THE USE OF METAPHOR IN INVICTUS FILM.
THE USE OF METAPHOR IN INVICTUS FILM
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
THERESIA
Registration Number: 082222810012
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGAUGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ABSTRACT
Theresia. The Use of Metaphor in Invictus Film. A Thesis, English
Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan. 2012
This study deals with the types of metaphor in Invictus film. The
objectives of the study are to find out the types of metaphor, the most dominant
type of metaphor, and to describe the implication of the dominant type of
metaphor in Invictus film. The study was conducted by using descriptive
qualitative method. The data were collected from the script of Invictus film and
six scene were selected, there were fifty dialogues uttered by Nelson Mandela
used as the samples. The findings showed that there are six types of metaphor
found in Invictus film, they are: Active Metaphor (4%), Inactive Metaphor (20%),
Subjective Metaphor (54%), Precision Metaphor (12%), Symbolism Metaphor
(6%), and Approximate Metaphor (4%). It was found that the most dominant type
of metaphor is Subjective Metaphor. This implies that the films tends to show the
portray of Nelson Mandela as the President of South Africa who is subjectively in
constructing his ideas, opinions and message in the film about sport and apartheid.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
Page
................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ iii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study.............................................
B. The Problem of the Study...................................................
C. The Scope of the Study ......................................................
D. The Objectives of the Study ...............................................
E. The Significance of the Study.............................................
1
4
4
4
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ......................................................
1. Language .......................................................................
2. Semantics ......................................................................
3. Pragmatics .....................................................................
a. Metaphor ...................................................................
1) The Parts of Metaphor ...........................................
2) The Metaphorical Process ......................................
3) The Types of Metaphor ..........................................
4. Film ..............................................................................
a. Script of Film ...........................................................
b. Types of Film...........................................................
5. Invictus Film ................................................................
6. Biography of Nelson Mandela ......................................
B. Conceptual Framework .....................................................
6
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
15
16
16
19
21
23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Design ................................................................
B. The Source of the Data.......................................................
C. The Technique for Collecting Data ....................................
D. The Technique for Analyzing Data ....................................
25
25
25
26
CHAPTER IV THE DATA AND THE DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data ............................................................................ 27
B. The Data Analysis .............................................................. 27
C. Findings ............................................................................. 36
iv
D. Discussion ......................................................................... 36
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ....................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions ........................................................................ 40
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 43
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language had an important role in our live as a tool of people to
communicate each other. People use language in order to share their opinions,
feelings and experiences in many ways, for instance by using metaphor to make
assertion in speech.
Metaphor is well known as a stylistic feature of literature, and for most
people, a device of the poetic imagination or figurative speech and extraordinary
language which is commonly and widely use. Metaphor plays an important role in
our understanding of language and of the world we describe through language that
it is called a deviant or unusual use of language (Camp 2006:158). The used of
metaphor is to make someone’s way of speaking becomes more attractive and
sounds beautiful because it contains meaningful words with a deeper meaning.
In semantics, metaphor is included in non literal meaning means
something different from the speaker’s literal meaning because the speaker has
other intentions from what is meant by the words he/she said (Yule, 1996). It also
studies the interpretation of signs or symbols used by agents or communities
within particular circumstances and contexts.
In relation to speaker meaning, pragmatics concerns more to what people
mean by their utterances and how the listeners make inferences about what is said
in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speakers intended meaning. Metaphor
in a pragmatics is used in society to make the communication more
1
2
understandable in a certain language community. This indicate that pragmatics
studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic
knowledge of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance,
knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker.
Comparing with Aristotle’s theory that metaphor as an ornament of
language use with the certain purposes, Lakoff & Johnson (1980) contributed to
establish the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in
language. They found that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in
language, but in thought and action.
Cahayadi (2010), based on Goatly’s theory found that there are eight types
of metaphor in Red Hot Chili Pepper’s song lyrics (active, inactive, subjective,
mimetic, phenomenalistic, precision, symbolism, and approximate) and the most
dominant type is subjective metaphor which is used by the song writer to
represent the speaker’s different ideological/physical view from the hearer.
