LEXICAL METAPHOR IN HEADLINES OF THE JAKARTA POST.
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan,
July 2015
Hotmarina Pangaribuan
Reg. No. 2113220016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to thank Jesus Christ for the blessing, guarding,
guidance and for everything that have been given along her life, especially in
accomplishing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to
obtain the S1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of
Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistances and
academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express
her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Arts.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department.
first Thesis Advisor.
Program.
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S.S., M.Hum., her second Thesis Advisor.
Reviewer.
Juli Rachmadani Hasibuan, S.S, M.Hum., her Reviewer.
Medan that could not be mentioned one by one.
Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department and also her
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study
Dr. Rahmah, M.Hum., her previous first Thesis Advisor.
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd., her Academic Advisor and also the
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., her Reviewer.
All the Lecturers throughout their academic years at State University of
Eis Sriwahyuni, M.Pd., and Pak Pantas for helping the writer prepared
the files for the purposes of this thesis.
ii
Her beloved friends Andrea Veronica br. Sembiring, Juni Arta
Tambunan and Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan who always share their
stories, advices, thought, knowledge, jokes and always help and support
the writer, and her friends from English Literature A and B 2011 that
could not be mentioned one by one.
and support.
crazy times, help and support.
Her beloved friend Marisa Fitriana Pangaribuan, thanks for the time
Her roommate in boarding house Yusni Simanungkalit, thanks for the
At last but not least, her beloved mom, Sartini Silalahi, to whom this
thesis dedicated for the endless patient, pray, love, moral and financial
support. And also thanks for the love, support and great care all the time
from her siblings, Agus Pangaribuan, Rameadi Pangaribuan and
Edison Pangaribuan.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not be
completed. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to
the Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions and advices
are expected from the readers.
Medan,
July 2015
The Writer,
Hotmarina Pangaribuan
Reg. Number: 2113220016
iii
ABSTRACT
Pangaribuan, Hotmarina. Lexical Metaphor in Headlines of The Jakarta Post.
A Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan. 2015.
The objectives of this research were to find out the five concepts of lexical
metaphor, namely: noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, comparing two social
concepts and sound concept. This research was conducted by using qualitative
descriptive design. It took twenty headlines taken randomly from daily newspaper
The Jakarta Post which were published in November until December 2014. The
findings of data analysis showed that the total numbers of lexical metaphor in
headlines of The Jakarta Post were: 15 (38.46%) noun-noun, 15 (38.46%) nounverb, 8 (20.51%) noun-adjective, 1 (2.56%) comparing two social concepts, and
no sound concept found. The most dominant are noun-noun and noun-verb with
the same percentage (38.46%). Noun-verb means that the headline maker
described that news as the move or alive and having certain process, and nounnoun means the headline maker described that news refers to a person, a place or a
thing, a quality or an activity.
Keywords: lexical metaphor, headline
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. vi
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1
B. The Problems of the Study ............................................................................... 5
C. The Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 5
D. The Scope of the Study .................................................................................... 5
E. The Significance of the Study .......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 7
A. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 7
1. Metaphor .................................................................................................. 7
2. Lexical Metaphor ..................................................................................... 8
a. Noun – Noun ................................................................................ 10
b. Noun - Verb ................................................................................. 11
c. Noun – Adjective ......................................................................... 12
d. Comparing Two Social Concepts ................................................ 13
e. Sound Concept ............................................................................. 14
3. Newspaper ............................................................................................... 15
4. Headlines ................................................................................................. 16
5. The Jakarta Post ....................................................................................... 16
6. Previous Study ......................................................................................... 19
B. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 23
A. Research Design ............................................................................................... 23
iv
B. The Source of Data ........................................................................................... 24
C. The Technique for Collecting Data .................................................................. 24
D. The Technique for Analyzing Data .................................................................. 25
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ..................................... 26
A. The Data and Data Analysis ............................................................................. 26
B. Research Findings ............................................................................................ 35
C. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................... 39
A. Conclusion........................................................................................................ 39
B. Suggestion ........................................................................................................ 40
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 42
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1 The list of the headlines of The Jakarta Post ........................................ 26
Table 4.2 The percentage of lexical metaphor in
headlines of The Jakarta Post ............................................................... 35
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX A The use of lexical metaphor in headlines of
The Jakarta Post .................................................................................................... 42
APPENDIX B The list of headlines of The Jakarta Post ..................................... 53
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Newspaper plays an essential part in most human lives. It is one of the
means of communication that is reasonably priced whereby status is not an
obstacle for people to reach out each morning, to get hold of the daily paper to
obtain current events of the day worldwide. In this digital era, people are easier to
gain information around the world by their gadget freely. People not only rely on
printed newspaper but also on online newspaper. In Indonesia, many newspapers
can be accessed by both in printed and also online. One of them is the daily of The
Jakarta Post.
