Executive Information System And Data Warehouse.
Executive Information System
And Data Warehouse
Radiant Vict or Imbar
St af Pengaj ar Jur usan S-1 Si st em Inf or masi
Fakul t as Teknol ogi Inf or masi
Uni ver si t as Kr i st en Mar anat ha
Jl . Pr of . Dr g. Sur i a Sumant r i No. 65, BANDUNG 40164
Emai l : radiant . vi@eng. maranat ha. edu
Abst rak
Hal t er pent i ng dal am suat u dat a war ehouse adal ah bahwa dat a war ehouse
t er sebut dapat memuat semua i nf or masi bi sni s yang di per l ukan ol eh par a
penggunanya dengan akses yang cepat dan dapat di i nt egr asi kan secar a
mudah dengan si st em yang l ai nnya. Sebel um mer encanakan pembuat an
suat u dat a war ehouse, maka akan sangat di per l ukan suat u konsep yang
t epat dal am pembuat annya. Konsep t er sebut akan memuat banyak hal ,
di ant ar anya adal ah: oper asi onal i sasi dat abase, par a pengguna, pr oses
koneksi nya, met adat a, dan l ai n sebagai nya.
Adapun execut i ve i nf or mat i on syst em (EIS) sendi r i adal ah suat u si st em
i nf or masi yang ber dasar kan pada penggunaan dat a war ehouse sebagai
l andasan dasar unt uk si st em i nf or masi manaj er i al nya. EIS i ni sendi r i dal am
pr akt eknya sangat membant u pi hak manaj emen t i ngkat at as dal am
penganal i saan dat a mel al ui pengaksesan dat a war ehouse.
Kat a kunci : Dat a war ehouse, i nf or masi , konsep, EIS.
1. Justifying the Data Warehouse
The dat a warehouse environment involves operat ional dat a (it is not really
part of t he dat a warehouse, but only import ant t o it ), at omic dat a,
summarized dat a, and answers t o specif ic queries. All are import ant in
planning and designing a dat a warehouse.
An import ant part of dat a warehouse design is choosing an appropriat e
dat abase st ruct ure. The st ruct ures used f or t ransact ion processing may not
be well suit ed t o dat a warehouses because t he requirement s of t he t wo
t ypes of comput ing are quit e dif f erent f rom one anot her. Dat a warehouses
usually use t he relat ional st ruct ure or t he mult idimensional st ruct ure.
Bef ore planning any dat a warehouse, it is import ant t o build a business
case f or t he dat a warehouse proj ect . This does not necessarily mean
f inancial f igure associat ed wit h t angible benef it s or an int ernal rat e of
ret urn calculat ed t o t hree signif icant digit s. The business case must ,
however, st at e such t hings as t he t ypes of dat a t o be included in t he dat a
1
Jur nal Si st em Inf or masi UKM, Vol . I, No. 1, Mar et 2006 : 1-5
warehouse, t he kinds of decisions t hat will be made wit h t he aid of t hat
dat a, t he ways t hose decisions are made wit hout t he dat a warehouse, and
how decisions made wit h it (presumably bet t er decisions) will benef it t he
organizat ion.
The maj or element s of a dat a warehouse and t he maj or ext ernal ent it ies
wit h which a dat a warehouse int eract s include :
1. The t ransact ion or ot her operat ional dat abase f rom which t he dat a
warehouse is populat ed. Ext ernal dat a is also f ed int o some dat a
warehouses.
A key point t o remember here is t hat t ransact ion dat a f eeds t he
dat a warehouse. The dat a warehouse get s a copy of t he t ransact ion
dat a. It does not st ore t ransact ion dat a direct ly.
2. A process t o ext ract dat a f rom t his dat abase, or t hese dat abases,
and bring it int o t he dat a warehouse.
This process must of t en t ransf orm t he dat a int o t he dat abase
st ruct ure and int ernal f ormat s of t he dat a warehouse.
3. A process t o cleanse t he dat a, t o make sure it is of suf f icient
qualit y f or decision making purposes f or which it will be used.
4. A process t o load t he cleansed dat a int o t he dat a warehouse
dat abase.
The f our processes f rom ext ract ion t hrough loading are of t en
ref erred t o collect ively as dat a st aging.
5. A process t o creat e any desired summaries of t he dat a :
precalculat ed t ot als, averages, and t he like, which are expect ed t o
be request ed of t en.
These are st ored in t he dat a warehouse along wit h t he dat a
import ed f rom int ernal and ext ernal sources.
