Social Movements in Southeast Sulawesi, 1906-1942 | Rabani | Humaniora 981 1779 2 PB
-
.miw p ueesenvq !sue-qalo nZ3ue%aa 8ueX !wouoq x)u(ej w q &! !*a
q ~ l o~
d o wyalo
j uqqegas!p eXueq uqnq !pe!~wp!sos ua>l"aSe~~pq
!tue@!p aedep 'ueq!wap ueSuaa .und!pqas uoana (uwqnaay) aedtuaoar
-osenguad qap ue>ln'pl!p undqsaw 'pnqyd a q S u ~
eped SunsSmpaq q e p Sud ! w o q !suaas!ap
&pya,aenq SueX uqeloud u p wn!unuaur na! pqol qnpnpuad uweM~pad-*d
yafqo
!pe!uw osetweum S d qmeq 3eXyer aqSu!a eped u n d m puo!s!pa esen'ikrad aqSu!a eped q q
ueqemaq qlnqur!uaw qelw d u w q a s uep bodw! ~odsyaq!ed 'neyequraa pqn3 'ueqnqelad egq
pp!ed !wades (euo!s!paa esenSuad !wouoqe uepl tdue~n8uad'epdaq 'p!ed uwn%nuiad ' e . ~ % & a ~
!saMelnS !wnqud qnpnpued m p epuelaa weaue q n q m y ! ~ u quep ueSueauaued d u e p d u a p
wpuel!p WleX le!sos >lelo!aS ue>lpqw!uaur ueipnwaqWleX qnpnpuad !LuouoyaueJedepuedq w n s eped
epue~as~ ! u o ~ o
wqu w a d !sua-au!
wp (e~aaq
zb6 I9 0 6 1 ap~uadeped
-9
-
-
La Ode Rabani Soda1Movementsin Southeast SuleWBSi* 1806 1942
well as that of the local society. The intentions
of the Dutch were to become involved in the
existing local government stnrcture as a means
to take control of essential economical
resources in the region. The Dutch forced
policies upon the locals to reach their goals,
such as changing the social system of the local
elites @riburn0and interfering in the division
of regional-level administration, which had
already been determined by the local power.
The creation of the afdeelingarea through
to the lowest structure, or onderdistrik,
evidences how the Dutch forced their policies
The personaltax and other
upon local ~ociety.~
taxes caused some troubles for the people
since they were not accustomed to tax and
monetary systems. On the local level, as in
Buton, this force caused some conflicts. The
promotion of new authorities, suctu'as district
heads, was considered as a threat and a
disturbance, as was the requirement of tax
payments, as applied by the Dutch to any new
region they occupied, which were eonsidered
too high.4 In the matter of intefieflng in local
power, the Dutch sometimes eliminated
traditional institutions that h a w.m?horityto
manage the local people 'and had been
acknowledged by the people as a legal
institution. The elimination of some local
DUTCH INTERVENTIONIN SOCIAL
institutions as a part of the Dutch intervention
MOVEMENTS
in maintaining their power were always
Social movement as a collective activity answered by protestsfrom society, although in
aims to reject changes in societythrough radical the end the locals were compelled to accept
or revolutionary ways. Social movements' these changes.
dynamics are defined by collectiveacts marked
The pribumi challenged the Dutch for
by a demand to change legislation via political policies made during their reign in Indonesia,
revoluti~n.~
Locally, social movements are whether they were economical or political. The
mmmonly conducted to decrease the power of taxations and the obligation that farmers plant
a new source of interventionthat forces change only for export and undertake other physical
upon an existing society. This pattern of these work was always metwith enownbmfrom the
movements is usually evident in areas where local people who felt f o r m by thsse polides.6
an outside power is forcing its will uponthe local The political policy to eliminate the Mosltsm
populace.
community, which always presented an
The relation between the local sooiety and interference to the Dutch in mrryh7g out their
; a foreign power, especially the Dutch in activities and -tying
their @ides, raised
Wutheast Sulawesi, can be seen from two concernfrom the DutchgovemmentBTheAceh
'
different points of view, that of the Dutch as Case (The War for the Way of Allah), aswritten
INTRODUCTION
Political movements that occurred in the
beginningof the 20th Century in some regions
in Indonesia were closely related to earlier
situations and conditions. Some of these were
World War I and the chaos of the world
economy, which led to the Great Depression of
the 1930s.