Content of newspapers are various, one of them is headline. The headlines
are important; the reader’s eyes go to them first. The headlines initially attract the
readers, not only in printed newspaper but in online newspaper as well.
Newspaper headlines look different from regular English sentences because
headline writers or the editors don’t want to use too many words. The headlines
often leave out grammatical structures like articles and auxiliary verbs. They use
simple forms of verbs to describe something that has happened. They use
infinitive forms to describe something that is going to happen. Headlines also use
abbreviations, idioms and metaphors.
1
2
Metaphor usually as variation in the use of words or in the expression of
meanings (Halliday 1994:341). According to Saragih (2006), lexical metaphor is
classified into five concepts namely; noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective,
sound concepts and social concepts. Metaphor not just enriches the headline but
also extend the meaning of a textual message, creating a lot of interpretation.
There have been some studies about the use of lexical metaphor in
different objects. Pasaribu (2013) has discussed “Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi’s
Selected Songs” and found that lexical metaphor formed by comparing Noun with
Verb was the most dominantly in Bon Jovi’s selected songs, because Bon Jovi
described the meaning and represented his feeling. There is something to be
pictured in the kind of metaphor that is to add the taste of being able to figure out
the songs with real meaning and closer to experiences of life.
Triartha (2012) also found Noun-Verb as the dominant type of lexical
metaphor in “An Analysis of Metaphor in People Magazine’s Advertisements”. It
indicated that the copywriters want to make advertisement as events that happen
in life and considered as a thing that move or alive.
“Metaphor and Metonymy in Apple Daily’s Headlines” by Chuang (2012)
investigated the same object with this study. Chuang compared and analyzed the
differences of metaphor in headlines between each genre in one single newspaper.
Chuang found that the word ‘fighting’ may be the most important usage of
metaphors in Apple Daily to attract readers’ attention. Although Chuang
investigated much on differences of metaphors and metonymies in headlines
3
between each genre of one single newspaper, Chuang did not pay attention to the
lexical metaphor of those headlines.
So, this study is investigated lexical metaphor in newspaper headlines in
Indonesian newspaper, The Jakarta Post, which is published in English. For
example:
Teachers
would
be
the
‘backbone’
of
the
curriculum’s
implementation.
Headline The Jakarta Post Edition Sunday, December 07th, 2014.
If the readers read this sentence, they will try to understand the real
meaning of ‘backbone’. The word ‘backbone’ is lexical metaphor. ‘Backbone’
means line of bones down the middle of the back to support the body of human or
vertebrate. Of course, it is not true say that teachers would be the line of bones
down the middle of the back of the curriculum’s implementation. It means that
teachers have big role to support the curriculum’s implementation.
Other example:
It is important to promote good governance and keep ‘healthy
competition’ in infrastructure project development.
Headline The Jakarta Post Edition Sunday, December 20th, 2014.
Here, healthy is lexical metaphor, which means it is important to promote
good governance and to keep the fair competition in infrastructure project
development.
4
Another example: He is crocodile.
The word ‘crocodile’ is metaphorically used. As we know, such as the
sentence above, an image will describe in our mind that there is someone whose
attitude resembles like a crocodile. It can be seen that the word ‘crocodile’ is used
to describe the attitude. Crocodile is known as an animal which has a
characteristic that has no dignity, greedy, shameless and wild or cruel. Therefore
that a man and a crocodile are compared based on the crocodile’s characteristic.
In reality, readers of mass media are still confused about metaphor
especially lexical metaphor and its use in the newspaper. There is always
comparison inside the headline maker’s mind. So it is not easy to understand the
composition if the readers don’t know what lexical metaphor is.
In relation with background, it is interested in analyzing metaphor used in
newspaper. It is expected that by applying these theories, it may enable us to
obtain a practical way of understanding lexical metaphor in headlines of The
Jakarta Post.
Therefore, this study is focused on analyzing lexical metaphor used in the
headline of The Jakarta Post and the formulating of the problem is made.
5
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated in the followings:
1. What types of Lexical Metaphor are used in Headline of The Jakarta Post?
2. In what context is Lexical Metaphor used in Headline of The Jakarta
Post?
C. The Objectives of the Study
Dealing with the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the types of Lexical Metaphor used in Headlines of The
Jakarta Post.
2. To elaborate the context of Lexical Metaphor used in Headlines of The
Jakarta Post.