6. Met adat a (equally is dat a about dat a).
It is usef ul t o have a cent ral inf ormat ion reposit ory t o t ell users
what ’ s in t he dat a warehouse, where it come f rom, who is in
charge of it , and more. The met adat a can also t ell query t ools
what ’ s in t he dat a warehouse, where t o f ind it , who is aut horized
t o access it , and what summaries have been precalculat ed.
7. The dat a warehouse dat abase it self .
This dat abase cont ains t he det ailed and summary dat a of t he dat a
warehouse. Some people consider met adat a t o be part of t he
dat abase as well. Ot hers consider met adat a t o be out side t he
dat abase. Eit her way, met adat a are part of t he dat a warehouse.
Because t he dat a warehouse is not used f or processing individual
t ransact ions, it s dat abase does not have t o be organized f or
t ransact ion access and ret rieval pat t erns (one record at a t ime,
using any of several keys). Inst ead, it can be opt imized f or t he very
dif f erent access pat t erns used f or analysis.
2
Execut i ve Inf or mat i on Syst em And Dat a War ehouse
(Radi ant Vi ct or Imbar )
8. Query t ools.
These usually include an end-user int erf ace f or posing quest ions t o
t he dat abase, in a process called On-Line Analyt ical Processing
(OLAP). They may also include aut omat ed t ools f or uncovering
pat t erns in t he dat a, of t en ref erred t o as dat a mining. A given dat a
warehouse must have at least one of t his t wo t ypes and may have
bot h.
9. The users f or whom t he dat a warehouse exist s and wit hout whom it
would be useless.
The same concept s apply t o a dat a mart , t hough each individual
component would be more modest in scope. A dat a mart t ypically has
f ewer dat a sources because it deals wit h one subj ect area, meaning f ewer
dat a t ransf ormat ion issues t o deal wit h and f ewer conf lict s among t he
sources, dif f erent names f or t he same dat a element , dif f erent dat a
element s using t he same name, dif f erent values f or what should be t he
same dat a, and so f ort h. Since it is smaller, it is less demanding of
comput ing resources, making perf ormance t uning and opt imizat ion less
crit ical. Since it s user communit y will be smaller, it will require less
t raining and support .
Create
Metadata
Queries
Extract
clean
transform
load
Data staging
Transactional
and other
external data
sources
Database
Data mining
Summarize
The data
warehouse
Users
Figure 1. Dat a Warehouse Archit ect ure
3
Jur nal Si st em Inf or masi UKM, Vol . I, No. 1, Mar et 2006 : 1-5
2. Executive Information Systems (EIS) and Dat a Warehouse
Since t he people at t he t op level of an organizat ion are known as
execut ives, such syst ems came t o be called Execut i ve Inf or mat i on Syst ems
(EIS). A dat a warehouse is an excellent f oundat ion f or an EIS. The dat a
warehouse is t ailor-made f or t he needs of t he EIS analyst . Once t he dat a
warehouse has been built , t he j ob of t he EIS is inf init ely easier t han
bef ore. Wit h a f ully populat ed dat a warehouse in place, t he analyst can be
in a proact ive st ance, not an et ernally react ive st ance, wit h regards t o
meet ing management ’ s needs.
The reason f or which an execut ive want s t o use an EIS leads direct ly t o
t he capabilit ies t hat t he syst em must provide. Gaining comput er lit eracy
might allow t he user t o manipulat e dat a direct ly, perhaps by providing a
spreadsheet or query capabilit y. Sending a signal may require lit t le beyond
highly visible use of somet hing. Facilit at ing change generally involves
communicat ion capabilit y. Boost ing personal work ef f iciency, and solving
specif ic problems, depend on sof t ware t ailored eit her t o t he execut ive’ s
exist ing work bot t lenecks or t he specif ic problems in quest ion. This is t he
usual reason f or dat a warehouse development .
In t he on-line mode of operat ion, t he EIS is essent ially an easy t o use query
syst em t ied t o a dat abase. The query is coded ahead of t ime by
prof essional programmers. Syst ems of t his t ype can be linked direct ly t o
t he live corporat e dat abase or t o a st at ic dat a warehouse.
In of f -line mode of operat ion, a wide range of possible queries is issued t o
t he dat abase during a period of light syst em load such as t he early hours of
t he morning. Dat a are ext ract ed and screens prepared f or display. When a
user asks f or specif ic inf ormat ion, t he corresponding screen is ret rieved
immediat ely f rom t he EIS screen dat abase and displayed. No comput at ion
is required, ot her t han int erpret ing t he condensed f orm in which t he
screen is st ored.
