination of graphic media and picture that is used to visualize the connection between main facts or main ideas in order and logic.

  b.

  Diagram Description that is simplified to show the relationship on both sides especially in the meaning of lines and symbol.

  c.

  Poster Poster is simplified illustration picture in big size, planned to attract d.

  Cartoon Cartoon is the picture description of human being, idea, or situation that is planned to persuade the civil opinion.

  e.

  Comics A story line which has picture in every part or picture story and usually have a colors to make student more interested in reading.

D. Comics Media 1. Definition of Comic Strips

  Comic strips are picture with stories as tools or means (Brown :1994). Comic strips media are means or tools, which facilitate teachers in designing communicative activity task in teaching learning process. Shortly, a comic strips is a kind of stories which is used by the teacher to teach speaking, reading, translation, vocabulary and structure by creating in which the activity includes serving as a model in interpersonal, transaction, or otherwise fastening educative interaction among students and teacher of other age group. Comic strips are necessary for the teachers as a strategy to make the students interested in following the English lesson and understand the material.

  Based on the definition above, it can be concluded that comic strips media are representations of a person, group of object, cartoon papers as work of art which the writer uses as a means or tools to make it easier to receive the information, or message that the teacher gives in a teaching – learning process.

2. Kinds of Comics a.

  Comics Books Comic books is a story line which has picture in every part or picture story and usually have a colors which has several different title.

  b.

  Comic Strip A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions.

  c.

  Comic Cartoon Comic Cartoon is usually a series of pictures that illustrate the story. The series drawings are arranged in horizontal lines, or rectangles called panels, and like text from left to right.

E. Basic Assumption

  From the definition above, the writer basic assumption is the use of comic strips as a media in teaching past tense is one of good technique to the students, because most of students have been quite familiar with comics. Comic strips are a combination of picture and word so the students are able to understand easily. The pictures and the words on comic strips are very choosable. It means that not only for students who may use it as an interesting media but also everyone who wants to use this.

  However, the effectiveness does not merely on the media, but also the role of teacher in transferring the media comic strips to the students.

F. Hypothesis

  Based on the basic assumption above, the writer propose the hypothesis “Teaching past tense using comic strips is effective to eight grade students of MTs Muhammadiyah Kalibening in academic year 2016”