Improving students` participation in speaking in class XC of SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta through paikem.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN SPEAKING IN CLASS
XC OF SMA PANGUDI LUHUR SANTO YOSEF SURAKARTA
THROUGH PAIKEM

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Yosephine Novita Suyoto
Student Number: 071214072

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA

2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN SPEAKING IN CLASS
XC OF SMA PANGUDI LUHUR SANTO YOSEF SURAKARTA
THROUGH PAIKEM

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Yosephine Novita Suyoto
Student Number: 071214072

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, January, 9th 2012
The Writer

071214072

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“Kemenangan yang seindah – indahnya dan
sesukar – sukarnya yang boleh direbut oleh
manusia ialah menundukkan diri sendiri.”

(Ibu Kartini )

I dedicate this thesis to:
Myself,
My parents,

And those who become family, advisor, and close
friends in joy and sorrow

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ABSTRACT
Suyoto, Yosephine Novita, 2011. Improving Students’ Participation in Speaking
in Class XC of SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta Through PAIKEM.
Yogyakarta : Sanata Dharma University.
Being competent in speaking English is very beneficial in this era, because
it can help the students in getting high quality education. Learning speaking
English needed process. In order to be able to master speaking English, students
need practice. Therefore, the English teacher needs to implement the appropriate
learning methods which give students opportunities to practice English in class.
Based on the researcher’s observation and interview with the English
teacher in the preliminary study, a problem that occurred in the process of
learning English in class XC was that they were still afraid to speak English, so
their participation in lessons was very poor. They rarely got involved in speaking

English language. They were not encouraged and motivated by the teacher to
speak English in class. The researcher implemented PAIKEM in conducting action
research. PAIKEM stands for Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Joyful
Learning. PAIKEM is an approach of learning which is used by implementing
with some methods and media in order to create a process of learning which is
active, innovative, creative, effective and joyful. It would answer the question:
How can PAIKEM improve the participation of students in class XC of SMA PL
St. Yosef Surakarta in speaking English during the learning process?
This study was a classroom action research. The process of implementing
PAIKEM was conducted on May 3rd and 13th, 2011. The researcher collected the
data through observation sheets, field notes, questionnaires, and interview
guidelines. In practice, the researcher used the learning activities like group
discussions, class discussions, games, and self study. The researcher also used a
variety of media that could improve students’ motivation in learning English, such
as using pictures and videos.
Based on the data obtained from students’ opinion, observation sheets, and
interviews with teachers, this approach is suitable and appropriate in improving
students' participation in speaking. Students became active in speaking English in
the process of learning English.

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ABSTRAK
Suyoto, Yosephine Novita, 2011. Improving Students’ Participation in Speaking
in Class XC of SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta Trough PAIKEM.
Yogyakarta : Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Mampu berbicara Bahasa Inggris sangat bermanfaat di jaman sekarang ini,
karena dapat membantu siswa dalam mendapatkan pendidikan yang berkualitas
tinggi. Belajar berbicara Bahasa Inggris membutuhkan proses. Untuk dapat
mampu berbicara Bahasa Inggris, siswa butuh latihan. Oleh karena
itu, guru perlu untuk menerapkan metode belajar yang tepat untuk memberikan
kesempatan kepada siswa untuk berlatih berbicara Bahasa Inggris di dalam kelas.
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan interview, masalah yang terjadi dalam
proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di kelas XC adalah mereka masih takut untuk
berbicara Bahasa Inggris, sehingga partisipasi mereka dalam pelajaran sangat
kurang. Mereka jarang berpartisipasi dalam berbicara Bahasa inggris. Guru dalam
hal ini kurang memberi kesempatan kepada siswa untuk aktif berbicara dalam
proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Mereka kurang diberi semangat dan