Summary
A dat a warehouse is a collect ion of a wide variet y of corporat e dat a,
organized and made available t o end users f or decision making purposes. A
smaller collect ion, usually relat ing t o one specif ic aspect of an
organizat ion, is called dat a mart .
Dat a warehouses are used by managers and knowledge workers who
require access t o t his dat a f or analyzing t he business and planning it s
f ut ure. These needs are usually unst ruct ured, of t en unpredict able. The
dat a warehouse provides f lexibilit y t o meet t hose needs. Knowing what
t hese needs are, and how t he dat a warehouse will meet t hem, is a crit ical
f irst st ep in any dat a warehousing proj ect .
4
Execut i ve Inf or mat i on Syst em And Dat a War ehouse
(Radi ant Vi ct or Imbar )
The dat a warehouses consist s of mult iple element s. The operat ional
dat abases t hat f eed it are at one side, t he users who access it at t he
ot her. In bet ween are t he dat a warehouse dat abase and a met adat a
dat abase t hat describes t he cont ent of t he dat a warehouse dat abase.
These are connect ed by processes which ext ract dat a f rom t he operat ional
dat abases f or t he dat a warehouse dat abase, t ransf orm it and clean it as
required, creat e any desired summaries, and creat e t he necessary
met adat a.
An execut ive inf ormat ion syst em (EIS) is an inf ormat ion syst em t hat
provides inf ormat ion t o t op execut ives t o support t heir decision making
needs. Reason f or using EIS include solving specif ic problems in decision
making or cont rol, boost ing t he execut ive’ s personal work ef f iciency,
f acilit at ing change in t he organizat ion, sending a signal t o subordinat es,
and gaining comput er lit eracy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Inmon, W. H. (1996). Bui l di ng t he Dat a War ehouse. New York : Wiley.
Mallach, E. G. (2000). Deci si on Suppor t and Dat a War ehouse Syst em.
McGraw-Hill.
Mart in, E. W. , DeHayes, D. W. , Hof f er, J. A. , & Perkins, W. C. (1991).
Managi ng Inf or mat i on Technol ogy: What Manager s Need t o Know .
New York : Macmillan.
St air, R. M. , & Reynolds, G. W. (1997). Pr i nci pl es of Inf or mat i on Syst ems:
A Manager i al Appr oach. Cambridge.
5
And Data Warehouse
Radiant Vict or Imbar
St af Pengaj ar Jur usan S-1 Si st em Inf or masi
Fakul t as Teknol ogi Inf or masi
Uni ver si t as Kr i st en Mar anat ha
Jl . Pr of . Dr g. Sur i a Sumant r i No. 65, BANDUNG 40164
Emai l : radiant . vi@eng. maranat ha. edu
Abst rak
Hal t er pent i ng dal am suat u dat a war ehouse adal ah bahwa dat a war ehouse
t er sebut dapat memuat semua i nf or masi bi sni s yang di per l ukan ol eh par a
penggunanya dengan akses yang cepat dan dapat di i nt egr asi kan secar a
mudah dengan si st em yang l ai nnya. Sebel um mer encanakan pembuat an
suat u dat a war ehouse, maka akan sangat di per l ukan suat u konsep yang
t epat dal am pembuat annya. Konsep t er sebut akan memuat banyak hal ,
di ant ar anya adal ah: oper asi onal i sasi dat abase, par a pengguna, pr oses
koneksi nya, met adat a, dan l ai n sebagai nya.
Adapun execut i ve i nf or mat i on syst em (EIS) sendi r i adal ah suat u si st em
i nf or masi yang ber dasar kan pada penggunaan dat a war ehouse sebagai
l andasan dasar unt uk si st em i nf or masi manaj er i al nya. EIS i ni sendi r i dal am
pr akt eknya sangat membant u pi hak manaj emen t i ngkat at as dal am
penganal i saan dat a mel al ui pengaksesan dat a war ehouse.
Kat a kunci : Dat a war ehouse, i nf or masi , konsep, EIS.
1. Justifying the Data Warehouse
The dat a warehouse environment involves operat ional dat a (it is not really
part of t he dat a warehouse, but only import ant t o it ), at omic dat a,
summarized dat a, and answers t o specif ic queries. All are import ant in
planning and designing a dat a warehouse.
An import ant part of dat a warehouse design is choosing an appropriat e
dat abase st ruct ure. The st ruct ures used f or t ransact ion processing may not
be well suit ed t o dat a warehouses because t he requirement s of t he t wo
t ypes of comput ing are quit e dif f erent f rom one anot her. Dat a warehouses
usually use t he relat ional st ruct ure or t he mult idimensional st ruct ure.