At the same time, European countries with
colonies, such as the Dutch who occupied
Indonesia, tried to optimize their colonies to fulfill
their necessities, such as state finance through
economy exploitation and taxation in many
sectors. These efforts were undertakenwithout
any consideration concerning the condition of
the people in the colony. Personaltaxation, the
decrease ofthe economic area of the traditional
reign, such as port taxes, the tobacco tax, the
export import tax, etc., caused discomfort to both
thetraditional rulers and the peopbas the object
of the taxation. Inresutt, effortswere undertaken
by the Dutch in order to fulfill their necessities
and to recover from financial problems.
This paper analyzes why social movements
occurred in Southeast Sulawesi between 19061Q42. Moreover, this paper also discusses the
process of these social movements and their
significance.
Vd. 22, No. 1 Febnrari2010: 14-21
~Ibmhim
Alfian, and the case of the rebellion
~~ Banten farmers, as written by Sartono
M r j o , are examples of lgfh Century
armam@rswith Dutch policies. Another case
-the
Diponegoroencounter in Central Java
and the Paderi Movement in West Sumatra.
Some of the aforementioned encounters
nrllhUm localantagonistsencouragedthe Dutch
&B m d u c t a more intensive investigation of
theasaeevents. One of the effortswas to promote
a European advisor for problems concerning
tCPe local elites.' In result, the Dutchcould easily
eliminate some movements that were intended
to oppose their rule. The Paderi war in West
Sumatra and the Aceh war are good examples
of when the adat (traditional) class was helped
to eliminate the religious class, while the
Acehnese Ulee Balang could win the
competition and the conflict after being
supported by the Dutch in the matter of
economic competiti~n.~
The Dutch support to
one class was a part of their economical politics
to keep Indonesia as a productive area in order
to maintain their economic interests.
Regions with a strong Islamic base, such as
Buton, had always been a matter of Dutch
concern due to the fact that these regionswere
considered disruptive to the economic activities
and the policies made by the Dutch for the
natives. Moreover, the tax policy was always
challenged by the people resulting in the Dutch
establishing another policy to eliminate the local
opposition.
The social movements that occurred in
Southeast Sulawesi began when the Dutch
placed a military detachment in Buton. The
people of Buton did not agree to it and
conducted an encounter that resulted in the
Dutch answering with a policy to eliminate it.
The situation turned chaotic and the people
rejected the power of Sultan Muhammad Urnar
(1885-1904) who was considered to be on the
side of the Dutch. Local authorities and thdr
subjects showed their displeasure with the
palick and were hostile to the Dutch. In result,
the Dutch mpatadlyforcedthe peopleof&rton
into submission and into signing several
The people of Butoncontinuedto rejeet the
policies until preparations for war were initiated
by the construction of a fort in several areas
outside Buton, such as on Kaledupa Islandand
the East Coast of Buton wasuemba) as well
as other areas. Additional social acts also
occurred when the governor of Sulawesi visited
Buton. There was no welcome party, nor did
he receive the people's sympathies. At that time,
the Sultan actually was acting at the behest of
the nobles in the region who were advocating
for the wishes of the people. However, the
Dutch had the power to force the people of
Buton to obey all the colonial policies as even
the Sultan was sentenced to pay fines for an
infractioncommitted in February 1907.O
Another example of Dutch intervention
occurred on March 21,1889. The Dutch had
prevented exporting and importing for war
needs, and then following the war, subsequently
levied an export-import tax and port tax.I0
Government decree number 25 dated January
25,1909, consisted of a f 4.200 compensation
payment for the export-import monopolyand a
f 1.500 compensation payment for opium
backdated to 1907.11 These compensation
paymentsonly targeted the kiqdom authorities.