termotifasi untuk berani berbicara Bahasa Inggris. Peneliti mengimplementasikan
pendekatan PAIKEM dalam melakukan penelitian tindakan kelas. PAIKEM
singkatan dari Pembelajaran Aktif, Inovatif, Kreatif, Efektif, dan Menyenangkan.
PAIKEM adalah sebuah pendekatan mengajar yang digunakan bersama dengan
metode tertentu dan pelbagai media pengajaran agar proses pembelajaran menjadi
aktif, inovatif, kreatif, efektif, dan menyenangkan. Ini untuk menjawab
pertanyaan: Bagaimana PAIKEM dapat meningkatkan partisipasi siswa kelas XC
SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta dalam berbicara saat pelajaran
Bahasa Inggris
Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Proses penerapan metode
PAIKEM dilakukan pada tanggal 3 dan 13 Mei 2011. Peneliti mengumpulkan
data melalui lembar observasi, catatan lapangan, kuesioner, dan panduan
wawancara. Dalam penerapannya, peneliti menggunakan aktivitas belajar seperti
diskusi kelompok, diskusi kelas, permainan, kuis, dan belajar mandiri. Peneliti
juga menggunakan berbagai media yang dapat meningakatkan motivasi siswa
dalam berbicara Bahasa Inggris, seperti menggunakan gambar dan video.
Berdasarkan dari data yang didapat dari opini siswa, lembar observasi, dan
interview dengan guru, pendekatan ini cocok dan sesuai dalam meningkatkan
partisipasi siswa dalam berbicara. Siswa menjadi aktif berbicara Bahasa Inggris
dalam proses pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Yosephine Novita Suyoto

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 071214072

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN SPEAKING IN CLASS
XC OF SMA PANGUDI LUHUR SANTO YOSEF SURAKARTA

THROUGH PAIKEM
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu minta izin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 9 Januari 2012

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to give my praise to Jesus Christ for his love and blessing in
my life especially during the completion of this thesis.
I am aware that I would not have been able to complete this thesis without

the help from many people. Therefore, I would like to express my deepest
gratitude and appreciation to the people who supported me during the completion
of this thesis.
My

special

appreciation

a nd

gratitude

goes

to

my

advisor,

Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd. I really appreciated her guidance, assistance,
encouragement, support, and patience during the completion of this thesis. I could
not do it without her.
I would thank Drs. R. Rohandi, M.Ed., Ph.D., the Dean of the Faculty of
Teachers’ Training and Education; Caecilia Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd.,
t he

Chair

Person

of

English

Language

Education

Study

Program;

Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., the Vice Chair Person of English Language
Education Study program: Drs. J.B. Gunawan, M.A., and all lecturers of English
Language Education, who have shared their knowledge and supported me.
I would also like to thank some people who supported me in conducting
my research in SMA PL Santo Yosef Surakarta. I would like to thank Bruder
Yohanes Sudaryono FIC, M.Pd., the Headmaster of SMA St. Yosef Surakarta
who has given the permission and the opportunities for me to teach and conduct
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the research. I also thank Miss Maria Olise Charisma Hanani, S.Pd., the
English teacher of SMA PL. Santo Yosef Surakarta who has supported and guided
me during the process of the research. I would also like to thank all students of
class XC SMA PL Santo Yosef Surakarta for being nice and cooperative during
the research.
My deepest appreciation goes to my family. I would like to thank my
parents, Vincentius Suyoto and Christina Nuning Sri Padmiati, for their love,
care, and financial support. Through their endless guidance, understanding,
support, patience, and prayers, I could survive and still be able to stand tall. I
thank Stevanus Novianto Suyoto, my brother, for his support, a love, and
encouragement. I thank Yohanes Sujoto, my uncle, for his support, care, and
financial support for my study.
I would like to thank Fransiskus Galuh Prakoso, for his affection in my
life. I am thankful for his companionship, support, patience, care, and the way he
makes me laugh even in my worse moments.
I would also like to thank Dra. Emi Indriarti,S.Pd.,M,Pd., English
teacher of SMPN 2 Ngaglik, Sleman for her guidance. I really appreciated her
guidance, assistance, encouragement, support and patience during the completion
of this thesis. I could not do it without her.
My gratitude goes to all my classmates in the English Language Education
Study Program class of 2007 especially for Yani, Ria, Leony, Rieta, Eli, who
have helped and supported me in completing this thesis.
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Finally, my gratitude goes to the people whom I cannot mention one by
one, but have made a great contribution in my life. I thank them for giving me a
chance to learn from them all. May God bless them.

Yosephine Novita Suyoto

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
COVER PAGE .............................................................................................

i

APPROVAL PAGES ....................................................................................

ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .............................................

iv

DEDICATION PAGE ..................................................................................

v

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................

vi

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................

vii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ……………………………………..

