QiR 2009 Herlina CO2 Emission and Cost of Electricity
Prowding af the 11h lntematbnal bnference on QiR {Quality in Research)
Fwny rir?ndneerfig, tli*nrmrry
ISSN
cazs*Iffi-sloN
X[r&
rl4-r284
or tnmnesr4 irepor, tnaonesq S-0' A{rgrrsf
COST OF ELECTRICITY OF
FOWER PLAI{T IN SEBESI ISLAND
SQLTTH AF IAMPLING
"A,ND
A.
I{yBRID
Herlinar, Uno Bintang Sudibyo2, Eko Adhi Setiawan3
tFacuky o{Engine*ing
Universi4, of Indonesia, Depok I 64 24
n-, ..lA\r j
ili.
a1'7.111}.r,,
tq*s/:
.er C., -Ew
' .t(9.1) a11
er
tvla/.
E-mail : herlinawahab@pahoo.com
^ata
' Facalty of Engine eri ng
Unitersily of lnd.onesia, Depok 16424
Tel
: (021)
727AA11
a$
51.
Fax: (A21)
727AA77
E-mail : uno@.mg.ui.ac.id
Facul t1' of En g;ns srin g
Universily oflndonesia, Depok 16424 ms
Tel : (021) 727$il1 ext 51. Fax: (021) 7270077
E-mriil : ekoas(@.ee.ui. ac.id
3
ABSTRACT
llyhri.d
tnwq tisn$
1Y'.vfi1,
qle *L
h*,
{. ${:IRS{,}CT{ON
ed e4 die$el se.w.'qlar
qnd
renewable energ) sources, like photovoltaic and aind
o#*r*y tp{ql te *I.ly
thc i13urer.crrnnly
pt'oblemfor remote and isolated areasJbrfrom the grids
HOMER, a micropower o1otimization modeling soJtware is
used to analyze dan for both wind speed and solar
radiatian in Sebesi Island. The software optimize the system
conJiguratian of the hybrid system by calculating energl
balance on an hourly basis for each of the yearly E760
hours, simulating system eonfigut'ations at ance and rank
them according to its net present cast fiJ. In this pe.per,
configuration design optimization afthe hybritt system is
analyzed to Ju$ll tlw electricity demand in Sebesi Island
taken inn accounl the issue af COz emission reduction due
.en hL*iA;,i;@L
--.ztr--ta-- nj
- t jn.;iit
,{- -.,r1 jiieii
1-.,5 ;i,;i'AT,E
J-*.a** ,5rs;''dj
Ji_..."1 g-di6--.,ii.r,:
The Sebesi island is located south of Lampung Bay with 5'
!174"1 i'- -{o s8ry'.4 4{" r*F&de e]a4 lnio ?-7,+{!,:Q "105' 30 '47-54" longitude , close to the Knkatau islands.
Adminiseatively, this island is located in the Tejang
Village Sebesi Island, Rqiabasa Subdistrict, South
Lampung Regency. The region consists of 4 (four) villages
: Regahan Lad4 Inpres, Tejang, and Segenom. The island
covers a total area of 2620 ha and is inhabited by more than
25{X} people, living most$ on agricultural products and
+f
fisheries. The island with a coastlines of 19.5 km has
enough resources such as mangrovq the yet, and coral reefs
121.
It is a beauty
rrJrNE
-.-lJ--
islands located close to the Krakatau islands
j+
h 4- a-*:1
}q6!
l--*:-d:-SrsUU!
-"{l.-..&
rJ-Gv
V.--t-r..-^ulsl,*{&
i-l*t^
tor.N.
operation.
Unfortunately, poteirtial tourism island is not zupported by
Oprtruiaatiaa ic dnne with tb.ee canditioan, a $t*.cauditina
elestriqiq,- Nnwadays 1he idaod "gst ele*trieiry.nnly at aight
for about eight hours from 16.00 aftemoon until 00.00 at
night with a peak load of 49 kW which is supplied by nvo
diesel geirerators with an installed capacitv of 40 kW and
sufficieirt facilities
wilh 2 diesel generating unit 40 kW and 50 kW each,
second condition a hybrid system with 259/0 maximum
renewable fraction and a third conditian a hvbrid wstem
with more than 25?6 minimum renewable fraction. The
result obained for the PY - wind - diesel hybrid are with
30o% renewable fractiott : 25?6 reduced COz emissions or
48 ton / year or Z|o/ofrom the first condition with 2 diesel
generating a:nil and lhe cost of electricity is the highest at $
0,786 per kWh, the net present cosl of $ 1.503.710, the
initiai cepi*i eralr af 6 7i6fii:,6 and areew pol*'er rc*chtng
85.212
ICe1,
kW or
31.4%.
government, such
as
50 kW each.
