A study on the kinship terms in addressing uncles and aunts in Hinghwa and Hokkien dialects used by some Hinghwa and Hokkien Chinese Indonesian Families in Surabaya - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study
Most

Indonesian

addressing

one"s

accordance

with

factors

may

relatives.
whom

they

influence

participants,

the

terms

They

use

the

speak

to.

Certain

kinship

terms

terms

social

like:

who is speaking and who they are

literature

people

on kinship

terminology,

the

speaking
lot

describing

in various parts of the world refer to
aunts, cousins, and so

uncles.

on

in
in

Therefore, it is not surprising that there is a

to.
of

families have kinship

how

brothers,
(Wardaugh,

1986:219).

However, the kinship terms are different from
language

from

one

1986;262).
says

to another. The concepts of kinship terms
language
This

that esch

to

another

l3ngu~A

or

or

diale~t

vary

(Wardaugh,

statement is supported by

forms
gr8~lns,

one

usually has

address, including

who

Chaika,

several

kinsnip
t~rms

(Chaika, 1982:29).

As an example, East Javanese dialects have several
terms

to

address

parent's brothers

and

sisters

like

pakde, paklik, bulik, budhe, etc. (Supriyanto, 1886:187).
Not

far from the example above, in Bahasa

Lerek,

/

there

are 9 terms in addressing uncles and aunts.
in

choices

addressing

·aunts·,

and

One

has

4

choices

in

Those examples are similar to the Chinese and

its

5

addressing 'uncles· (Tukan, 1987:4).

dialects.
uncles

There

are many terms used

to

address

and aunts. In addition, the terms

According
power

to Chang (1979:222), older

over

society

reveal

siblings

..

. ,...
1

younger ones, and authority

operates

on

the

basis

one's
power.

exercise

the

Chinese

seniority

of

and

superiority.

aunts

It

is considered impolite to address

in

Chinese

by

calling

their

first

uncles

and

names

or

addressing them by their nicknames. Using the appropriate
kinship

terms shows respect. One way to

raspect
sho~

~o

somebody is not to mention his/her name. Thus, superiors,
seniors,

have to be addressed according to their

proper

given names (Chang, 1979:233).

the

As
Indonesian
and

comes

Indonesian families in Surabaya,

kinship

terms

to

address

addition, around the writer,
kinship
uncles

terms
and

from

families, and her husband comes from

Chinese

both

writer

Hokkien nor Hinghwa

though not all
Chi~es

they

use

relatives.

In

she has many friends

in addressing their

aunts,

their

Hokkien

relatives
of

them

using

including
come

families. In fact, she

from
finds

3

some

differences

Hinghwa

and

aunts.

as

well as

similarities

Hokkien dialects in addressing

Furthermore,

Hinghwa and

Hokkien

between

uncles

and

dialects

are

parts of the Chinese dialects which are still used by the
Chinese

Indonesian families in Surabaya. Therefore,

the

writer is interested in observing the difference and

the

similarities

and

aunts

in

of kinship terms in addressing

Hinghwa

and Hokkien

dialects

uncles

used

both

by

Chinese Indonesian families in Surabaya.

1.2 Statement Of The Problem

Closely
the

related to the background of

the

study,

question investigated is formulated as follows:

is Hinghwa dialect
uncles

..
~ow

to Hokkien dialect to address
~ompared

and aunts as used by Hinghwa and Hokkien

Indonesian families in Surabaya ?

Chinese

This major problem

is

broken down into the following minor problems:
1. What

are the kinship terms for addressing uncles

Indonesian families in
~uraby

?

2. What are the kinship terms for addressing
aunts

in

Hokkien

and

dialect used

Indonesian families in Surabaya ?

by

uncles

Hokkien

and

Chinese

4

are the kinship terms for addressing

3. How

uncles

used by Hinghwa Chinese Indonesian families

aunts

Surabaya compared to the original Hinghwa terms
4. How

and

are the kinship terms for addressing

aunts used by

?

uncles

and

Hokkien Chinese Indonesian families

are the differences and the similarities of

kinship

terms

Hinghwa

dialect

for

in

the original Hokkien terms ?

Surabaya compared to
5. What

in

addressing uncles

used by Hinghwa

and

Chinese

the

aunts

in

Indonesian

families in Surabaya and those in Hokkien dialect used
by Hokkien Chinese Indonesian families in Surabaya ?

1.3 Objectives Of The Study

This
terms
uncles

in

Hinghwa

is intended to describe
and Hokkien

dialects

the
in

families

in Surabaya. Before

kinship

addressing

and aunts as used by Hinghwa and Hokkien

Indonesian
major

study

Chinese

answering

the

problem, the writer should find the answer of

the

following minor problems:
1. Ti1e

kinship terms for addressing uncles and aunts

Hinghwa

dialect

used by Hinghwa

Chinese

in

Indonesian

families in Surabaya.
2. The

kinship terms for addressing uncles and aunts

Hokkien

dialect

used by Hokkien

families in Surabaya.