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..........................................................................

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................

xi i

LIST OF TABLE …………………………………………………………

xv

LIST OF FIGURE ........................................................................................

xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES ...............................................................................

xvii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background ..............................................................................

1

B. Problem Formulation ...............................................................................

4

C. Problem Limitation .................................................................................

5

D. Research Objectives .................................................................................

5

E. Research Benefits ....................................................................................

5

F. Definition of Terms ..................................................................................

6

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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Description ............................................................................

10

1. Active Learning .......................................................................................

10

2. Students’ Participation .............................................................................

16

3. Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Joyful learning ....................

21

4. Speaking ...................................................................................................

28

5. Curriculum of Speaking in Senior High School
for X Graders ………………………………………………………….…

30

B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................

31

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method ......................................................................................

35

B. Research Participants ...............................................................................

37

C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique .............................

37

D. Data Analysis Technique ........................................................................

39

F. Research Procedure ..................................................................................

41

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Cycle One .................................................................................................

45

1. Plan............................................................................................................

45

2. Action ........................................................................................................

46

3. Observation ...............................................................................................

48

4. Reflection ..................................................................................................

49

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B. Cycle Two ................................................................................................

51

1. Plan ...........................................................................................................

51

2. Action ........................................................................................................

51

3. Observation................................................................................................

53

4. Reflection ..................................................................................................

54

C. The Result of Conducting Cycle One and Cycle Two …………………

56

1. Questionnaire Result .................................................................................

57

2. Interview Result ........................................................................................

57

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
A. Conclusion ...............................................................................................

59

B. Recommendation ....................................................................................

61

REFERENCES .............................................................................................

63

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LIST OF TABLE
Table

Page

4.1 Cycle One to Cycle Two Improvements Results……………………… 54

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure

Page

3.1 The Classroom Action Research Protocol by Kemmis .......................... 36

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix

Page

A. Permission Letter .................................................................................... 66
B. Research Instruments ............................................................................. 67
1. Observation Sheet .................................................................................... 68
2. Questionnaires .......................................................................................... 70
3. Interview Guide ...................................................................................... 72
C. Learning Materials .................................................................................. 73
E. Raw Data ................................................................................................. 86
1. First Cycle Observation Checklists .......................................................... 87
2. Second Cycle Observation Checklists ..................................................... 89
3. First Cycle Field Notes ............................................................................ 90
4. Second Cycle Field Notes ........................................................................ 91
5. Questionnaire Results .............................................................................. 92
6. Interview Result ........................................................................................93

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the introduction of the study.
The discussion will be divided into seven main parts. They are Background,
Problem Formulation, Problem Limitation, Research Objectives, Research
Benefits, and Definition of Terms.
A. Background
Speaking is an important skill. All students are expected to be able to
speak English. An English teacher is also expected to be able to teach speaking
skill. The goal of teaching speaking skills is communicative efficiency (National
Capital Language Resource Center [NCLRC], 2004). They should try to avoid
confusion in the message due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
They should also observe the social and cultural rules that apply in each
communication situation to help students develop communicative efficiency in
speaking, instructors can use appropriate activities approach that combines
language input, structured output, and communicative output
Speaking is useful for the students. David and Roger Johnson mentioned
there are several problems in teaching speaking. The problems are student
attention decreases with each passing minute, it appeals only to auditory learners,
it tends to promote the lower level learning of factual information, it assumes that
all students need the same information and at the same place, students tend not to
like it (as cited in Bel Silberman, 1996, p. 2).
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Skold (2008) stated in her journal about speaking well.
Speaking well is of great importance to pupils when communicating with
others in a second language, not only in teaching and learning
environments, but also outside the classroom. She also said that it is
important that communication helps people participate in the social world
around them today. It is also central to learn how to develop the
established contact with another speaker. One significant factor is the
listener’s willingness to understand the information that is being
exchanged (p. 1).
Davies (2000), said that in his book speaking comes naturally to human,
but it is not as simple as it seems (p. 82). She also said that, for a start, many
people do not like speaking in front of large groups of people because they may
worry about producing utterances with many errors or oddities in them;
recognizable pronunciation is necessary for speech to be intelligible; like
listening, speaking takes place in ‘real time’, and speakers do not usually have
time to construct their utterances carefully (p. 82).
Based on my observation in the preliminary study which was conducted on
Tuesday, April 5th, 2011 and Friday, April 8th, 2011, I observed the teacher and
students’ activities. The observation conducted in class XC of SMA Pangudi
Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta. From observing the teacher’s activities in class, the
researcher was able to conclude some important things related to teacher’s
learning method. The conclusion was that the teacher did not use some media to
attract students’ participation. The teacher also did not use an interesting method
to teach the students. She only explained the materials and asked the students to
do the exercises. The method that was used by the teacher was not attractive
enough to encourage students’ participation in speaking English in class. The