D. The Scope of the Study
The study is focused on analyzing the lexical metaphor used in the
headlines of The Jakarta Post, based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
suggested by Halliday (1994). Lexical metaphor divided into five; noun-noun,
noun-verb, noun-adjective, comparing two social concepts and sound concept.
6
E. The Significance of the Study
After completing this study, it is expected to be useful for:
1. The students or language learners, to use the findings as their references to
learn about metaphor, especially in identifying the types of lexical
metaphor.
2. Other researchers to do a depth research related to study.
3. The readers to understand more about metaphor used in headline.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the lexical metaphor in headlines of The Jakarta Post, the
conclusions were drawn as follows:
1. There found four types use in headlines of The Jakarta Post, namely NounNoun (38.46%), Noun-Verb (38.46%), Noun-Adjective (20.51%) and
Comparing Two Social Concepts (2.56%) while Sound Concept did not
found there.
2. The dominant types use are noun-noun and noun-verb with the same
percentage (38.46%). The headline maker use noun-noun is to describe those
news refers to a person, a place or a thing, a quality or an activity, while
noun-verb is tend to express event move or alive and having certain process.
There is no sound concept found in headline of The Jakarta Post because the
headline maker have to avoid misunderstanding by using communicative
language. So the readers understand the information appropriately.
39
40
B. Suggestion
With reference to the conclusion, the suggestions are:
1. It is suggested that the students or language learners have a good
knowledge about lexical metaphor especially in identifying the types of
lexical metaphor.
2. It is suggested that other researchers conduct further researchers about
the use of lexical metaphor especially to explore other genres excluded in
the current study.
3. The findings of this research can be used by the readers for better
understanding about lexical metaphor used in headline.
41
REFERENCES
Chuang, Chih lin. 2012. Metaphor and Metonymy in Apple Daily’s Headlines.
Department of Foreign Languages and Literature: National Sun Yat-sen
University.
Duranti, A. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd Edition).
London: Edward Arnold.
Headline, accessed on 1st February 2015 at 9:06 PM from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline
Hornby, A.S. 2008. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.
New York: Harper Collins.
Newspaper, accessed on 24th January 2015 at 7:27 PM from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper
M.S. Mashun. 2005. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada.
Online Newspaper, accessed on 24th January 2015 at 7:26 PM from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_newspaper
Pasaribu, Rosni L. 2013. Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi’s Selected Songs. A
Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts: State University of Medan.
Saragih, A. 2006. Bahasa dalam Konteks Sosial. Medan: Pasca Sarjana Unimed.
Saragih, A. 2006. Metaphorical Representations and Scientific Texts.
Englonesian: Jurnal Ilmiah Linguistic dan Sastra, II (1) 1-11.
Stern, J. 2000. Metaphor in Context. Cambridge: The MIT Press
The Jakarta Post, accessed on 23th January 2015 at 10:49 PM from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post
Triartha, Fenty. 2012. An Analysis of Metaphor in People Magazines’
Advertisements. A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts: State University
of Medan.
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words, and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan,
July 2015
Hotmarina Pangaribuan
Reg. No. 2113220016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to thank Jesus Christ for the blessing, guarding,
guidance and for everything that have been given along her life, especially in
accomplishing this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to
obtain the S1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of
Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistances and
academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express
her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Arts.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department.
first Thesis Advisor.
Program.
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S.S., M.Hum., her second Thesis Advisor.
Reviewer.
Juli Rachmadani Hasibuan, S.S, M.Hum., her Reviewer.
Medan that could not be mentioned one by one.
Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department and also her
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Study
Dr. Rahmah, M.Hum., her previous first Thesis Advisor.
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd., her Academic Advisor and also the
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., her Reviewer.
All the Lecturers throughout their academic years at State University of
Eis Sriwahyuni, M.Pd., and Pak Pantas for helping the writer prepared
the files for the purposes of this thesis.
ii
Her beloved friends Andrea Veronica br. Sembiring, Juni Arta
Tambunan and Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan who always share their
stories, advices, thought, knowledge, jokes and always help and support
the writer, and her friends from English Literature A and B 2011 that
could not be mentioned one by one.
and support.
crazy times, help and support.
Her beloved friend Marisa Fitriana Pangaribuan, thanks for the time
Her roommate in boarding house Yusni Simanungkalit, thanks for the
At last but not least, her beloved mom, Sartini Silalahi, to whom this
thesis dedicated for the endless patient, pray, love, moral and financial
support. And also thanks for the love, support and great care all the time
from her siblings, Agus Pangaribuan, Rameadi Pangaribuan and
Edison Pangaribuan.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not be
completed. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to
the Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions and advices
are expected from the readers.