Due to such Dutch interventions, the movement
against Dutch policies emerged. In accordance
with the Dutch government policy concerning
taxation, in 1911, they also forced Butonto pay
a tax for crops and continued with the soesoeng
romang and sima assaparang atuwong
(personal taxes) on November20,1912.12
RESlSTANCEAND THE PROCESS OF
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH
SULAWESI
The Dutch policy to impose taxes on itsi
colonies resulted in certain effects. The effect
of the taxation of 1911 led to the La Ode Boha
Movement, which had an economic motive. The
movement was a form of resistance to the tax
in Warurama, Buton. This movement happened
in 1907when the Dutchconducteda registration
of;area residents in August of that ywtr.l3 This
registrationhad the eventual aim of forcing the
-
La Ode Rabani SOW
pleaple to pay the persanal tax la Ode Boha
andhisgoeidgmpdidnot
registration and rigfused 3~ g9y the tax
(bekstmg). MCK-wr, r & m B w & d rtst Ode mm.La
area.
to Bulukumb, W h Su
submit to the Dutch (so
'FheLaOdeBrrSra
had mmgd
bmmearndlmb-toWanrnrma
to impose the tax for the Dutch. They only
the trad&mI tax calSed wetr; a
Dutch conduoted
~irCy-oneMarrd
Bohaf~wh€Y
A similar m v m ,
also occurred in fiwow,
Ebo Wlowment resulted
head of Twwo distriQ&
~ b y t h e ~ o f
AtWsamtime,aD
d
Humoniora, Wd.22,No. 1 l+bm& 2010: 14-21
-
,
-s
*,i;
2,.
_-.
. .
Inin
a
WeirsA,CSaalUc,etJ,
fwests for plan-
,
7
&an
use, far-
win619
M
o
d
g
m Mam di Indo-
c#tsi%,
1@00-1042(Jakarta:
LPES., lgSO),p.
w31.
,- bw of these advisors was Snouck Hurgronje
'bho worked for the Dutch KingBom for seven- fgen yeam and handled pmblms m g
thrp TtFlfkes (AdViSBur ~ ~ ~ ~ I n l a n d Zaken).
sche
".Or Ormail, ' S a m e u c k ~Mae
, &&q
d,
m
i , ldCmpeni, M e m b a n g a ~&mid Ekcmqi di
'. Qeemh Batas Aceh Timur, 1840-1943".
.: .(.Leiden: Acr~demisch Proefschrm de
%:+iteit, $981). S&B dm-Barnbang
, "Merajut Seringan di Tengrrh
-,
-, . Pewkhan: Komunba Ekanomi Muslimdi In.. ,
pada Masa Kolonial", Lemb9ran
W 2 No, 2, (vbgpkarb: Histo~yDsent, faculty of Letters, Gtajah M a Uni2090),p. 49.
* E.B. Kklaba, op. at.. p. 3%.
t3
Wsluit number 4 dateel June 19, ~906,mawning the takeover of imposingthe ljotf and
shipping tax in Southeast Sulawmi; l&&e
Goumwments Secnetaris (M'OS) dated October23,lW5 number 3650.
0.0. Stibbe en F.J.W.H. &andW~gen,
[
-
*.
-ws
Dseriah Su&&
bud, D i r & W JmWdra, 19WiW). p, 2@
en
LO.
LaodeZaenu, &don &Jam S
e
m
,
an; Ringkasan Kejadian-Ke,le,dI~ln
Masa Raja-rajei/Sultan-Sultan ( S ~ F B B ~ :
Suradipa, 1984), p. 120.
Huseh A. Chalik loc. eit, p. 24%
AM. ZaW, 111,1977, t?p.clt.,p. 9%
KoikmW wq fW, lSi6
32.
Ibid.
HwfHnB. CM& e t A
klaxmlktgto 0 WMle
*
:r
a
1'
*@
'
June 192Qiune 1929, (
January 13, 1Q55),p. 73 and 142.
5 .A-3
BaduitJum, I9i 1906i1umhr4.
Both, r9rowr a.,al. T
m.
fakana LP3ES.
C a m , A.J.L. 1929. Memorb wm
Ganwmmnt Celebes en C M w h o w m Jurd
1924-juni 1929.
s., ~crharM U X Q ~hOrKi
ke mmi,
JdcarmGratnti P m , 1987
wadi.
k n l Iknon ifan &ton
/bbniaJm,dun Sinkntisftrar
Tesio §-2 WM.
