READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS:(A Case Studyof Eighth Semester Studentsof English Education Programin a Private Collegein Subang ).
Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
(A Case Study of Eighth Semester Students of English Education Program in a Private College in Subang )
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master’s Degree in English Education
By
Ferany Shaily Maulida 1102708
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2015
English Education at Secondary
Education
Oleh
Ferany Shaily Maulida S.Pd UPI Bandung, 2007
Sebuah Tesis yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Pendidikan (M.Pd.) pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Ferany Shaily Maulida 2015 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu Abstract
This study reports EFL undergraduate students’reading profile and its relation to their reading performance. Students’ reading profile here are associated to the reading activity which covers of reading habits, reading preferences, reading interest as well as their reading attitude. Taking place in one private college, this study employed qualitative approach. Questionnaire, interview and Likert-scale ASRA (Adult Survey of Reading Attitude) were used as primary technique for data collection. In addition, selected relevant information pieces from GPA and reading score were also used to complement the data from the primary sources. Data from questionnaire and interview were
transcribed and categorized to find students’ reading profile. The major conclusion of the
study reveals that most of them are indicated not to have good English reading habits although they had positive attitude toward reading. This is proved by the fact that they do not always read English everyday which means that reading English practices is not their habitual activity. The reasons for not having regular English reading practices are that they do not understand the content of the text in English and encounter a lot of unfamiliar words that obstruct reading comprehension. It also reveals that their reading performance is low and thus their positive reading attitude do not reflect in their reading performance.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL PAGE ... i
DECLARATION ... ii
PREFACE………..iii
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS ... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
APPENDICES………...ix
LIST OF FIGURE ... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 4
1.3 Aims of the Study ... 4
1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5
1.6 Organization of the Paper... 5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7
2.1 Literacy ... 7
2.1.1 Definition of Literacy ... 7
2.1.1.1 Literacy and Reading ... 8
2.1.2 Aliteracy ... 10
2.1.3 Environmental Factors Affecting Literacy ... 11
2.1.3.1 Home Environment ... 12
2.1.3.2 Environmental Conditions for Learning Literacy ... 13
2.2 Reading ... 16
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
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2.2.2 The Purpose of Reading ... 17
2.2.3 Reading Academic Material versus Reading non-academic Material ... 18
2.2.4 Reading for Pleasure ... 19
2.3 Reading Profile ... 22
2.3.1 Reading Habit&Reading Habit ... 23
2.3.2.1 ASRA (Adult Survey of Reading Attitude) ... 25
2.3.2.2 Reading Attitude and Reading Motivation……… .. 27
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ... 38
3.1 Research Design ... 38
3.2 Site and Participants ... 38
3.4 The Technique of Collecting Data ... 39
3.4.1 Questionnaire ... 39
3.4.1.1 The First Type Questionnaire Used in the Study ... 40
3.4.1.2 The second Type of Questionnaire Used in the Study ... 41
3.4.2 Interview ... 41
3.4.2.1 The Technique of Selecting the Respondents to be Interviewed ... 42
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 42
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSIONS ... 44
4.1 Reading Profile of the EFL Undergraduate Students ... 44
4.1.1 Students’ Reading Habit ... 44
4.1.1.1 Choice of Text ... 45
4.1.1.2 Activity Preferences ... 58
4.1.1.3Supporting Factors ... 64
4.1.1.4 Obstacles ... 76
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.2.1 Students’ Reading Attitude in terms of Reading Activity and Enjoyment
... 81
4.1.2.2 Students’ Reading Attitude in terms of Anxiety and Difficulties ... . 83
4.1.2.3 Students’ Reading Attitude in terms of Modality ... 83
4.2 Students’ Reading Habit and Attitude in Relation to Students’ Reading Performance ... 84
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 90
5.1 Conclusion ... 90
5.2 Recommendations ... 91
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Questionnaire Outline
Appendix 2: Reading Profile Questionnaire
Appendix 3: The Average of TOEFL Reading raw score and the average point of English Reading Course
Appendix 4: The Rank of TOEFL Score, GPA of academic achievement, and Reading Score
Appendix 5: Table of Mean Value of each variable in ASRA
Appendix 6: Deskripsi Analisis dari angket ASRA (Adult Survey of Reading Attitude)