In this sttrdy the elecrical demand of the island will be
analyzed using 2 units of diesel generating sets of 40 kW
and 50 kW as first condition, and comparing them with the
optimized hybrid system using HOMER software. Also
aheiygihg C+32 er*issiirrls, ei'$t o'F eieei*itlitli, sfi6 excess
electricity of the system.
*ords: thwulofiwt, .I{yb*t"Fowe/ Pkt*t, "Rmwable
fraction, Cost of Ele$ri6i1y,
by the local
CO2 ernission
Page 139
aPro*eding of the
!1h lntemalignal bnfer_ence on QtR {Quality- in ResearchJ
raculty ot En$wermg, anvere//y ot-tndonesfr, fiewk, lmffines?, :t-6 &rg$st zlig
lssN 114-?284
2. THE IIYBRID SYSTEM AND
ITS
3.1.2 Deferrable Load
A water purup of 400 Watts power has to be operated 6
hours per day to fill a fresh water tank designed to have a
storage capacity of two days demand. So, there will be a
2.4 :rit-nrtiay avcrags ricibrrabie ioad or 4.8 kfiIn r'or two
COMPO}IENTS
The hybrid system consists of two diesel generators 40 kW,
50 kW each, a photovoltaic array of 60 WF, a ?,5 klV wind
lurbine, a battery eurd rur inverter. Figure I shows the hybrid
days storage. The minimum load ratio is 50%. Figure 3.
shows the deferrable load of the water pump.
system.
2.5
*i
a2'o
f'i. r.E
$*e*i
l*#
i4SLVlhl,d'
it.o
a
4$rkWpralt
9^*
0-o
Figure 3. The yearly Deferable Load of the Water Purup[4]
e.4&lfhld
4ffi.ufs6*
IlG6GL
3.2
@l
tul
l(ltf
Ctrilr6it€{
Wind turbines
The wind turbine used in this system is a 7.5 kW DC, 20
meter hub height, and a project lifetime of 15 years. Initial
capital cost of the 7.5 kW wind turbine is $ 27.170,
replacement cost $ 19.950, operation and maintenance cost
Figure 1. The Hybrid System
is$ l.000ayear
The hybrid system is simulaterl by fhree conditions, fhe first
condition using 40 kW and 50 kW diesel, second condition
a hybrid system with 25Ys maximum renewable fraction
.-.-:l'a:--..- - l-f-.-::
-.--.1 4- 4-.:.-l
drr$
srrls wirsr$t,t
lt tLy|,*w oJirrJr
*-:!.,----vi tst iiru.!
4Eo/
.*-*
ut&tt LJ tii
mininrum renewable fraction. AII conditions are simulated
r3;+L f'v-I
t*/f
.v&9
!s;sd
ane-Ac
k-+r,a*
!.r$sr-.$J
1*/.
?. r*e,
*/.
*.^l
The HOMER software need ttre wind speed data to
optimize the hybrid power plant. The following figure is the
idvn'+iirgr l*i:xi;i ryceii daia ia Seiicui iui*r,li, iitrastrietl *i i0
meters height.
^;v^
price between 0.4 - 1.0 $fl. Project lifetime of the system is
ifrtprFe.f ratp ie 9ol, the dien+fnh
]{--- rrp4e
.-t .\j- -- cfr,?tFw
, -: r - aaJ ic cvcle
J '-.':,
charging and the generators are allowed to operate under
the pqalr lla1t
3.f
ffi0kurtc
The Load Demand
The load demand cousists
of 2
tvpes. namely:
3.1.1 Primary Load
Figure 4. Wind Speeds on the Sebesi Island [5]
is
consumpted majorly for household
lighfing, televisir:n anil uthcrs. The daily average loard on
the island is about 490 kWh/day with 49 kW peak load
from i9.00 till20.00 o'clock.
The electricity
3.3
|rr il!
PhotovoltaicModules
htr
, I
---L-a_
rr'146!