HueeinA 1983/1W.Chdik,
m,
m.
.miw p ueesenvq !sue-qalo nZ3ue%aa 8ueX !wouoq x)u(ej w q &! !*a
q ~ l o~
d o wyalo
j uqqegas!p eXueq uqnq !pe!~wp!sos ua>l"aSe~~pq
!tue@!p aedep 'ueq!wap ueSuaa .und!pqas uoana (uwqnaay) aedtuaoar
-osenguad qap ue>ln'pl!p undqsaw 'pnqyd a q S u ~
eped SunsSmpaq q e p Sud ! w o q !suaas!ap
&pya,aenq SueX uqeloud u p wn!unuaur na! pqol qnpnpuad uweM~pad-*d
yafqo
!pe!uw osetweum S d qmeq 3eXyer aqSu!a eped u n d m puo!s!pa esen'ikrad aqSu!a eped q q
ueqemaq qlnqur!uaw qelw d u w q a s uep bodw! ~odsyaq!ed 'neyequraa pqn3 'ueqnqelad egq
pp!ed !wades (euo!s!paa esenSuad !wouoqe uepl tdue~n8uad'epdaq 'p!ed uwn%nuiad ' e . ~ % & a ~
!saMelnS !wnqud qnpnpued m p epuelaa weaue q n q m y ! ~ u quep ueSueauaued d u e p d u a p
wpuel!p WleX le!sos >lelo!aS ue>lpqw!uaur ueipnwaqWleX qnpnpuad !LuouoyaueJedepuedq w n s eped
epue~as~ ! u o ~ o
wqu w a d !sua-au!
wp (e~aaq
zb6 I9 0 6 1 ap~uadeped
-9
-
-
La Ode Rabani Soda1Movementsin Southeast SuleWBSi* 1806 1942
well as that of the local society. The intentions
of the Dutch were to become involved in the
existing local government stnrcture as a means
to take control of essential economical
resources in the region. The Dutch forced
policies upon the locals to reach their goals,
such as changing the social system of the local
elites @riburn0and interfering in the division
of regional-level administration, which had
already been determined by the local power.
The creation of the afdeelingarea through
to the lowest structure, or onderdistrik,
evidences how the Dutch forced their policies
The personaltax and other
upon local ~ociety.~
taxes caused some troubles for the people
since they were not accustomed to tax and
monetary systems. On the local level, as in
Buton, this force caused some conflicts. The
promotion of new authorities, suctu'as district
heads, was considered as a threat and a
disturbance, as was the requirement of tax
payments, as applied by the Dutch to any new
region they occupied, which were eonsidered
too high.4 In the matter of intefieflng in local
power, the Dutch sometimes eliminated
traditional institutions that h a w.m?horityto
manage the local people 'and had been
acknowledged by the people as a legal
institution. The elimination of some local
DUTCH INTERVENTIONIN SOCIAL
institutions as a part of the Dutch intervention
MOVEMENTS
in maintaining their power were always
Social movement as a collective activity answered by protestsfrom society, although in
aims to reject changes in societythrough radical the end the locals were compelled to accept
or revolutionary ways. Social movements' these changes.
dynamics are defined by collectiveacts marked
The pribumi challenged the Dutch for
by a demand to change legislation via political policies made during their reign in Indonesia,
revoluti~n.~
Locally, social movements are whether they were economical or political. The
mmmonly conducted to decrease the power of taxations and the obligation that farmers plant
a new source of interventionthat forces change only for export and undertake other physical
upon an existing society. This pattern of these work was always metwith enownbmfrom the
movements is usually evident in areas where local people who felt f o r m by thsse polides.6
an outside power is forcing its will uponthe local The political policy to eliminate the Mosltsm
populace.
community, which always presented an
The relation between the local sooiety and interference to the Dutch in mrryh7g out their
; a foreign power, especially the Dutch in activities and -tying
their @ides, raised
Wutheast Sulawesi, can be seen from two concernfrom the DutchgovemmentBTheAceh
'
different points of view, that of the Dutch as Case (The War for the Way of Allah), aswritten
INTRODUCTION
Political movements that occurred in the
beginningof the 20th Century in some regions
in Indonesia were closely related to earlier
situations and conditions. Some of these were
World War I and the chaos of the world
economy, which led to the Great Depression of
the 1930s.