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1 The Amount of Time Spent on Academic Reading ... 43
Figure 4.2 The Amount of Time Spent on Non – Academic Reading (Voluntary Reading)... 47
Figure 4.3 Reading Preferences on Online and Paper - Based Text ... 48
Figure 4.4 Student’s Habit of Reading based on the Language of the text ... 51
Figure 4.5 The Average of Volume Reading Non Academic Text... 55
Figure 4.6 The Average of Volume Reading Academic Text ... 55
Figure 4.7 The Top 5 Topics as the 1st– Most Preferred ... 56
Figure 4.8 The Choice of Activity in the day off ... 60
Figure 4.9 Respondents Habit in using spare time between the class schedule without any task assignment to finish in campus ... 61
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
Figure 4.11 The reasons that make the respondents read... 65
Figure 4.12 Factors which motivate students for reading academic text ... 66
Figure 4.13 Factors which motivate students to read non-academic text ... 68
Figure 4.14 Educational background of respondent’s mother ... 70
Figure 4.15 Educational background of respondent’s father ... 71
Figure 4.16 The Profession of Respondent’s Mother ... 73
Figure 4.17 The Profession of Respondent’s Father ... 73
Figure 4.18 Home Facilities to Access Media and Information Technology .. 75
Figure 4.19 The obstacle in reading academic material ... 77
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the general issues related to the present study. The first section starts with the background of the study. Then it is followed by research questions and the aims of the study. The next section presents the scope of the study, the significance of the study, and the organization of the thesis.
1.1 Background of the Study
Modern life and fast changes require today's adolescents to be more literate and to engage in more kinds of reading than what was required of their counterparts in previous generations. It is because the activity of reading is an essential tool for lifelong learning and it is regarded as the most important components in learning language (Pandian, 1997; Mokatsi, 2005cited in Annamalai& Muniandy, 2013). Some previous studies have proven that reading is essential. It canenhance people’s social skills, improve hand-eye coordination, and providepeople with endless hours of fun and entertainment. It is an access to social,economic, and civic life (Clark & Akerman, 2006) and an underlying means ofsupporting the success of learning process (Broaddus & Ivey, 2001; Renandya,2007 in Iftanti, 2012). It also has positive influence on academic performance (Adetunji andOladeji, 2007). Without the ability to read, therefore, the opportunities for academicand occupational success are limited.
Moreover, for those who live in academic environment, such as students, reading is an imperative need. If students cannot read, they do not have the power to accomplish their study in all academic areas (Hasselbring& Dagget, 2007).Soreading has become a necessity and basic tool of education and the ability to read is at the heart of self-education andlifelong learning(Mokatsi, 2005 in Noor, 2011).
For EFL learners whose exposure to English is quite limited, reading becomes one of the most crucial means by which academic knowledge is
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
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transmitted. The ability to read academic texts is considered to be one of the most important skills that EFL learners need to acquire (Levine, Ferenze, & Reves, 2000 in Shen, 2013). However, many of the EFL learners entering higher education are under-prepared for the reading demands that are placed for them (Dreyer & Nel, 2003). A great majority of these students might experience “vicious cycles,” after entering the graduate program, if they had not learned how to read effectively and efficiently (Huang, 2006). They might dwell in their inappropriate reading habits without knowing how to read effectively.
A lack of vocabulary knowledge is one of the largest obstacles to efficiently comprehending academic texts in L2 (Levine & Reves, 1990). Chen (1999), in his empirical investigation, indicated that most college students in general universities in Taiwan have small vocabulary size of 2000-3000 words which is far below the requirement of 5000-7000 words in order to comprehend college English textbooks. Being unable to deal with large amount of text, they might painstakingly rely on word-by-word reading. As a result, most of the students had failed to handle the complicated texts and the huge number of reading assignments during a week.
Regarding the importance of reading, it is essential that students wholearn English as a foreign language (EFL students) establish goodEnglish reading habits because the most spoken language of business, technology and research (Fortanet-Gomez & Räisänen, 2008 in Hussam & Al-Sadi, 2015) as well as the driving force behind and vehicle for knowledge transfer (Welch & Welch, 2008) thusEnglish is widely viewed as a commodity for global communication (Crystal, 2003), and its acquisition is perceived as compulsory.