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teacher just explained the material and asked the students to do the assignments.
The method made the students feel boredom and not interested to study English.
Besides, based on the second observation conducted to observe students’
activities during the learning process, the researcher found the important things
such as students did not pay attention to the teacher. They did other things such as
playing games, disturbing others, and even falling asleep. They also spoke too
much during learning process. While the teacher was explaining, students did not
get involved actively in the learning process. The students of class XC were still
afraid of using English during the learning process. They were not confident with
themselves that they were able to speak English. They were afraid of making
some errors in speaking English. They were also afraid of using English during
the learning process. Some students were still afraid to speak English, and they
usually used their L1 to communicate in class during English learning. They were
afraid of making an error in speaking English, like wrong pronunciation,
vocabulary, and many others.
From the interview conducted to the teacher in the preliminary, the
researcher found teacher’s opinion about the learning process in English class.
According to the teacher, the problem in class was that the students did not pay
attention. They judged that English is difficult, so they were not interested in
learning English.
The researcher believes that the problem can have an influence on their
future, because nowadays, people are forced to be able to speak in foreign
language including English. Facing globalization era, speaking English becomes

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one of the languages in the world which is very important, so the researcher tries
to solve the problem.
From all the problems PAIKEM can become a very useful approach in
teaching speaking. PAIKEM consists of active, innovative, creative, effective, and
joyful learning. This approach can improve students’ participation in speaking
English in class. It means that the approach can also make the students active in
class. According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), there are some reasons why this
approach is very useful and needs to be applied. PAIKEM is aimed to make the
students become more active and develop students’ creativity, so that the learning
becomes more effective and joyful. This approach can make the students attracted
to follow the lesson and can also comprehend the knowledge and skill that is
taught by the teacher easily. This approach can also make the students do various
activities to develop their attitude, comprehension, and skill (p. 1).
The researcher expects that PAIKEM can improve students’ participation
in speaking by participating actively in learning process.

B. Problem Formulation
The problem which is going to be answered in the paper is “How can
PAIKEM improve students’ participation in speaking of class XC of SMA PL St.
Yosef Surakarta during learning process class?”

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C. Problem Limitation
This research is limited to the discussion on analyzing students’ problems
in speaking English in class and how to solve it. This research focuses on how to
improve the tenth grades students’ participation in speaking English in public
using PAIKEM. The researcher will find the solution to those problems and give
some suggestions to improve how to teach speaking and how to improve students’
participation in speaking English in class.

D. Research Objectives
By conducting the research, researcher will be able to identify how
PAIKEM can improve students’ participation in speaking of class XC of SMA
Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta during the learning process in class.

E. Research Benefits
The result of this research is expected to give some benefits for the
following people:
1. The students of XC SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta
The research is also beneficial for the students, especially the students of
class XC of SMA St. Yosef Surakarta. The researcher hopes that this research will
be useful for the students to help them in speaking English actively, fluently, and
confidently.

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2. English Teachers of Class XC SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef
Surakarta
For English teachers at SMA Pangudi Luhur Santo Yosef Surakarta in
general, it is hoped that the result of this research can give them a broader view of
improving students’ participation by using active, innovative, creative, effective,
and joyful learning. The teacher will get the idea of teaching English in interesting
ways. The teacher will get the students to participate more actively in English
learning process, so that the students will practice their English well.
3. Further Researchers
This research will give information to further researchers who are
interested in doing a similar research. The research report is useful to be used as
reference for those who want to conduct classroom action research in their own
classes.