Furthermore Rokhimah (2009) focused on the metaphors that found in five
of Wordsworth’s poems dealing with the lower class societies. She found three
kinds of metaphorical expression in the poems such as, nominative metaphor,
predicative metaphor, and sentential metaphor. The predicative metaphor is the
dominant kind of metaphor that is found in the poems. In understanding the
meaning of the poems, the poems deal with the hierarchy human space perception
they are: being, cosmos, energy, substantial, terrestrial, object, living, animate,
and human. The result in this case is dominated by the “object” as one kind of the
hierarchy human space perceptions.
3
People unintentionally use metaphor in their daily speech and
communications. The use of metaphor is also found in a film. As a representation
of real conversation in natural society, film is a series of pictures or images that
tell a story communicating an idea about the world. Film not only entertains
people but also educate and enlighten the citizens. Through film, we can step into
the future to experience what life might be like in forty, one hundred or one
thousand years from now.
Invictus film was chosen by the writer because it tells the inspiring true
story about how Nelson Mandela inspires the captain of South Africa's rugby team
to help unite the country through the universal language of sport that is separated
by the apartheid at the time. This film portray how Nelson Mandela as the
President of South Africa at the time stands as an inspiration to people throughout
South Africa by his language which is also portray him as a charismatic, educated
and strong leader. In addition, the film was nominated in 2009 and won several
awards such as Academy Award, Golden Globe, National Board of Review,
WAFCA and Broadcast Film Critics' Association Awards for best film, best actor,
best supporting actor and best director.
It is important to study metaphor in the film because the study made the
readers saw the usage of metaphor in film not only as one ordinary or poetic
language but also statements that inspires or prompts the insight that have a big
value in life. This study also intended to show that metaphor is a powerful tool in
politics, as it serves as a tool of legitimization of political leaders and helps to
organize social practices (Barbara, 2011).
4
B. The Problem of the Study
In relation to the background describe above, the problems of this study
will be formulated as follows:
1. What types of Metaphor are used in Invictus film?
2. What is the most dominant metaphor used in Invictus film?
3. Why does the most dominant type of metaphor imply?
C. The Scope of the Study
In order to avoid the overlapping explanation, the analysis of metaphor in
Invictus film is based on Goatly’s theory (1997). Goatly divided metaphor into
eight types such as Active Metaphor, inactive Metaphor, Subjective Metaphor,
Mimetic Metaphor, Phenomenalistic Metaphor, Precision Metaphor, Symbolism
Metaphor, and Approximate Metaphor.
D. The Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the types of metaphor used in Invictus film.
2. to find out the most dominant type of metaphor used in Invictus film.
3. to describe the implication of the most dominant type of Metaphor used in
Invictus film.
5
E. The Significance of the Study
The results of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. Students of the English Department who study metaphor to help them
understand and comprehend it and enrich their knowledge about types of
metaphor.
2. Other researchers who want to do some researches about metaphor as a
comparison or source in conducting further study.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn by as follows:
1.
There are six of eight types of metaphor found in the “Invictus” film
uttered by main character Nelson Mandela namely Active metaphor,
Inactive metaphor, Subjective metaphor, Precisions metaphor, Symbolism
metaphor, and Approximate Metaphor.
2.
The most dominant type of metaphor which is used in Invictus film is
Subjective Metaphor.
3.
Subjective metaphor is dominantly used because this implies that the films
tends to show the portray of Nelson Mandela as the President of South
Africa who is subjectively in constructing his ideas, opinions and message
in the film about sport and apartheid. The use of metaphor was showed
when he was giving an oration to all his staffs and his supporter’s black,
inspiring the captain of springboks, and trying to open the way his
bodyguards and secretary ideas about rainbow nation, and to the public
through the interview with the reporter.
39
40
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusions, the following suggestions are directed to:
1. Contribute to the English Department especially to the students who study
Metaphor to help them understand and comprehend it and enrich their
knowledge about metaphor in Pragmatics.
2. Other researchers who want to do some researches about Metaphor in
other media beside film as a comparison or source in conducting further
study.