In the context of Indonesian education,the skill of reading English as part of English subject is taught integratedly withother English skills since the students study in Elementary school for 6 years.Some pre Elementary schools have also included English subject in their curriculum.However, as a matter of fact, many students seem not motivated to read which is shown by their participation and progress in reading classes and their efforts in fulfilling assignments that require
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
reading activity. It is assumed that the students face challenges in reading,generally the students were in the condition which is called aliteracy (Mikulecky, 1978 in Poppe, 2005), a condition when they actually have the ability to read but choosing not to. Goodwin (1996 in Burak, 2004), claims that aliteracy is an epidemic among college students. Aliteracy refers to the "lack of the reading habit in capable readers" (Harris & Hodges, 1995, p.6 cited in Burak, 2004). Some researchers and educators (Goodwin, 1996; Sheorey&Mokhtari, 1994) claim that students spend minimal time reading required, and even less time reading that which is not required. They also probably face difficulties in reading due to their low comprehension skill including lack of vocabulary knowledge which make it hard for them to read(Levine & Reves, 1990 in Shen 2013). Specifically this kind of problem related to the reading activity in English as the medium.
This problem of reading does not only happen in the context where the researcher is working, but also becomes problem in national level. In this case, the UNDP’s Human Development Index in 2009 put Indonesia on the 111th position out of 173 countries in terms of literacy.It shows that the reading practice in Indonesia needs to be improved. Moreover, in literate societies such as university and college, reading habit should be prioritized. Despite the fact that reading is considered as important in literate societies, falling reading trends has been indicated (Chaudry &Low, 2009).
Fostering reading habits among students is not an easy task. The investigation of reading habits of EFL or ESL learners can raise educators’ awareness about the reading tendencies of the learners. Thus, if problems are identified and understood, then possible solutions can be provided to find solutions in the effort to leading learners to search, understand and get information through reading.Therefore, studies on reading practices and habit are required to see what actually happen among people, in this case the students, in terms of their reading habit and attitude.
Several questions then emerged on students’ reading practices, how often they read, what preferences they have in reading, what factors motivate them to
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
read and obstacles they face, and what attitudes they have toward reading. Those big questions lead to two research questions on students’ reading profile on how it relates to students’ reading performance.
To date, there have been many studies focusing on reading profile, practice, habit and attitude ( see Annamalai& Muniandy, 2013; Burak, 2004; Chaudhry & Low,2009; Hasselbring & Dagget, 2007; Kirsch& Guthrie,1984; Loan, 2011; Noor, 2011; Partin& Hendricks, 2002; Toit, 2001). The studies investigated students’ reading practice and habit in various contexts. However, most studies on reading profile, practice, habit and attitude listed above were conducted in ESL (English as Second language) environments. Therefore, this study is expected to fill in the gap of previous studies by investigating students’ reading profile and attitude in Indonesian context, specifically in a private college in Subang.
1.2 Research Questions
Given with that context, this study attempts to answer two research questions: 1. What is the reading profile of the EFL undergraduate students?
2. How isstudents’ reading profile in relation to their reading performance? 1.3 Aims of the Study
Relevant to the research questions, this present study aims:
1. To investigate the reading profile of the EFL undergraduate students. 2. To analyze how students’ reading profile is in relation to their reading performance.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
The scope of the study is investigation of EFL undergraduate students’ reading profile and attitude in one private college in Subang. The participants were 65 students of eight semester of English education program. It also analyzes the implication of students’ reading profile and attitude toward their reading performance.
1.5Significance of the Study
This study is potentially significant in two aspects of contribution. The first is its theoretical contribution to research in reading practices in Indonesia. The second is its practical contribution as information to make several policies on supporting students’ reading habit. The third is its professional contribution for the teachers and educators as a reflection on the current situation of students’ reading practices.
Theoretically, this study offers some data on students’ reading profile and attitude. The result of this study can be used to enrich the data of students’ reading practices among undergraduate students in Indonesia. It also digs more on how their reading habit and attitude manifest students’ reading achievement. The data and analysis hopefully give some valuable contribution for the researchers who are interested in this field of study.
Practically,this study is significant and valuable since identifying reading profile is beneficial for theEFL lecturer and other Educational practitioners to help them design learning materials and make policies on education. In this case, this study is expected to enable teachers and educational practitionersto see the real situation of the students’ reading practices and encourage significant efforts to improve the situation.
Professionally, this study can be a reflection for the researcher and other teachers to improve their teaching practices by encouraging students to read more and give the students reading skills that they need. The skill of recognizing
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
students’ reading problem and needs can positively improve the teachers’ way of giving task.