Chin8se

in

Indonesian

5
3. The

comparison

between

the

kinship

addressing

uncles and aunts used by

Indonesian

families

in

Surabaya

terms

Hinghwa
and

the

for

Chinese
original

Hinghwa terms.
4. The

comparison

between

the

kinship

addressing

uncles and aunts used by

Indonesian

families

in

Surabaya

terms

Hokkien
and

the

for

Chinese
original

Hokkien terms.
5. The

differenGes and the similarities of

terms

the

kinship

in

Hinghwa

and those in Hokkien dialect used by

Hinghwa

for

dialect

addressing

uncles and

aunts

and Hokkien Chinese Indonesian families in Surabaya.

1.4 Significance of The Study
mh·
1 •• 1S

is expected to give

study

Sociolinguistics

field,

since

the

contribution

kinship

terms

to
of

address are involved here. Moreover, she hopes the
of these findings can give more information to the reader

about
in

kinship terms used in addressing uncles and
and Hokkien

Hingh~a

aunts

dialec~s.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

terms
address

Considering

the

of

the writer focuses on

address,
for

uncles

limited time and

and aunts in

Hinghwa

width
the
and

of
terms

the
of

Hokkien

6

dialects.

Moreover, there are many Hinghwa

Chinese

Indonesian

Hinghwa

and

Surabaya.

Hokkien

Since

and

Hokkien

families, then she decides
Chinese

Indonesian

to

families

this study only includes

six

the six subjects, in this case three of

from

Hinghwa Chinese Indonesian families and the
come from Hokkien Chinese Indonesian

Surabaya,

the

generalized

findings

to

the

all

of

this

study

Hinghwa

and

in

families

from

three

take

them

come
others

families
will

not

Hokkien

in
be

Chinese

Indonesian families in Surabaya.

,1.6 Theoretical Framework

This section is devoted to reviewing the
that

the

writer is going to apply in

includes

this

theories

study.

the theories of Language and Society,

Language

and Dialects, Chinese Language and Its Dialects,
Terms

and

The

Hokkien and

She

Kinship
Terms

Hinghwa

Address for Uncles and Aunts.
Sociolinguistics,

as

is

defin~

Hudson

by

(1980:4), is a study of language in relation to

soclety.

Furthermore,

involves

knowing

using

the

community.

language

appropriately

sociolinguistics rules for
In

speaking

other word, sociolinguistics is

a

which has something to do with language and society.

in

a

study

7
Many speakers find difficulty in deciding
what

they

speak

should be called

a

'language·

'dialect'

of a language. According to Hudson

there

no

is

real

distinction

to

whether

be

or

a

(1880:37),
between

drawn

"language· and 'dialect·. However, Chaika points out that
dialects of Chinese, which are spoken in one country, are
not

considered

Since

separate

language

the writer takes Hinghwa snd Hokkien

part

1882:132).

(Chaika,

dialects

as

theory

of

of Chinese dialects to be analyzed, the

language and dialect can be used to support the

writer's

study.
The

various

forms of spoken Chinese,

which

designated as dialects, constitute as independent
of

Sino

Tibetan. Within the Chi11ese branch,

hundreds

of

dialects

(International

are

branch

there

are

Encyclopedia

of

Linguistics, 1982:257).
Kinship
terms

used

t~rms

of

a~es,

to address one·s

~·

this case,

relatives.

All

distinguish at least three characteristics in

are

the

languages
relatives:

generation, blood relationship and sex (Clark, 1877:541).
Put

simply, languages will develop kin terms useful

for

everyday purposes and favor ancestor, near relatives

and

blood relatives (Clark, 1977:543). The writer takes
theory

as

the

input since she analyzes

address for uncles and aun:s.

the

terms

this
of

8

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

To avoid misinterpretation, the writer would
to

clarify the terms used in this study, so

like

that

there

will be no unexpected misinterpretation. The terms to

be

defined are as follows:
Kinship
Personal relationship by blood and sometimes by
(Webster's

Third

New

marriage

Dictionary,

International

1986:1245).

Terms of Address
One of the linguistic means by which speakers mark
psycho-social

orientation

to

their

their

addresses

(International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 1892: vol. 1,
p.

23).

Dialect
Refers
example:

to

a

geographical variety of

(the)

Landcashire

language.

As

an

dialect

(Linguistics Encyclopedia, 1891:83).
Hinghwa Dialect
Hinghwa
province

dialect
of

is

a dialect which is

Fu-Kien near the

M1n

river

spoken

1n

the

(Encyclopedia

Britannica, 1947: vel. 9, p. 454).
Hokkien Dialect
Hokkien

dialect 1s a dialect which is spoken

mostly

in

the province of Fu-Kien in China and Taiwan (Encyclopedia

9

Britannica, 1847: vol. 9, p. 807).

1.8 Organization Of The Thesis

This
is

thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter

Introduction,

Background

of

the

which consists of
study,

eight

Statement

of

sub
the

I

topics:
problem,

Objectives of the study, Significance of the study, Scope
and limitation, Theoretical framework, Definition of
terms,

and

Review

of

Organization of the thesis.

Chapter

Related Literature. Chapter III

is

II

is Conclusion.

is

Research

Methodology, while chapter IV presents Data Analysis
Interpretation

key

of The Findings, and the last, chapter

and
V