F. Definition of Terms
This part defines the terms used in this study. The purpose is to avoid
misunderstanding and misinterpretation in perceiving the important terms in this
study.
In this study, the researcher used PAIKEM to solve the problem. In this
part, the researcher will explain PAIKEM itself and the part of PAIKEM, such as:
active learning, innovative learning, creative learning, effective learning, and
joyful learning to improve students’ activeness in speaking. In this part, the

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7

researcher also explains about the meaning of participation, speaking, improve in
this study.
1. PAIKEM
PAIKEM stands for Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Joyful
Learning. According Syah and Kariadinata (2009), PAIKEM is an approach of
learning which is used by implementing with some methods and media in order to
create a process of learning which is active, innovative, creative, effective and
joyful. In this study, the researcher will conducted PAIKEM by using interesting
method and media to attract students’ motivation in learning English.
2. Active Learning
According to Bonwell, active learning means that the learning which
has some characteristics like, students are involved in more than passive listening,
students are engaged in activities (e.g., reading, discussing, writing), there is less
emphasis placed on information transmission and greater emphasis placed on
developing student skills, there is greater emphasis placed on the exploration of
attitudes and values, student motivation is increased (especially for adult learners),
students can receive immediate feedback from their instructor, and students are
involved in higher order thinking (analysis, synthesis, evaluation).
Those points are employed by the researcher in this research to identify
students’ participation in English class.
3. Innovative Learning
According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), innovative is “something
newly introduced such as method or device” (as cited from McLeod, 1989,

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8

p. 520). Something new or innovative means that the method or anything else is
different or has not been used before by other teacher although that it is not a new
thing for them. In this study innovative means that the teacher can create an
interesting method that can improve students’ participation in speaking.
In this study, innovative learning is done by using a new method such as
using video and picture as media of learning.
4. Creative Learning
According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), being creative means using
something new or different with others. Using some media like picture, video, and
many others can make the students enjoy the learning and they can follow the
learning more easily. In this study, creative learning means that the researcher can
create interesting ways to improve students’ participation is speaking.
5. Effective Learning
According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), effective learning means
learning that can achieve the aim of learning or can achieve the standard
competency which is applied. In this research, effective learning means that the
teacher can create a learning that is understable and enable the students to
participate speaking actively.
6. Joyful Learning
According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), joyful learning does not mean
always sing, clap, use joke. Joyful learning is a learning that can be enjoyed by the
students. Students can feel pleasant, safe, and passionate. Joyful learning contains
inner motivation that is curriosity encouragement which can make students try to

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9

solve their curriosity by themselves. In this research, joyful learning is applied by
attracting students’ attention to participate speaking actively, such as using picture
and video.
7. Speaking
Speaking in this study means that the students were brave to speak English
in class without being afraid of making some errors in pronunciation, grammar,
vocabulary.
8. Participation
Participation in this study means that the students get involved actively
in learning process, do the teacher’s instruction, so the assignments, answer the
teacher’s question.
9. Improve
In this study, the teacher would improve students’ participation in
speaking English in class. Improve in this study means that enable the students to
be brave and confidence in speaking English in class, so that they can participate
actively in learning process.

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the theories used to conduct
the study. The discussion will be divided into two main parts, there are theoretical
description and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
Theoretical description is aimed at giving foundation from related
literatures and written sources to conduct this study.
1. Active Learning
Students study actively when they involve in it mentally and physically
(Hollingsworth and Lewis, 2008, p. viii). The teacher should be able to make the
students active in class, so that the learning can be interesting and the students can
involve in learning mentally and physically. Active learning is anything that
students do in a classroom other than merely passively listening to an instructor's
lecture. This includes everything from listening practices which help the students
to absorb what they hear, to short writing exercises in which students react to
lecture material, to complex group exercises in which students apply course
material to "real life" situations and/or to new problems. (Paulson & Faust. (n.d.).
Silberman (1996) stated that Active learning is not just fun, although
learning can be fun and still be worthwhile (p. 7).Active learning includes many
suggestions to help students reflect on what they have experienced (p. 7).