Bef ore planning any dat a warehouse, it is import ant t o build a business
case f or t he dat a warehouse proj ect . This does not necessarily mean
f inancial f igure associat ed wit h t angible benef it s or an int ernal rat e of
ret urn calculat ed t o t hree signif icant digit s. The business case must ,
however, st at e such t hings as t he t ypes of dat a t o be included in t he dat a
1
Jur nal Si st em Inf or masi UKM, Vol . I, No. 1, Mar et 2006 : 1-5
warehouse, t he kinds of decisions t hat will be made wit h t he aid of t hat
dat a, t he ways t hose decisions are made wit hout t he dat a warehouse, and
how decisions made wit h it (presumably bet t er decisions) will benef it t he
organizat ion.
The maj or element s of a dat a warehouse and t he maj or ext ernal ent it ies
wit h which a dat a warehouse int eract s include :
1. The t ransact ion or ot her operat ional dat abase f rom which t he dat a
warehouse is populat ed. Ext ernal dat a is also f ed int o some dat a
warehouses.
A key point t o remember here is t hat t ransact ion dat a f eeds t he
dat a warehouse. The dat a warehouse get s a copy of t he t ransact ion
dat a. It does not st ore t ransact ion dat a direct ly.
2. A process t o ext ract dat a f rom t his dat abase, or t hese dat abases,
and bring it int o t he dat a warehouse.
This process must of t en t ransf orm t he dat a int o t he dat abase
st ruct ure and int ernal f ormat s of t he dat a warehouse.
3. A process t o cleanse t he dat a, t o make sure it is of suf f icient
qualit y f or decision making purposes f or which it will be used.
4. A process t o load t he cleansed dat a int o t he dat a warehouse
dat abase.
The f our processes f rom ext ract ion t hrough loading are of t en
ref erred t o collect ively as dat a st aging.
5. A process t o creat e any desired summaries of t he dat a :
precalculat ed t ot als, averages, and t he like, which are expect ed t o
be request ed of t en.
These are st ored in t he dat a warehouse along wit h t he dat a
import ed f rom int ernal and ext ernal sources.
6. Met adat a (equally is dat a about dat a).
It is usef ul t o have a cent ral inf ormat ion reposit ory t o t ell users
what ’ s in t he dat a warehouse, where it come f rom, who is in
charge of it , and more. The met adat a can also t ell query t ools
what ’ s in t he dat a warehouse, where t o f ind it , who is aut horized
t o access it , and what summaries have been precalculat ed.
7. The dat a warehouse dat abase it self .
This dat abase cont ains t he det ailed and summary dat a of t he dat a
warehouse. Some people consider met adat a t o be part of t he
dat abase as well. Ot hers consider met adat a t o be out side t he
dat abase. Eit her way, met adat a are part of t he dat a warehouse.
Because t he dat a warehouse is not used f or processing individual
t ransact ions, it s dat abase does not have t o be organized f or
t ransact ion access and ret rieval pat t erns (one record at a t ime,
using any of several keys). Inst ead, it can be opt imized f or t he very
dif f erent access pat t erns used f or analysis.
2
Execut i ve Inf or mat i on Syst em And Dat a War ehouse
(Radi ant Vi ct or Imbar )
8. Query t ools.
These usually include an end-user int erf ace f or posing quest ions t o
t he dat abase, in a process called On-Line Analyt ical Processing
(OLAP). They may also include aut omat ed t ools f or uncovering
pat t erns in t he dat a, of t en ref erred t o as dat a mining. A given dat a
warehouse must have at least one of t his t wo t ypes and may have
bot h.
9. The users f or whom t he dat a warehouse exist s and wit hout whom it
would be useless.
The same concept s apply t o a dat a mart , t hough each individual
component would be more modest in scope. A dat a mart t ypically has
f ewer dat a sources because it deals wit h one subj ect area, meaning f ewer
dat a t ransf ormat ion issues t o deal wit h and f ewer conf lict s among t he
sources, dif f erent names f or t he same dat a element , dif f erent dat a
element s using t he same name, dif f erent values f or what should be t he
same dat a, and so f ort h. Since it is smaller, it is less demanding of
comput ing resources, making perf ormance t uning and opt imizat ion less
crit ical. Since it s user communit y will be smaller, it will require less
t raining and support .