1.6Organization of the Paper
This paper consists of five chapters. Chapter I provides a general description for the present research. This introductory chapter consists of background, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, definition of key terms, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II deals with literature review concerning several theories underpinning the study. It covers the definition, categorization, and discussion of reading profile, attitude and achievement.
Chapter III elaborates research method of the present study. It presents research questions and develops research design for this study. It also explains data collection for the present study by means of questionnaire and interviews. Lastly, it explains the analysis process of the collected data to answer the stated research questions.
Chapter IV presents and analyzes findings from the result of questionnaire and interview. The findings are discussed to find out the students’ reading profiles and attitudes. Finally the findings and analysis are synthesized to answer the research questions.
Chapter V elaborates conclusion, limitation, and recommendation. It concludes the synthesis of data analysis and discussion in the previous chapter. It also presents the limitation of the study. Lastly, it mentions several potential topics for further research in the same vein of study and several suggestions for teachers in applying oral corrective feedback in the classroom.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the research methodology used in this study. It discusses research design, setting and participant of the study, data collectiontechniques and data analysis. It also presents the validity of the study.
3.1 Researh Design
This study employed a qualitative approach since it focused on the investigation of the reading profile among EFL undergraduate students at eight semester and their attitude toward reading. In this case, this study deals with a social phenomenon in a natural setting that needs to be understood by building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words to report detailed views of informants (Cresswell, 1994). The qualitative approach was also used in this study since it is a method to allow researchers to share the understanding and perception of others (Berg, 2007).
The research applied case study because it is intended to explore phenomenon limited by time and activity, a process in a social group (Merriam,1988 and Yin ,1989, cited in Cresswell,1994).A case study may also focus on either examination to a single aspect of an individual‟s life or assessment to the social life of an individual and his or her behavior in society, experiences, roles, and motivations that affect his or her behavior in society (Berg, 2007). For that purpose, a case study is suitable to be applied by this study.
3.2 Site and Participants
This study took place in Subang regency, West java Province, at a private college in Subang. The reasons for choosing this college are based on some aspects; (1) as the researcher has been teaching there for a couple of years, so the reesearcher has known general characteristics of this site as well as the students
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
especially the EFL students (e.g. level of students‟ achievement and language proficiency), (2) Hopefully the result of this study will be useful for the college to provide insights about the reading practices of the students, reading materials for the students and help the students‟ awareness on the role of reading practices toward the achievement of academic success. (3) This site is easily accessed in terms of its location and procedural permit for the research.
The respondents of this studywere two classes of eighth semester of EFL undergraduate studentsin academic year of 2010. In selecting the respondents, the study used purposeful sampling to gain the important information from research respondents (Alwasilah, 2009:146). The purpose of choosing the undergraduate students at eighth semester because the researcher assumed that they have been taught and have learned reading (reading to learn) intensively and extensively both in English and Indonesian, since their status are as the students of English Education program. The researcher would like to reveal and uncover the fact in this field. Then the researcher were/is willing to reveal the fact by administering the study and collecting the data related to this phenomena.
3.4 The Techniques of Collecting Data
The data in this study were obtained from questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire was distributed to 65 undergraduate students (17 male students and 48 female students). Meanwhile the interview was conducted by involving six respondents. In addition several documents (students‟ score of TOEFL and their scores from several subjects which relate to reading) were analysed to complete, support and clarify the data obtained from questionnaire and interview.
In order to collect the necessary data, the researcher administered a written qustionnaire. The data were collected through triangulation strategy, that is collecting information from various individuals and using a variety of methods (Denzin in Maxwell, 1996). The methods were questionnaire, interview with the
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
students, then analyse the document such as students‟ GPA and students‟ TOEFL reading score (the raw score of TOEFL of Reading Section ).
3.4.1 Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a scientific instrument of measurement and for collection of particular kinds of data (Oppenheim, 1982:2). It is considered as the most widely used technique for obtaining information from the subject that is relatively economical. It alsogivessimilar questions for all subjects and it can ensure anonymity.
There were two types of questionnaire used in this study.The first is the questionnaire that explores the information about the reading habit of the students at the eight semesters in this college. It comprised close-ended and open-ended questions. Then, the second questionnaire is the questionnaire to reveal the students‟ attitude toward reading. It was adopted from the Adult Survey of Reading Attitude (ASRA) from Smith (1991).