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
THERESIA
Registration Number: 082222810012
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGAUGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
ABSTRACT
Theresia. The Use of Metaphor in Invictus Film. A Thesis, English
Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan. 2012
This study deals with the types of metaphor in Invictus film. The
objectives of the study are to find out the types of metaphor, the most dominant
type of metaphor, and to describe the implication of the dominant type of
metaphor in Invictus film. The study was conducted by using descriptive
qualitative method. The data were collected from the script of Invictus film and
six scene were selected, there were fifty dialogues uttered by Nelson Mandela
used as the samples. The findings showed that there are six types of metaphor
found in Invictus film, they are: Active Metaphor (4%), Inactive Metaphor (20%),
Subjective Metaphor (54%), Precision Metaphor (12%), Symbolism Metaphor
(6%), and Approximate Metaphor (4%). It was found that the most dominant type
of metaphor is Subjective Metaphor. This implies that the films tends to show the
portray of Nelson Mandela as the President of South Africa who is subjectively in
constructing his ideas, opinions and message in the film about sport and apartheid.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
Page
................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ iii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study.............................................
B. The Problem of the Study...................................................
C. The Scope of the Study ......................................................
D. The Objectives of the Study ...............................................
E. The Significance of the Study.............................................
1
4
4
4
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework ......................................................
1. Language .......................................................................
2. Semantics ......................................................................
3. Pragmatics .....................................................................
a. Metaphor ...................................................................
1) The Parts of Metaphor ...........................................
2) The Metaphorical Process ......................................
3) The Types of Metaphor ..........................................
4. Film ..............................................................................
a. Script of Film ...........................................................
b. Types of Film...........................................................
5. Invictus Film ................................................................
6. Biography of Nelson Mandela ......................................
B. Conceptual Framework .....................................................
6
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
15
16
16
19
21
23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Design ................................................................
B. The Source of the Data.......................................................
C. The Technique for Collecting Data ....................................
D. The Technique for Analyzing Data ....................................
25
25
25
26
CHAPTER IV THE DATA AND THE DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data ............................................................................ 27
B. The Data Analysis .............................................................. 27
C. Findings ............................................................................. 36
iv
D. Discussion ......................................................................... 36
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ....................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions ........................................................................ 40
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 43
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language had an important role in our live as a tool of people to
communicate each other. People use language in order to share their opinions,
feelings and experiences in many ways, for instance by using metaphor to make
assertion in speech.
Metaphor is well known as a stylistic feature of literature, and for most
people, a device of the poetic imagination or figurative speech and extraordinary
language which is commonly and widely use. Metaphor plays an important role in
our understanding of language and of the world we describe through language that
it is called a deviant or unusual use of language (Camp 2006:158). The used of
metaphor is to make someone’s way of speaking becomes more attractive and
sounds beautiful because it contains meaningful words with a deeper meaning.
In semantics, metaphor is included in non literal meaning means
something different from the speaker’s literal meaning because the speaker has
other intentions from what is meant by the words he/she said (Yule, 1996). It also
studies the interpretation of signs or symbols used by agents or communities
within particular circumstances and contexts.
In relation to speaker meaning, pragmatics concerns more to what people
mean by their utterances and how the listeners make inferences about what is said
in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speakers intended meaning. Metaphor
in a pragmatics is used in society to make the communication more
1
2
understandable in a certain language community. This indicate that pragmatics
studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic
knowledge of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance,
knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker.
Comparing with Aristotle’s theory that metaphor as an ornament of
language use with the certain purposes, Lakoff & Johnson (1980) contributed to
establish the importance of conceptual metaphor as a framework for thinking in
language. They found that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in
language, but in thought and action.
Cahayadi (2010), based on Goatly’s theory found that there are eight types
of metaphor in Red Hot Chili Pepper’s song lyrics (active, inactive, subjective,
mimetic, phenomenalistic, precision, symbolism, and approximate) and the most
dominant type is subjective metaphor which is used by the song writer to
represent the speaker’s different ideological/physical view from the hearer.