At the same time, European countries with
colonies, such as the Dutch who occupied
Indonesia, tried to optimize their colonies to fulfill
their necessities, such as state finance through
economy exploitation and taxation in many
sectors. These efforts were undertakenwithout
any consideration concerning the condition of
the people in the colony. Personaltaxation, the
decrease ofthe economic area of the traditional
reign, such as port taxes, the tobacco tax, the
export import tax, etc., caused discomfort to both
thetraditional rulers and the peopbas the object
of the taxation. Inresutt, effortswere undertaken
by the Dutch in order to fulfill their necessities
and to recover from financial problems.
This paper analyzes why social movements
occurred in Southeast Sulawesi between 19061Q42. Moreover, this paper also discusses the
process of these social movements and their
significance.
Vd. 22, No. 1 Febnrari2010: 14-21
~Ibmhim
Alfian, and the case of the rebellion
~~ Banten farmers, as written by Sartono
M r j o , are examples of lgfh Century
armam@rswith Dutch policies. Another case
-the
Diponegoroencounter in Central Java
and the Paderi Movement in West Sumatra.
Some of the aforementioned encounters
nrllhUm localantagonistsencouragedthe Dutch
&B m d u c t a more intensive investigation of
theasaeevents. One of the effortswas to promote
a European advisor for problems concerning
tCPe local elites.' In result, the Dutchcould easily
eliminate some movements that were intended
to oppose their rule. The Paderi war in West
Sumatra and the Aceh war are good examples
of when the adat (traditional) class was helped
to eliminate the religious class, while the
Acehnese Ulee Balang could win the
competition and the conflict after being
supported by the Dutch in the matter of
economic competiti~n.~
The Dutch support to
one class was a part of their economical politics
to keep Indonesia as a productive area in order
to maintain their economic interests.
Regions with a strong Islamic base, such as
Buton, had always been a matter of Dutch
concern due to the fact that these regionswere
considered disruptive to the economic activities
and the policies made by the Dutch for the
natives. Moreover, the tax policy was always
challenged by the people resulting in the Dutch
establishing another policy to eliminate the local
opposition.
The social movements that occurred in
Southeast Sulawesi began when the Dutch
placed a military detachment in Buton. The
people of Buton did not agree to it and
conducted an encounter that resulted in the
Dutch answering with a policy to eliminate it.
The situation turned chaotic and the people
rejected the power of Sultan Muhammad Urnar
(1885-1904) who was considered to be on the
side of the Dutch. Local authorities and thdr
subjects showed their displeasure with the
palick and were hostile to the Dutch. In result,
the Dutch mpatadlyforcedthe peopleof&rton
into submission and into signing several
The people of Butoncontinuedto rejeet the
policies until preparations for war were initiated
by the construction of a fort in several areas
outside Buton, such as on Kaledupa Islandand
the East Coast of Buton wasuemba) as well
as other areas. Additional social acts also
occurred when the governor of Sulawesi visited
Buton. There was no welcome party, nor did
he receive the people's sympathies. At that time,
the Sultan actually was acting at the behest of
the nobles in the region who were advocating
for the wishes of the people. However, the
Dutch had the power to force the people of
Buton to obey all the colonial policies as even
the Sultan was sentenced to pay fines for an
infractioncommitted in February 1907.O
Another example of Dutch intervention
occurred on March 21,1889. The Dutch had
prevented exporting and importing for war
needs, and then following the war, subsequently
levied an export-import tax and port tax.I0
Government decree number 25 dated January
25,1909, consisted of a f 4.200 compensation
payment for the export-import monopolyand a
f 1.500 compensation payment for opium
backdated to 1907.11 These compensation
paymentsonly targeted the kiqdom authorities.