The questions were developed based on the research questions that had been composed based on theories (through careful writing, editing, reviewing, and rewriting). The questions in the first type were arranged in the form of open-ended and close-open-ended. Actually almost 60% of the questions were open-open-ended questions. According to Fowler (1995), asking open-ended question is among the best ways to increase response, especially to measure complex matter. He emphasized that although the measurement result may not be easy to work with; participants like to answer some questions in their own words.
To obtain the data of EFL students‟ reading profile at eight semester, the questionnaires were distributed to the two classes, which involve 65 respondents consisting of 17 male and 48 female students.
In distributing the questionnaire, the researcher offered four different schedule, so the respondents can come and fill the questionnaire in their free time. It is done to make the respondents feel comfortable in answering the questionnaire.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.4.1.1 The First Type Questionnaire Used in the Study
The first questionnaire wasadapted from the study of Chaudhry & Low (2009). It explores several aspects of students‟ reading profile which covered:
a. Frequency & volume of Reading b. Preferred leisure time activities
c. Their reading activity during leisure time d. Preferences on Topic of Reading text e. Language preferred when reading f. The Obstacle face when Reading
g. The Reason frequently had when Reading h. The factors that can motivate to Read
To confirm the validity of their responses , some questions were developed with a specific function to intentionally check the respondents‟ consistence. In addition some sub-questions investigating the “how” and “why” related to certain main questions were given to get more information and to verify their responses.
3.4.1.2 The second Type of Questionnaire Used in the Study
The second questionnaire adopted the Adult Survey of Reading Attitude (ASRA) from Smith (1991).The respondents answer the questions based on a four-point Likert-type scale (4 = "strongly agree", 1 = "strongly disagree"). The questions covered three dimensions of reading attitude:
a. Reading activity and enjoyment (eight items) that measure the extent to which the person reads for pleasure.
b. Anxiety and difficulty (five items) that measure the extent to which the person experiences problems or becomes upset when reading.
c. Modality (two items) that measure extent to which the individual prefers to use sources other than reading when faced with a learning task.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.4.2 Interview
The aim of the interview in this study is to gain the data about students‟ reading profile. It is also used to get useful information that cannot be covered by the questionnaires. Furthermore it permits participants to describe detailed personal information. In this case, it has better control over type of information „filtered‟ through the views of interviewer (Creswell, 2008: 226).
An interview is also an important way for a researcher to check the accuracy (Fraenkel& Wallen, 2007). Esterberg (in Sugiyono, 2008) defines interviews as a meeting of two persons to exchange information and idea through questions and responses, resulting in communication and joint construction of meaning about a particular topic.
This study used individual semi-structured interview to gain factual information, or opinions, and attitudes or narrative about the students‟ reading profile (Flicket al., 1991, in Kvale 1996 : 101).
This study also used open-ended questions to investigate students‟ habit and attitude toward reading. Open-ended question permits the person being interviewed to respond in their own terms (Patton, 1987:122).
3.4.2.1 The Technique of Selecting the Respondents to be Interviewed
The followingis the explanation about selection technique to choose the respondents for interview. The interviewees are selected based on their answer on the several items in the questionnaire. The category was based onthe frequency & volume of reading activity both in academic text and non-academic text; their priority of activities when they had leisure time; and the volume of book they read at last 6 months. Based on those categories, eight respondents were chosen then they were divided into two group category, the first one is reading academic text and the secod one is reading non-academic text. Then each of the category was divided into the highest and lowest frequency & volume and priority of reading. In this case, the study took two respondents from the group of reading academic
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text which belong to the highest frequency and two respondents from the same group which belong to the lowest frequency.
There were four respondents in group of reading academic text. They were 2 respondents from the highest of reading frequency & volume, and 2 respondents from the lowest reading frequency & volume.
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis
Data from questionnaire and interviews were analyzed by using the major phases of data analysis : data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing
and verification (Miles and Huberman, 1994, p.10).
For data reduction, the amount of data has to be organized and somehow meaningfully reduced or reconfigured. Miles and Huberman (1994) describe that data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or transcriptions. In this step of data analysis, the researcher sorted the data from questionnaire and interview which are relevant to the research questions of the study. The reduction data from questionnaire and interview was elaborated into a matrix table.
