Introduction General Chemistry Lab Work I
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
INTRODUCTION
This summary was arranged as a guideline f or t he st udent s t o do a
laborat ory work of General Chemist ry I in f acult y of Mat hemat ics and
Nat ural Science, Yogyakart a St at e Universit y. The aim of t his summary
involves:
1. The main t arget :
a. Give t he experiences t o do t he ways of experiment and t he result
of observat ion f or t he chemist ry phenomenons.
b. Give some illust rat ions about t he st udying mat erial.
c. Give t he deeper knowledge about chemist ry, especially about t he
f ramework of basic t heory of chemist ry and t he way t o solve t he
chemist ry problem.
d. Inst ill awareness of t he correlat ion of various ot her nat ural
sciences and t heir limit at ions.
2. Special t arget s:
a. Develop skill in st oichiomet ry, balance and t he using of energet ics
in chemist ry syst em.
b. Train t o do t he accurat e observat ion.
c. Train skill t o use t he glasses inst rument , chemist ry subst ance, and
inst rument .
d. Train t o analyze t he experiment dat a and writ e t he report .
e. Give t he mot ivat ion t o do experiment .
i
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
THE RULES IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY WORK
A. General
1. Each of t he st udent s of laborat ory work should be responsible t o
obey t he rule of laborat ory work.
2. Each of t he st udent s must keep t he order and t he saf et y in t he
laborat ory.
3. Be caref ul in using t he equipment and t he chemist ry subst ances
because t hey are usually expensive and danger.
4. The st udent s of laborat ory work are f orbidden t o eat or drink
during doing an experiment .
B. Implement at ion of Laborat ory Work
1. To do t he laborat ory work t he st udent s must regist er t he pract ical
work in t he f irst and t he second week on t he beginning of semest er
by showing t he credit semest er and pay t he guide book of laborat ory
work.
2. The st udent s must f ollow t he chemist ry laborat ory work assist ance on
t he t hird and t he f ort h week on t he beginning of semest er.
3. Each of t he st udent s must come on t ime and f ill t he at t endance list
bef ore t he laborat ory work is st art ed. Be lat e in 10 minut es wit hout
accept able permission will be considered as an absent and will not be
permit t ed t o do a laborat ory work. The st udent s absent must give t he
permission t o t he lect urer.
4. Bef ore do t he laborat ory work t he st udent s must have learnt t he
laborat ory work mat erial which will be done, because it will be a
writ t en pret est .
ii
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
5. The st udent s must wear a whit e laborat ory work coat during t he
laborat ory work.
6. To do t he laborat ory work t he st udent s must borrow t he equipment
by using t he st udent card.
7. The st udent s do t he pract ical work seriously t o underst and t he using
of t he equipment s and do t heir report only. If t here is any dif f icult y
t he st udent s can ask t o t he assist ant or t he l ect urer.
8. Af t er f inish t he pract ical work t he st udent s must make a t emporary
report which has been gave a signat ure by t he lect urer.
9. The st udent s leave t he room af t er t hey t urn of t he gas crane and
lading, and t hen clean t he t rash.
10. Each of t he st udent s must make a f ormal report based on t he dat a
f rom t he t emporary report and should be collect ed t o t he assist ant on
t he next laborat ory work.
11. The st udent s, who can’ t at t end t he laborat ory work on t he schedule,
will be given a chance t o do t he pract ical work on t he Int ermission
week, by paying IDR 7. 500 each of t he experiment s. Int ermission
week will be limit ed in t wice maximally.
Every single t hing do not included yet in t his rules will be rule
separat ely
iii
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION
OF THE GLASS APPARATUS
A. The glass equipment s
1. Test t ubes: being used f or many act ivit ies such as mixing or
heat ing t he solut ion in lit t le amount .
2. Nessler t ubes: t o decide t he concent rat ion of t he solut ion based
on t he densit y of t he color.
3. Beaker: being used f or holding liquid. Pyrex beaker can be used t o
heat . Do not used t o measure t he volume because it is inaccurat e.
Not be used t o make NaOH solut ion concent rat ed.
4. Erlenmeyer f lask: For volume 50 – 2000 mL t o keep t he solut ion or
chemist ry subst ance, t o heat t he liquid, t o ret ain dist illat e on t he
dist illat ion and ot hers. When t he f lask consist s of t he st erile
solut ion, t he f lask must be closed.
5. Graduat ed cylinder: For volume 5 – 2000 mL, t o measure t he
solut ion or t he liquid t hat needed conf orm t o t he necessit y. Do
not use t o dissolve or t o dilut e t he solut ion.