Due to such Dutch interventions, the movement
against Dutch policies emerged. In accordance
with the Dutch government policy concerning
taxation, in 1911, they also forced Butonto pay
a tax for crops and continued with the soesoeng
romang and sima assaparang atuwong
(personal taxes) on November20,1912.12
RESlSTANCEAND THE PROCESS OF
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH
SULAWESI
The Dutch policy to impose taxes on itsi
colonies resulted in certain effects. The effect
of the taxation of 1911 led to the La Ode Boha
Movement, which had an economic motive. The
movement was a form of resistance to the tax
in Warurama, Buton. This movement happened
in 1907when the Dutchconducteda registration
of;area residents in August of that ywtr.l3 This
registrationhad the eventual aim of forcing the
-
La Ode Rabani SOW
pleaple to pay the persanal tax la Ode Boha
andhisgoeidgmpdidnot
registration and rigfused 3~ g9y the tax
(bekstmg). MCK-wr, r & m B w & d rtst Ode mm.La
area.
to Bulukumb, W h Su
submit to the Dutch (so
'FheLaOdeBrrSra
had mmgd
bmmearndlmb-toWanrnrma
to impose the tax for the Dutch. They only
the trad&mI tax calSed wetr; a
Dutch conduoted
~irCy-oneMarrd
Bohaf~wh€Y
A similar m v m ,
also occurred in fiwow,
Ebo Wlowment resulted
head of Twwo distriQ&
~ b y t h e ~ o f
AtWsamtime,aD
d
Humoniora, Wd.22,No. 1 l+bm& 2010: 14-21
-
,
-s
*,i;
2,.
_-.
. .
Inin
a
WeirsA,CSaalUc,etJ,
fwests for plan-
,
7
&an
use, far-
win619
M
o
d
g
m Mam di Indo-
c#tsi%,
1@00-1042(Jakarta:
LPES., lgSO),p.
w31.
,- bw of these advisors was Snouck Hurgronje
'bho worked for the Dutch KingBom for seven- fgen yeam and handled pmblms m g
thrp TtFlfkes (AdViSBur ~ ~ ~ ~ I n l a n d Zaken).
sche
".Or Ormail, ' S a m e u c k ~Mae
, &&q
d,
m
i , ldCmpeni, M e m b a n g a ~&mid Ekcmqi di
'. Qeemh Batas Aceh Timur, 1840-1943".
.: .(.Leiden: Acr~demisch Proefschrm de
%:+iteit, $981). S&B dm-Barnbang
, "Merajut Seringan di Tengrrh
-,
-, . Pewkhan: Komunba Ekanomi Muslimdi In.. ,
pada Masa Kolonial", Lemb9ran
W 2 No, 2, (vbgpkarb: Histo~yDsent, faculty of Letters, Gtajah M a Uni2090),p. 49.
* E.B. Kklaba, op. at.. p. 3%.
t3
Wsluit number 4 dateel June 19, ~906,mawning the takeover of imposingthe ljotf and
shipping tax in Southeast Sulawmi; l&&e
Goumwments Secnetaris (M'OS) dated October23,lW5 number 3650.
0.0. Stibbe en F.J.W.H. &andW~gen,
[
-
*.
-ws
Dseriah Su&&
bud, D i r & W JmWdra, 19WiW). p, 2@
en
LO.
LaodeZaenu, &don &Jam S
e
m
,
an; Ringkasan Kejadian-Ke,le,dI~ln
Masa Raja-rajei/Sultan-Sultan ( S ~ F B B ~ :
Suradipa, 1984), p. 120.
Huseh A. Chalik loc. eit, p. 24%
AM. ZaW, 111,1977, t?p.clt.,p. 9%
KoikmW wq fW, lSi6
32.
Ibid.
HwfHnB. CM& e t A
klaxmlktgto 0 WMle
*
:r
a
1'
*@
'
June 192Qiune 1929, (
January 13, 1Q55),p. 73 and 142.
5 .A-3
BaduitJum, I9i 1906i1umhr4.
Both, r9rowr a.,al. T
m.
fakana LP3ES.
C a m , A.J.L. 1929. Memorb wm
Ganwmmnt Celebes en C M w h o w m Jurd
1924-juni 1929.
s., ~crharM U X Q ~hOrKi
ke mmi,
JdcarmGratnti P m , 1987
wadi.
k n l Iknon ifan &ton
/bbniaJm,dun Sinkntisftrar
Tesio §-2 WM.
HueeinA 1983/1W.Chdik,
m,
m.