10

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According to Silberman (1996), in applying active learning the students
use their brain to give and argue their idea, solve the problems, and apply what
they have learned, so that the students should listen, see, answer the questions, and
discuss with others.
Teacher needs some strategies to make the students active in class.
According to Siberman (1996), there are some strategies in active learning (p.
32). These strategies are as follows:
a. How to Get Students Active from the Start
As the teacher begins any class, it is crucial to get students active from
the start. Structure opening activities that get students to become acquainted,
move about, engage their minds, and hook their interest in the subject matter.
In the earliest moment of active learning, there are three important goals to
accomplish. These goals are as follows:
1) Team Building Strategies
It helps students to get acquainted and any reacquainted or to build team
spirit with a group who already know one another.
a.) Trading Places
This strategy allows students to get acquainted, exchange opinions and
consider new ideas, values, or solutions to problems. It’s a great way to promote
self-disclosure or an active exchange of viewpoints. The procedures are as
follows:
1.

Give students one or more Post-it notes.

2.

Ask them to write on their note(s) one of the following:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
x

A value they hold

x

An experience they have had recently

x

A creative idea or solution to a problem you have posed

x

A question they have about the subject matter of the class

x

An opinion they hold about a topic of your choosing

x

A fact about themselves or the subject matter of the class

3. Ask students to stick the note(s) on their clothing and circulate around the
room reading each other’s notes
4. Next, have students mingle once again and negotiate a trade of Post-it notes
with one another. The trade should be based on a desire to possess a particular
value, experience, idea, question, opinion, or fact for a short period of time.
5. Reconvene the class and ask students to share what trades they made and why.
b.) Who’s in the Class?
This popular icebreaker is a scavenger hunt for classmates rather than for
objects. The hunt can be designed in a number of ways and for a class of any size.
It fosters team building and gets physical movement going right at the beginning
of a class (p. 36).
c.) Group resume
Resume typically describe an individual’s accomplishments. A group
resume is a fun way to help students become acquainted or do some teams building
of a group whose members already know one another (p.38).

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13
2.) Immediate Learning Involvement Strategies
It is the way to get students active from the start. They are designed to
plunge students immediately into the subject matter in order to build their interest,
arouse their curiosity, and stimulate thinking (p. 56).

b. How to Help Students Acquire Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes Actively
Active learning of information, skills, and attitudes occurs through a
process inquiry. Students are in a searching mode rather than a reactive one (p. 67).
This section is divided into several parts:
1.) Full-Class Learning
This part deals with ways to make teacher-led instruction more interactive.
2.) Stimulating Discussion
This part explores ways to intensify dialogue and debate of key issues in
your subject matter.
3.) Prompting Questions
This part examines ways to help students become willing to ask questions.
4.) Collaborative learning
This part presents ways to design learning tasks done in small groups of
students.
5.) Peer Teaching
This part discusses ways to enable students to teach each other.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
6.) Independent Learning
This part relates to learning activities performed by students individually
and privately.
7.) Affective Learning
This part pertains to students to examining their feelings, value, and
attitudes.
8.) Skill Development
This part deals with learning and practicing skills-both technical and
nontechnical.
c. How to Make Learning Unforgettable
There are many positive actions that can take place to bring the class to a
meaningful and, perhaps, even unforgettable close (p. 156). In this section it is
considered in four categories.
1) Reviewing strategies
This part deals with ways to help students recall what they have learned
and test their current knowledge and ability
2) Self-Assessment
This part deals with ways to help students assess what they now know,
what they now can do, and what attitudes they now hold.
3) Future Planning
This part deals with ways to help students consider what they will do to
use what they have learned.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
4) Final Sentiments
This part deals with ways to help students reminisce about their
experiences together and express appreciations.

According to Drs. T. Taslimuharom, MP (2008), active learning perceives
commitment, responsibility, and motivation.
a. Commitment
It means that the material, method, and strategy of learning should give
advantages for the students (meaningful), related to students’ needs (relevant),
and personal.
b. Responsibility
Responsibility is one of the learning processes that gives authority to the
students to be critical. The teacher should be listening more than speaking and
appreciate students’ idea, giving a choice and opportunity to the students to
decide by themselves.
c. Motivation
There are 2 motivations, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. In
active learning students’ intrinsic motivation should be developed. It is aimed in
order to increase students’ interest appear by themselves. Active learning should
be supported by creative learning. Creative learning is the ability to create,
imagine, do some innovations, and also do some another arthritics things.