6. Glass f unnel and f ilt er paper: t o f ilt er t he sol ut ion.
7. Pipet t e: t o put a solut ion or t o add t he solut ion in lit t le amount .
8. Volumet ric pipet t e: f or volume 1-100 mL, t o put a solut ion which
has t he appropriat e volume based on measurement in t he pipet t e,
t he f at removed wit h sulphat e chromic acid.
How to use:
a. Suct ion t he solut ion t o t he pipet t e wit h a mout h, t he point ed
t ip of t he pipet t e must soaked 2-3 cm in t he liquid in order t o
avoid solut ion will suct ion in a mout h.
iv
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
b. Then make t he pipet t e st and upright and t he point ed t ip of it
is closed wit h a f inger t o avoid t he solut ion f lows out . By
moving a t humb and a middle f inger used t o hold t he pipet t e,
let t he liquid drops f rom t he t ip of t he pipet t e unt il t he
meniscus of t he surf ace of t he liquid reach t he scale.
c. Af t er t he liquid is f lowed out f rom t he pipet t e, let t he liquid
lef t f lows in 30 second. Do not blow t he liquid in t he t ip of t he
pipet t e because t he drops will not be sent out when t he
pipet t e is engraved.
d. Measuring Pipet t e, f or volume 1-25 mL, t o put t he subst ance
t hat t he volume needs t o be measured, t he f at removed wit h
using t he sulphat e chromic acid.
9. Evaporat ing dish: t o dry t he solid subst ance by put t ing t he
subst ance in t he air or oven, t o keep t he subst ance t emporary.
10. Buret t e: used t o do a t it rat ion. The subst ance used t o do a
t it rat ion is placed on t he buret t e and t hen t he subst ance is f lown
lit t le by lit t le t hrough a crane.
SEVERAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ARE
OFTEN PERFORMED IN THE LABORATORY
1. Dilut ing t he concent rat ed acid
Pour t he concent rat ed acid t o t he wat er and st ir it , don’ t be vice
versa, by pouring t he wat er t o t he concent rat ed acid.
2. Heat ing t he t est t ube
Conf ront ed t he hole mout h of t est t ubes t o a saf e place so t hat t he
sprinkling do not t ouch t he st udent s.
v
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
3. The experiment which produces a dangerous gas f or our healt hy
should be done in t he acid cupboard or t he out side of t he laborat ory.
4. If we will put in t he t hermomet er or glass pipe in t he hole of rubber
or sponge, wet t ing t he t ool wit h wat er, hold closer t he part which is
put in t he wat er by using t he wet clot h. Put it in t he glass wit h t he
t hreaded glass.
5. Buret t e leak
Pour t he liquid t o t he ot her bowl. Open t he crane buret t e t hen wipe
by using t he f ilt er paper or t issue all t he part of crane. The liquid
pipeline must not be obst ruct ed by inappropriat e obj ect s. Smear t he
part which is shaded by using t he Vaseline. Put on again t he crane,
t urn t o make sure t hat t he Vaseline is already spread evenly. Just it .
6. Suct ion t he liquid by using t he appropriat e pipet t e (volumet ric
pipet t e)
The t ip of t he pipet t e must be submerged in t he liquid. Suct ion t he
liquid t ill pass t he limit sign in a line shape. Dry t he out side part of
t he pipet t e t ip which exposure t he liquid by using t he f ilt er paper.
Organize t he pipet t e t o st and upright and t he liquid is locat ed exact ly
in t he sign. The liquid is moved in t he bowl.
7. Weighing
The subst ance t hat measured must not be put on t he balance plat e
direct ly, should use t he beaker, balance bot t le, wat ch glass, f ilt er
paper or ot her appropriat e bowls.
vi
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
i
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
ii
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
vii
Experiment 1
Det erminat ion of t he compound f ormula f rom
t he experiment dat a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Experiment 2
Det erminat ion of t he relat ive at omic mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Experiment 3
Analyze gas which is based on t he molar volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Experiment 4
Det erminat ion of t he gas molecular f ormula in Eudiomet ry
17
Experiment 5
Ent halpy react ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Experiment 6
Ent ropy of t he Syst em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Experiment 7
Valence of t he Element s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Experiment 8
Elect ronegat ivit y charact erist ic of Element s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Experiment 9
Analyze in colorimet ric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Experiment 10
Acids, bases and t he t it rat ion curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
55
vii
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
viii
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
INTRODUCTION
This summary was arranged as a guideline f or t he st udent s t o do a
laborat ory work of General Chemist ry I in f acult y of Mat hemat ics and
Nat ural Science, Yogyakart a St at e Universit y. The aim of t his summary
involves:
1. The main t arget :
a. Give t he experiences t o do t he ways of experiment and t he result
of observat ion f or t he chemist ry phenomenons.