Create
Metadata
Queries
Extract
clean
transform
load
Data staging
Transactional
and other
external data
sources
Database
Data mining
Summarize
The data
warehouse
Users
Figure 1. Dat a Warehouse Archit ect ure
3
Jur nal Si st em Inf or masi UKM, Vol . I, No. 1, Mar et 2006 : 1-5
2. Executive Information Systems (EIS) and Dat a Warehouse
Since t he people at t he t op level of an organizat ion are known as
execut ives, such syst ems came t o be called Execut i ve Inf or mat i on Syst ems
(EIS). A dat a warehouse is an excellent f oundat ion f or an EIS. The dat a
warehouse is t ailor-made f or t he needs of t he EIS analyst . Once t he dat a
warehouse has been built , t he j ob of t he EIS is inf init ely easier t han
bef ore. Wit h a f ully populat ed dat a warehouse in place, t he analyst can be
in a proact ive st ance, not an et ernally react ive st ance, wit h regards t o
meet ing management ’ s needs.
The reason f or which an execut ive want s t o use an EIS leads direct ly t o
t he capabilit ies t hat t he syst em must provide. Gaining comput er lit eracy
might allow t he user t o manipulat e dat a direct ly, perhaps by providing a
spreadsheet or query capabilit y. Sending a signal may require lit t le beyond
highly visible use of somet hing. Facilit at ing change generally involves
communicat ion capabilit y. Boost ing personal work ef f iciency, and solving
specif ic problems, depend on sof t ware t ailored eit her t o t he execut ive’ s
exist ing work bot t lenecks or t he specif ic problems in quest ion. This is t he
usual reason f or dat a warehouse development .
In t he on-line mode of operat ion, t he EIS is essent ially an easy t o use query
syst em t ied t o a dat abase. The query is coded ahead of t ime by
prof essional programmers. Syst ems of t his t ype can be linked direct ly t o
t he live corporat e dat abase or t o a st at ic dat a warehouse.
In of f -line mode of operat ion, a wide range of possible queries is issued t o
t he dat abase during a period of light syst em load such as t he early hours of
t he morning. Dat a are ext ract ed and screens prepared f or display. When a
user asks f or specif ic inf ormat ion, t he corresponding screen is ret rieved
immediat ely f rom t he EIS screen dat abase and displayed. No comput at ion
is required, ot her t han int erpret ing t he condensed f orm in which t he
screen is st ored.
Summary
A dat a warehouse is a collect ion of a wide variet y of corporat e dat a,
organized and made available t o end users f or decision making purposes. A
smaller collect ion, usually relat ing t o one specif ic aspect of an
organizat ion, is called dat a mart .
Dat a warehouses are used by managers and knowledge workers who
require access t o t his dat a f or analyzing t he business and planning it s
f ut ure. These needs are usually unst ruct ured, of t en unpredict able. The
dat a warehouse provides f lexibilit y t o meet t hose needs. Knowing what
t hese needs are, and how t he dat a warehouse will meet t hem, is a crit ical
f irst st ep in any dat a warehousing proj ect .
4
Execut i ve Inf or mat i on Syst em And Dat a War ehouse
(Radi ant Vi ct or Imbar )
The dat a warehouses consist s of mult iple element s. The operat ional
dat abases t hat f eed it are at one side, t he users who access it at t he
ot her. In bet ween are t he dat a warehouse dat abase and a met adat a
dat abase t hat describes t he cont ent of t he dat a warehouse dat abase.
These are connect ed by processes which ext ract dat a f rom t he operat ional
dat abases f or t he dat a warehouse dat abase, t ransf orm it and clean it as
required, creat e any desired summaries, and creat e t he necessary
met adat a.
An execut ive inf ormat ion syst em (EIS) is an inf ormat ion syst em t hat
provides inf ormat ion t o t op execut ives t o support t heir decision making
needs. Reason f or using EIS include solving specif ic problems in decision
making or cont rol, boost ing t he execut ive’ s personal work ef f iciency,
f acilit at ing change in t he organizat ion, sending a signal t o subordinat es,
and gaining comput er lit eracy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Inmon, W. H. (1996). Bui l di ng t he Dat a War ehouse. New York : Wiley.
Mallach, E. G. (2000). Deci si on Suppor t and Dat a War ehouse Syst em.
McGraw-Hill.
Mart in, E. W. , DeHayes, D. W. , Hof f er, J. A. , & Perkins, W. C. (1991).
Managi ng Inf or mat i on Technol ogy: What Manager s Need t o Know .
New York : Macmillan.
St air, R. M. , & Reynolds, G. W. (1997). Pr i nci pl es of Inf or mat i on Syst ems:
A Manager i al Appr oach. Cambridge.
5