Medan,
July 2015
The Writer,
Hotmarina Pangaribuan
Reg. Number: 2113220016
iii
ABSTRACT
Pangaribuan, Hotmarina. Lexical Metaphor in Headlines of The Jakarta Post.
A Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan. 2015.
The objectives of this research were to find out the five concepts of lexical
metaphor, namely: noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, comparing two social
concepts and sound concept. This research was conducted by using qualitative
descriptive design. It took twenty headlines taken randomly from daily newspaper
The Jakarta Post which were published in November until December 2014. The
findings of data analysis showed that the total numbers of lexical metaphor in
headlines of The Jakarta Post were: 15 (38.46%) noun-noun, 15 (38.46%) nounverb, 8 (20.51%) noun-adjective, 1 (2.56%) comparing two social concepts, and
no sound concept found. The most dominant are noun-noun and noun-verb with
the same percentage (38.46%). Noun-verb means that the headline maker
described that news as the move or alive and having certain process, and nounnoun means the headline maker described that news refers to a person, a place or a
thing, a quality or an activity.
Keywords: lexical metaphor, headline
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. vi
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1
B. The Problems of the Study ............................................................................... 5
C. The Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 5
D. The Scope of the Study .................................................................................... 5
E. The Significance of the Study .......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 7
A. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 7
1. Metaphor .................................................................................................. 7
2. Lexical Metaphor ..................................................................................... 8
a. Noun – Noun ................................................................................ 10
b. Noun - Verb ................................................................................. 11
c. Noun – Adjective ......................................................................... 12
d. Comparing Two Social Concepts ................................................ 13
e. Sound Concept ............................................................................. 14
3. Newspaper ............................................................................................... 15
4. Headlines ................................................................................................. 16
5. The Jakarta Post ....................................................................................... 16
6. Previous Study ......................................................................................... 19
B. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 23
A. Research Design ............................................................................................... 23
iv
B. The Source of Data ........................................................................................... 24
C. The Technique for Collecting Data .................................................................. 24
D. The Technique for Analyzing Data .................................................................. 25
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ..................................... 26
A. The Data and Data Analysis ............................................................................. 26
B. Research Findings ............................................................................................ 35
C. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................... 39
A. Conclusion........................................................................................................ 39
B. Suggestion ........................................................................................................ 40
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 42
v
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 4.1 The list of the headlines of The Jakarta Post ........................................ 26
Table 4.2 The percentage of lexical metaphor in
headlines of The Jakarta Post ............................................................... 35
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
APPENDIX A The use of lexical metaphor in headlines of
The Jakarta Post .................................................................................................... 42
APPENDIX B The list of headlines of The Jakarta Post ..................................... 53
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Newspaper plays an essential part in most human lives. It is one of the
means of communication that is reasonably priced whereby status is not an
obstacle for people to reach out each morning, to get hold of the daily paper to
obtain current events of the day worldwide. In this digital era, people are easier to
gain information around the world by their gadget freely. People not only rely on
printed newspaper but also on online newspaper. In Indonesia, many newspapers
can be accessed by both in printed and also online. One of them is the daily of The
Jakarta Post.
Content of newspapers are various, one of them is headline. The headlines
are important; the reader’s eyes go to them first. The headlines initially attract the
readers, not only in printed newspaper but in online newspaper as well.
Newspaper headlines look different from regular English sentences because
headline writers or the editors don’t want to use too many words. The headlines
often leave out grammatical structures like articles and auxiliary verbs. They use
simple forms of verbs to describe something that has happened. They use
infinitive forms to describe something that is going to happen. Headlines also use
abbreviations, idioms and metaphors.
1
2
Metaphor usually as variation in the use of words or in the expression of
meanings (Halliday 1994:341). According to Saragih (2006), lexical metaphor is
classified into five concepts namely; noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective,
sound concepts and social concepts. Metaphor not just enriches the headline but
also extend the meaning of a textual message, creating a lot of interpretation.
There have been some studies about the use of lexical metaphor in
different objects. Pasaribu (2013) has discussed “Lexical Metaphor in Bon Jovi’s
Selected Songs” and found that lexical metaphor formed by comparing Noun with
Verb was the most dominantly in Bon Jovi’s selected songs, because Bon Jovi
described the meaning and represented his feeling. There is something to be
pictured in the kind of metaphor that is to add the taste of being able to figure out
the songs with real meaning and closer to experiences of life.
Triartha (2012) also found Noun-Verb as the dominant type of lexical
metaphor in “An Analysis of Metaphor in People Magazine’s Advertisements”. It
indicated that the copywriters want to make advertisement as events that happen
in life and considered as a thing that move or alive.