b. Give some illust rat ions about t he st udying mat erial.
c. Give t he deeper knowledge about chemist ry, especially about t he
f ramework of basic t heory of chemist ry and t he way t o solve t he
chemist ry problem.
d. Inst ill awareness of t he correlat ion of various ot her nat ural
sciences and t heir limit at ions.
2. Special t arget s:
a. Develop skill in st oichiomet ry, balance and t he using of energet ics
in chemist ry syst em.
b. Train t o do t he accurat e observat ion.
c. Train skill t o use t he glasses inst rument , chemist ry subst ance, and
inst rument .
d. Train t o analyze t he experiment dat a and writ e t he report .
e. Give t he mot ivat ion t o do experiment .
i
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
THE RULES IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY WORK
A. General
1. Each of t he st udent s of laborat ory work should be responsible t o
obey t he rule of laborat ory work.
2. Each of t he st udent s must keep t he order and t he saf et y in t he
laborat ory.
3. Be caref ul in using t he equipment and t he chemist ry subst ances
because t hey are usually expensive and danger.
4. The st udent s of laborat ory work are f orbidden t o eat or drink
during doing an experiment .
B. Implement at ion of Laborat ory Work
1. To do t he laborat ory work t he st udent s must regist er t he pract ical
work in t he f irst and t he second week on t he beginning of semest er
by showing t he credit semest er and pay t he guide book of laborat ory
work.
2. The st udent s must f ollow t he chemist ry laborat ory work assist ance on
t he t hird and t he f ort h week on t he beginning of semest er.
3. Each of t he st udent s must come on t ime and f ill t he at t endance list
bef ore t he laborat ory work is st art ed. Be lat e in 10 minut es wit hout
accept able permission will be considered as an absent and will not be
permit t ed t o do a laborat ory work. The st udent s absent must give t he
permission t o t he lect urer.
4. Bef ore do t he laborat ory work t he st udent s must have learnt t he
laborat ory work mat erial which will be done, because it will be a
writ t en pret est .
ii
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
5. The st udent s must wear a whit e laborat ory work coat during t he
laborat ory work.
6. To do t he laborat ory work t he st udent s must borrow t he equipment
by using t he st udent card.
7. The st udent s do t he pract ical work seriously t o underst and t he using
of t he equipment s and do t heir report only. If t here is any dif f icult y
t he st udent s can ask t o t he assist ant or t he l ect urer.
8. Af t er f inish t he pract ical work t he st udent s must make a t emporary
report which has been gave a signat ure by t he lect urer.
9. The st udent s leave t he room af t er t hey t urn of t he gas crane and
lading, and t hen clean t he t rash.
10. Each of t he st udent s must make a f ormal report based on t he dat a
f rom t he t emporary report and should be collect ed t o t he assist ant on
t he next laborat ory work.
11. The st udent s, who can’ t at t end t he laborat ory work on t he schedule,
will be given a chance t o do t he pract ical work on t he Int ermission
week, by paying IDR 7. 500 each of t he experiment s. Int ermission
week will be limit ed in t wice maximally.
Every single t hing do not included yet in t his rules will be rule
separat ely
iii
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION
OF THE GLASS APPARATUS
A. The glass equipment s
1. Test t ubes: being used f or many act ivit ies such as mixing or
heat ing t he solut ion in lit t le amount .
2. Nessler t ubes: t o decide t he concent rat ion of t he solut ion based
on t he densit y of t he color.
3. Beaker: being used f or holding liquid. Pyrex beaker can be used t o
heat . Do not used t o measure t he volume because it is inaccurat e.
Not be used t o make NaOH solut ion concent rat ed.
4. Erlenmeyer f lask: For volume 50 – 2000 mL t o keep t he solut ion or
chemist ry subst ance, t o heat t he liquid, t o ret ain dist illat e on t he
dist illat ion and ot hers. When t he f lask consist s of t he st erile
solut ion, t he f lask must be closed.
5. Graduat ed cylinder: For volume 5 – 2000 mL, t o measure t he
solut ion or t he liquid t hat needed conf orm t o t he necessit y. Do
not use t o dissolve or t o dilut e t he solut ion.