Furthermore Rokhimah (2009) focused on the metaphors that found in five
of Wordsworth’s poems dealing with the lower class societies. She found three
kinds of metaphorical expression in the poems such as, nominative metaphor,
predicative metaphor, and sentential metaphor. The predicative metaphor is the
dominant kind of metaphor that is found in the poems. In understanding the
meaning of the poems, the poems deal with the hierarchy human space perception
they are: being, cosmos, energy, substantial, terrestrial, object, living, animate,
and human. The result in this case is dominated by the “object” as one kind of the
hierarchy human space perceptions.
3
People unintentionally use metaphor in their daily speech and
communications. The use of metaphor is also found in a film. As a representation
of real conversation in natural society, film is a series of pictures or images that
tell a story communicating an idea about the world. Film not only entertains
people but also educate and enlighten the citizens. Through film, we can step into
the future to experience what life might be like in forty, one hundred or one
thousand years from now.
Invictus film was chosen by the writer because it tells the inspiring true
story about how Nelson Mandela inspires the captain of South Africa's rugby team
to help unite the country through the universal language of sport that is separated
by the apartheid at the time. This film portray how Nelson Mandela as the
President of South Africa at the time stands as an inspiration to people throughout
South Africa by his language which is also portray him as a charismatic, educated
and strong leader. In addition, the film was nominated in 2009 and won several
awards such as Academy Award, Golden Globe, National Board of Review,
WAFCA and Broadcast Film Critics' Association Awards for best film, best actor,
best supporting actor and best director.
It is important to study metaphor in the film because the study made the
readers saw the usage of metaphor in film not only as one ordinary or poetic
language but also statements that inspires or prompts the insight that have a big
value in life. This study also intended to show that metaphor is a powerful tool in
politics, as it serves as a tool of legitimization of political leaders and helps to
organize social practices (Barbara, 2011).
4
B. The Problem of the Study
In relation to the background describe above, the problems of this study
will be formulated as follows:
1. What types of Metaphor are used in Invictus film?
2. What is the most dominant metaphor used in Invictus film?
3. Why does the most dominant type of metaphor imply?
C. The Scope of the Study
In order to avoid the overlapping explanation, the analysis of metaphor in
Invictus film is based on Goatly’s theory (1997). Goatly divided metaphor into
eight types such as Active Metaphor, inactive Metaphor, Subjective Metaphor,
Mimetic Metaphor, Phenomenalistic Metaphor, Precision Metaphor, Symbolism
Metaphor, and Approximate Metaphor.
D. The Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the types of metaphor used in Invictus film.
2. to find out the most dominant type of metaphor used in Invictus film.
3. to describe the implication of the most dominant type of Metaphor used in
Invictus film.
5
E. The Significance of the Study
The results of the study are expected to be useful for:
1. Students of the English Department who study metaphor to help them
understand and comprehend it and enrich their knowledge about types of
metaphor.
2. Other researchers who want to do some researches about metaphor as a
comparison or source in conducting further study.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data, some conclusions are drawn by as follows:
1.
There are six of eight types of metaphor found in the “Invictus” film
uttered by main character Nelson Mandela namely Active metaphor,
Inactive metaphor, Subjective metaphor, Precisions metaphor, Symbolism
metaphor, and Approximate Metaphor.
2.
The most dominant type of metaphor which is used in Invictus film is
Subjective Metaphor.
3.
Subjective metaphor is dominantly used because this implies that the films
tends to show the portray of Nelson Mandela as the President of South
Africa who is subjectively in constructing his ideas, opinions and message
in the film about sport and apartheid. The use of metaphor was showed
when he was giving an oration to all his staffs and his supporter’s black,
inspiring the captain of springboks, and trying to open the way his
bodyguards and secretary ideas about rainbow nation, and to the public
through the interview with the reporter.
39
40
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusions, the following suggestions are directed to:
1. Contribute to the English Department especially to the students who study
Metaphor to help them understand and comprehend it and enrich their
knowledge about metaphor in Pragmatics.
2. Other researchers who want to do some researches about Metaphor in
other media beside film as a comparison or source in conducting further
study.