Data display is the second element or level in Miles and Huberman‟s (1994) model of qualitative data analysis. One technique for displaying data is to develop a series of flow charts that map out any critical track, decision points, and supporting evidence that emerge from establishing the data for a single site. In this activity , the data reduction from the questionnaires and interviews is presented in a matrix table. This data display is used to answer the first and second research question. The interview result toward eight studentswas also displayed to complete and support the data gained from the questionnaire to answer the first and second research question.
Before the ASRA quetionnaire result is displayed, the students‟ answersfrom this questionnaire were analysed by using the computer program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
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The third activity is conclusion drawing and verification. Acccording to Miles and Huberman (1994:11) conclusion drawing involves stepping back to consider what the analyzed data mean and to assess the implications for the question at hand and verification entails revisiting the data as many times to check and verify the data needed to make conclusions. In doing this, it is something that has to do with considering the important data that relate to the third research question of this study. After that, the data were interpreted by using the theories related the study.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study has been investigating EFL undergraduate students’ reading profile and how it relates to their reading performance. It specifically discusses the reading
profile, including students’ choice of text, students’ reading activity preferences,
supporting factors of reading and reading obstacles. Based on the data analyses taken from the result of questionnaire, interview and document analysis, the findings have been discussed in the previous chapters and the derived conclusions are as follows.
5. 1 Conclusions
The first findings on students’ reading profile reveal that many students usually
spend 1-2 hours to read academic and voluntary text. In terms of their preference between online and paper based text, it is revealed that more students prefer reading online text than paper based text since on line text is admitted as easier to access, more efficient, and more convenient. Apart from the fact that the participants are English department students, most of the students prefer reading Indonesian texts than English texts due to their comprehensibility of Indonesian text and their low proficiency of English text. In terms of topics, leisure topics such as fiction, humor and gossip are preferred than heavy topics. Even though they admit that they sometimes read, most students generally have less preference on reading activity. In this case, most of them choose accessing online media and watching TV as two of favorite activities to do in their leisure time.
The findings on supporting factors and obstacles of reading reveal that
finding out certain information and increasing knowledge become students’
motivation of reading. Meanwhile, in reading academic text, getting good score in test and fulfilling assignments become two top motivating factors of reading. In addition, most students admit that they have supportive home literacy environment in terms of parents and family support as well as access to media and
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information technology. However, students face several obstacles of reading, mostly related with their motivation of reading.
In terms of students’ attitude toward reading, generally students have a
positive attitude for reading enjoyment and modality but they tend to have negative attitude toward reading anxiety and difficulties. It means that the students have positive attitude toward reading activity but they still find many difficulties in reading such as unfamiliar words. From those facts, most students can be categorized as dormant readers (Beers, 1996) in which they have a positive attitude toward reading but they do not make time to read.
The second finding on how students reading habit and attitude relate to
their reading performance reveals that first, there is a gap between students’
reading attitude which tend to be positive with their reading habit which show
students’ less preference on reading activity. As a matter of fact, the students’ average of reading performance shows unsatisfied result, the students’ correct
answers are less than fifty percents. So, it can be said that comparing to students’
reading attitude, students’ reading habit seems to have more influence on students’ reading performance. Despite the fact that the students have a positive
reading attitude, their reading habit and performance are not as well as their attitude toward reading.
5.2 Recommendations
Based on the conclusions of this study, there are several recommendations that
include implications for lecturer regarding the students’ reading habit and
practices and suggestion for future research.
Regardingstudents’ reading habit, it has been mentioned that students’ reading habit still needs to be improved. In response to this, lecturer should
encourage students’ interest to read not only for the academic text but also reading
other texts which are useful to broaden their vocabulary and knowledge. In addition, reading habit should be supported by the facilities in their environment,
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for example a good library in campus.In addition, since reading habit is a product of repeated reading practice which is developed within home and school or institution framework, it is necessary for parents and teachers to build good
literacy atmosphere which can promote the EFL students’ good reading habits and
attitude.
For the future research, since the present study is descriptive and does not involve application of teaching techniques, it is suggested that further studies can explore English teaching techniques which promote good English reading habits and attitude. Furthermore, it is also important to carry out further studies on what factors contribute to the development of good English reading habits and attitude of the EFL students and their intrinsic motivation to read not only for the sake of doing assignments.
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Ferany Shaily Maulida, 2015
READING PROFILE OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS: (A CASE STUDY OF EIGHTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM IN A PRIVATE COLLEGE IN SUBANG )
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu
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