6. Glass f unnel and f ilt er paper: t o f ilt er t he sol ut ion.
7. Pipet t e: t o put a solut ion or t o add t he solut ion in lit t le amount .
8. Volumet ric pipet t e: f or volume 1-100 mL, t o put a solut ion which
has t he appropriat e volume based on measurement in t he pipet t e,
t he f at removed wit h sulphat e chromic acid.
How to use:
a. Suct ion t he solut ion t o t he pipet t e wit h a mout h, t he point ed
t ip of t he pipet t e must soaked 2-3 cm in t he liquid in order t o
avoid solut ion will suct ion in a mout h.
iv
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
b. Then make t he pipet t e st and upright and t he point ed t ip of it
is closed wit h a f inger t o avoid t he solut ion f lows out . By
moving a t humb and a middle f inger used t o hold t he pipet t e,
let t he liquid drops f rom t he t ip of t he pipet t e unt il t he
meniscus of t he surf ace of t he liquid reach t he scale.
c. Af t er t he liquid is f lowed out f rom t he pipet t e, let t he liquid
lef t f lows in 30 second. Do not blow t he liquid in t he t ip of t he
pipet t e because t he drops will not be sent out when t he
pipet t e is engraved.
d. Measuring Pipet t e, f or volume 1-25 mL, t o put t he subst ance
t hat t he volume needs t o be measured, t he f at removed wit h
using t he sulphat e chromic acid.
9. Evaporat ing dish: t o dry t he solid subst ance by put t ing t he
subst ance in t he air or oven, t o keep t he subst ance t emporary.
10. Buret t e: used t o do a t it rat ion. The subst ance used t o do a
t it rat ion is placed on t he buret t e and t hen t he subst ance is f lown
lit t le by lit t le t hrough a crane.
SEVERAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES ARE
OFTEN PERFORMED IN THE LABORATORY
1. Dilut ing t he concent rat ed acid
Pour t he concent rat ed acid t o t he wat er and st ir it , don’ t be vice
versa, by pouring t he wat er t o t he concent rat ed acid.
2. Heat ing t he t est t ube
Conf ront ed t he hole mout h of t est t ubes t o a saf e place so t hat t he
sprinkling do not t ouch t he st udent s.
v
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
3. The experiment which produces a dangerous gas f or our healt hy
should be done in t he acid cupboard or t he out side of t he laborat ory.
4. If we will put in t he t hermomet er or glass pipe in t he hole of rubber
or sponge, wet t ing t he t ool wit h wat er, hold closer t he part which is
put in t he wat er by using t he wet clot h. Put it in t he glass wit h t he
t hreaded glass.
5. Buret t e leak
Pour t he liquid t o t he ot her bowl. Open t he crane buret t e t hen wipe
by using t he f ilt er paper or t issue all t he part of crane. The liquid
pipeline must not be obst ruct ed by inappropriat e obj ect s. Smear t he
part which is shaded by using t he Vaseline. Put on again t he crane,
t urn t o make sure t hat t he Vaseline is already spread evenly. Just it .
6. Suct ion t he liquid by using t he appropriat e pipet t e (volumet ric
pipet t e)
The t ip of t he pipet t e must be submerged in t he liquid. Suct ion t he
liquid t ill pass t he limit sign in a line shape. Dry t he out side part of
t he pipet t e t ip which exposure t he liquid by using t he f ilt er paper.
Organize t he pipet t e t o st and upright and t he liquid is locat ed exact ly
in t he sign. The liquid is moved in t he bowl.
7. Weighing
The subst ance t hat measured must not be put on t he balance plat e
direct ly, should use t he beaker, balance bot t le, wat ch glass, f ilt er
paper or ot her appropriat e bowls.
vi
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
i
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
ii
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
vii
Experiment 1
Det erminat ion of t he compound f ormula f rom
t he experiment dat a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Experiment 2
Det erminat ion of t he relat ive at omic mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Experiment 3
Analyze gas which is based on t he molar volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Experiment 4
Det erminat ion of t he gas molecular f ormula in Eudiomet ry
17
Experiment 5
Ent halpy react ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Experiment 6
Ent ropy of t he Syst em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Experiment 7
Valence of t he Element s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
Experiment 8
Elect ronegat ivit y charact erist ic of Element s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
Experiment 9
Analyze in colorimet ric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Experiment 10
Acids, bases and t he t it rat ion curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
55
vii
Rr. L is Permana Sari –
General Chemistry I L ab-Work
viii