“Metaphor and Metonymy in Apple Daily’s Headlines” by Chuang (2012)
investigated the same object with this study. Chuang compared and analyzed the
differences of metaphor in headlines between each genre in one single newspaper.
Chuang found that the word ‘fighting’ may be the most important usage of
metaphors in Apple Daily to attract readers’ attention. Although Chuang
investigated much on differences of metaphors and metonymies in headlines
3
between each genre of one single newspaper, Chuang did not pay attention to the
lexical metaphor of those headlines.
So, this study is investigated lexical metaphor in newspaper headlines in
Indonesian newspaper, The Jakarta Post, which is published in English. For
example:
Teachers
would
be
the
‘backbone’
of
the
curriculum’s
implementation.
Headline The Jakarta Post Edition Sunday, December 07th, 2014.
If the readers read this sentence, they will try to understand the real
meaning of ‘backbone’. The word ‘backbone’ is lexical metaphor. ‘Backbone’
means line of bones down the middle of the back to support the body of human or
vertebrate. Of course, it is not true say that teachers would be the line of bones
down the middle of the back of the curriculum’s implementation. It means that
teachers have big role to support the curriculum’s implementation.
Other example:
It is important to promote good governance and keep ‘healthy
competition’ in infrastructure project development.
Headline The Jakarta Post Edition Sunday, December 20th, 2014.
Here, healthy is lexical metaphor, which means it is important to promote
good governance and to keep the fair competition in infrastructure project
development.
4
Another example: He is crocodile.
The word ‘crocodile’ is metaphorically used. As we know, such as the
sentence above, an image will describe in our mind that there is someone whose
attitude resembles like a crocodile. It can be seen that the word ‘crocodile’ is used
to describe the attitude. Crocodile is known as an animal which has a
characteristic that has no dignity, greedy, shameless and wild or cruel. Therefore
that a man and a crocodile are compared based on the crocodile’s characteristic.
In reality, readers of mass media are still confused about metaphor
especially lexical metaphor and its use in the newspaper. There is always
comparison inside the headline maker’s mind. So it is not easy to understand the
composition if the readers don’t know what lexical metaphor is.
In relation with background, it is interested in analyzing metaphor used in
newspaper. It is expected that by applying these theories, it may enable us to
obtain a practical way of understanding lexical metaphor in headlines of The
Jakarta Post.
Therefore, this study is focused on analyzing lexical metaphor used in the
headline of The Jakarta Post and the formulating of the problem is made.
5
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated in the followings:
1. What types of Lexical Metaphor are used in Headline of The Jakarta Post?
2. In what context is Lexical Metaphor used in Headline of The Jakarta
Post?
C. The Objectives of the Study
Dealing with the problem of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the types of Lexical Metaphor used in Headlines of The
Jakarta Post.
2. To elaborate the context of Lexical Metaphor used in Headlines of The
Jakarta Post.
D. The Scope of the Study
The study is focused on analyzing the lexical metaphor used in the
headlines of The Jakarta Post, based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
suggested by Halliday (1994). Lexical metaphor divided into five; noun-noun,
noun-verb, noun-adjective, comparing two social concepts and sound concept.
6
E. The Significance of the Study
After completing this study, it is expected to be useful for:
1. The students or language learners, to use the findings as their references to
learn about metaphor, especially in identifying the types of lexical
metaphor.
2. Other researchers to do a depth research related to study.
3. The readers to understand more about metaphor used in headline.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the lexical metaphor in headlines of The Jakarta Post, the
conclusions were drawn as follows:
1. There found four types use in headlines of The Jakarta Post, namely NounNoun (38.46%), Noun-Verb (38.46%), Noun-Adjective (20.51%) and
Comparing Two Social Concepts (2.56%) while Sound Concept did not
found there.
2. The dominant types use are noun-noun and noun-verb with the same
percentage (38.46%). The headline maker use noun-noun is to describe those
news refers to a person, a place or a thing, a quality or an activity, while
noun-verb is tend to express event move or alive and having certain process.
There is no sound concept found in headline of The Jakarta Post because the
headline maker have to avoid misunderstanding by using communicative
language. So the readers understand the information appropriately.
39
40
B. Suggestion
With reference to the conclusion, the suggestions are:
1. It is suggested that the students or language learners have a good
knowledge about lexical metaphor especially in identifying the types of
lexical metaphor.
2. It is suggested that other researchers conduct further researchers about
the use of lexical metaphor especially to explore other genres excluded in
the current study.
3. The findings of this research can be used by the readers for better
understanding about lexical metaphor used in headline.
41
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