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2. Students’ Participation
A teacher also has to understand how to encourage students’ participation
during learning process. According to Barbara (1993), students’ enthusiasm,
involvement, and willingness to participate affect the quality of class discussion as
an opportunity for learning. There are some general strategies to encourage
students’ participation.
a. General Strategy
Davis stated some general strategies to encourage students’ participation
namely:
1.) Encourage students to learn each other’s names and interests
Students are more likely to participate in class if they feel they are among
friends rather than strangers; so at the beginning of the term, ask students to
introduce themselves and describe their primary interests or background in the
subject (as cited in Tiberius, 1990). These introductions may also give the teacher
some clues about framing discussion questions that address students' interests.
2.) Get to know as many of your students as class size permits
In classes of thirty or less, learn all the students' names. ("The First Day of
Class" lists several ways to do this.) Class participation often improves after
students have had an opportunity to talk informally with their instructor.
3.) Arrange seating to promote discussion
If the room has movable chairs, ask students to sit in a semicircle so that
they can see one another. Research reported by Beard and Hartley (1984) shows
that people tend to talk to the person sitting opposite them, that people sitting next

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
to each other tend not to talk to one another, that the most centrally placed member
of a group tends to emerge as leader, and that leaders tend to sit in the least
crowded parts of a room.
4.) Allow the class time to warm up before you launch into the discussion
Consider arriving two to three minutes early to talk informally with
students. Or open class with a few minutes of conversation about relevant current
events, campus activities, or administrative matters (as cited in Billson, 1986;
Welty, 1989).
5.) Limit your own comments
Some teachers talk too much and turn a discussion into a lecture or a series
of instructor-student dialogues. Avoid the temptation to respond to every student's
contribution. Instead, allow students to develop their ideas and respond to one
another.

b. Tactics to increase students’ participation
Barbara Gross Davis stated some tactics to increase students’ participation.
These tactics are as follows:
1.) Make certain each student has an opportunity to talk in class
during the first two or three weeks
The longer a student goes without speaking in class, the more
difficult it will be for him or her to contribute. Devise small group or pair
work early in the term, so that all students can participate and hear their
own voices in nonthreatening circumstances.

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2.) Ask students to identify characteristics of an effective discussion.
Ask students individually or in small groups to recall discussions
and seminars in which they have participated and to list the characteristics
of those that were worthwhile. Then ask students to list the characteristics
of poor discussions. Write the items on the board, tallying those items
mentioned by more than one student or group. With the entire class, explore
ways in which class members can maximize those aspects that make for a
good discussion and minimize those aspects that make for a poor
discussion.
3.) Periodically divide students into small groups.
Students find it easier to speak to groups of three or four than to an
entire class. Dividing the students into small groups can be useful by asking
them to discuss a question or issue for five or ten minutes, and then return
to a plenary format. Once students have spoken in small groups, they may
be less reluctant to speak to the class as a whole.
4.) Assign roles to students.
It is better by asking two or three students to lead a discussion
session sometime during the term. Meet with the student discussion
leaders beforehand to go over their questions and proposed format. Have
the leaders distribute three to six discussion questions to the class a week
before the discussion. During class the leaders assume responsibility for
generating and facilitating the discussion. For discussions you lead, assign
one or two students per session to be observers responsible for

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
commenting on the discussion. Other student roles include periodic
summarizer (to summarize the main substantive points two or three times
during the session), recorder (to serve as the group's memory), timekeeper
(to keep the class on schedule), and designated first speaker (as cited in
Hyman, 1980).

c. Tactics to keep students talking
Talk to students during office hours, in hallways, and around
campus. If they make a good comment, check with them first to see
whether they are willing to raise the idea in class, then say: "Jana, you were
saying something about that in the hall yesterday Would you repeat it for
the rest of the class." The tactics to keeps students talking are as follows:
1.) Use nonverbal cues to encourage participation
For example, smile expectantly and nod as students talk. Maintain eye
contact with students. Look relaxed and interested.
2.) Draw all students into the discussion
A Teacher can involve more students by asking whether they agree with
what has just been said or whether someone can provide another example to
support or contradict a point: "How do the rest of you feel about that?". The
student will speak up and outward, drawing everyone into the conversation. The
comment will be "on the floor," open for students to respond to.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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3.) Give quiet students special encouragement
Quiet students are not necessarily uninvolved, so avoid excessive efforts to
draw them out. Some quiet students, though, are just waiting for a nonthreatening
opportunity to speak. To help these students, consider the following strategies:
a.) Arrange small group (two to four students) discussions.
b.) Pose casual questions that don't call for a detailed correct response:
c.) "What are some reasons why people may not vote?" or "What do you
remember most from the reading?" or "Which of the articles did you find most
difficult?" ( as cited in McKeachie, 1986).
d.) Assign a small specific task to a quiet student: "Carrie, would you find out for
next class session what Chile's GNP was last year?"
e.) Reward infrequent contributors with a smile.
f.) Bolster students' self-confidence by writing their comments on the board ( as
cited in Welty, 1989).
g.) Stand or sit next to someone who has not contributed; your proximity may
draw a hesitant student into the discussion.
4.) Discourage students who monopolize the discussion
In classes with more than forty students, two or three students accounted
for 51 percent of the exchanges. Here are some ways to handle dominating
s t ude nt s :
x

Break the class into small groups or assign tasks to pairs of students.

x

Ask everyone to jot down a response to your question and then choose
someone to speak.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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x

If only the dominant students raise their hand, restate your desire for greater
student participation: "I'd like to hear from others in the class."

x

Avoid making eye contact with the talkative.

x

If one student has been dominating the discussion, ask other students whether
they agree or disagree with that student.

x

Explain that the discussion has become too one-sided and ask the monopolizer
to help by remaining silent: "Larry, since we must move on, would you briefly
summarize your remarks, and then we'll hear the reactions of other group
members."

x

Assign a specific role to the dominant student that limits participation (for
example, periodic summarizer).

x

Acknowledge the time constraints: "Jon, I notice that our time is running out.
Let's set a thirty-second limit on everybody's comments from now on".

3. Active, innovative, creative, effective, and joyful Learning
a. The meaning of Active, innovative, creative, effective, and joyful Learning
According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), Active, innovative, creative,
and joyful learning is approach of teaching that used together with the specific
method and some learning media which include structuring the environment in
order to make the learning process become more Active, innovative, creative,
effective, and joyful (p. 1).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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b. The Principals of Active, Innovative, Creative, Effective, and Joyful
Learning
Asmani (2011), stated that in conducting PAIKEM there are 4 components
that can be identified (p. 123). These components are as follows:
1.) Experiencing
In experiencing, students study from doing something. Some examples of
experiencing are observing, interviewing, using visual aids. The principal of
“experiencing” is students are able to feel the theory and progressive idea (p.123).
2.) Interacting
By interacting, the learning can be alive and interesting. Interacting gives
an opportunity to the students to express and articulate according to their ability (p.
124).
3.) Communicating
Communicating is the way to deliver what we have known. Interaction is
not enough if it is not completed by good communication. The principal of
communicating can be aimed to know how the students understand about the
material (p. 124).
4.) Reflecting
Reflecting means thinking what we have done. From reflecting, we can
know the effectiveness of the learning. Reflecting can be aimed to evaluate the
strategy that has been done and the result (p. 125).

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c. The characteristic of Active, innovative, creative, effective, and joyful
Learning
1.) Student-Centered
According to Depdiknas (2005), student-centered means:
x teacher as a facilitator not a speaker
x the focus of learning is the the students not the teacher
x students study actively
x students contol the process of learning and product their own work, not imitate
from the teacher
2.) Joyful Learning
According to Syah and Kariadinata (2009), joyful learning is a learning that
is interesting and can be enjoyed by the students. Students feel happy and interested
(p. 34).
3.) Competency-based learning
Competency-based learning (CBL) is a very powerful foundation for the
construction of e-learning solutions. Competency-based learning models are
exploited by e-learning because they enable organizations to deliver content or
learning objects to individuals (Applied Skills & Knowledge [AS&K], (n.d)).
4.) Mastery learning
The goal of mastery learning approaches is to have all students learn
instructional material at roughly equivalent, high levels.

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5.) Continuous learning
WEM or Workplace Education Manitoba (2011) stated that continuous
learning is the ability to participate in an ongoing process of acquiring skills and
knowledge. We use this skill when we learn as part of regular work or from coworkers.
6.) Contextual Learning
According to Johnson (2002), in contextual learning theory the learning
occurs only when students (learners) process new information o