----,
ELU
maximum power
,l*^*;,.d
5{t
s
'S."
degrees
f^-1*
capital cost
g
l.lo[',
Figure 2. The Daily Load Profile of Sebesi Island [3]
tu
.--*.-iruwLr
-\-_l,rarit
C (Ia
J. *!
.J^*^*
s?t!r!*t
r_-riN
_
a
of 60 Watt Peak (WP). The module
AOO/
,.w r v, #+
nf 1{ rrofo
- *14^
tlrql&
4
-af
v.
rr"idr+"rr eqnliao
;EY1ert.
+$
66,qql
r11t$_
rl*
, on
i *.v.
2AYo, and a
T,LF Inifiql
for the 12 kW PV module is $
re.g$1qqgg9t, S.+?t
maintenance costs.
"lg
+.!_.L-l-..iJ
Urtil rrlu!
of azimuth, a ground reflectance of
-m.ia-+ Uf-+i*
E=o
€. '
l-
;!,t
66,000,
q5gratiqg .4d-
To opfimize the performance of the hybrid systern, the
software also needs yearly clearness index and daily
radiation (kWh/mrlday) data at the island. The yearly
average clearacss in(lcx is O,477 anrl lhe daily average
Page'140
Proceedingof the 1lh lntemafnnal funference on QtR {Quality in Research)
thnrersriyoi"tnoanesra, ibpo& tnoonesra lr-unugrrsf 20t$
"iacunydr*npeefing,
tssN 11+1284
radiation is 4,761kWh/m2lday. In figure 5 the cleamess
index and daily radiation data of the island is shown.
where:
Ypy
frv
Gr
t'
I
is the solar radiation incident on the PV array in
,&r
irtl
u
tiace :te.F[k"u/',/d]
[1kW/m']
d,
T"
:.
Figure 5. The yearly cleamess indo< and daily radiation
Sebesi island [5]
ttrre$
Gr, rrris the incident radiation at standard test conditions
t
t
ll
c
* €&a,iti*iri6:{i1&a1r : .,,:.
:,,,,..:::',,'rl:, r.,t:.B$tit4n Sq.r+€ints}f.${i1$qqr
is the rated capacity of the PV array, meaning its
power output under standard test conditions [kWJ
is the PV derating factor [%]
of
is the temperahre coefficient of.power t%PCl
is the PV cell temperature in the current time step
["c]
Tosrc is the PV cell
iempyrahre under standard test
conditions [25 "C]
5. SIMT]LATION RESULTS
3,4 The Diesel Generator
Two units of diesel generator is used in the hybrid systsm
with an installed capacity of 40 kW and 50 kW each. The
hour fsr +ar.h di,esel geusraior is estilnared to be
15,000 hours with a minimum load ratio of 30%. The 40
kW diesel generators has initial capital costs of $ 22,O00, a
replacement cost of $ 18-000. an dailv oreration and
miintenance cost of $ 0.5. While the- 5O kW diesel
an initial capital costs $ 27,000, a
replacanent cost $ 22,0O0, and an daily operation and
generators have
maintenance cost of $ 0.5.
Different results of simulatioa and optimization are using
the software in accordance to its minimum renewable
fracfion.
The result
of
simulation and optimization
of the first
condition using two diesel ganerating units of 40 kW and
a6 1t:!".,*.4.-^
,-., ..,.-.F*.L, -.' '.\
Jtl &sf ers *& blrtt B pielErl-rtJ
,r4N\
tt-ur,
"a .4.r.4
er
lrrJrt!
an excess of elecricity of 0.01% and COr emission
ton/year.
64Ir4
l,/hrvft,
of 19i
Figure 5 is shorvs the load demand supplied by two diesel
generator of 40 kW and 50 kW.
3.5 The Battery System
The hybrid system is designed to use lead acid batteries
with nominal voltage of 6 V, a nominal capacity of 360 Ah,
an initial capital cost of $ 620, a replacement cost of $ 620
anC a 5U $
-0iel€|ff
! triffiJi8{#
yea:fy operation and maintenance cost.
s,t the tnverter
A -oiriir*ctionai invener ireoti:iier-inverteri is used ir *ris
hybrid system with a 90 % inverter efficiency, and a
lifetime
relative
of I0 years. The rectifier has efficiency 85%
to the invsrtsr capacity of 100%. The 8 kW
bidirectional inverter has an initial capital cost of $ 5960,
replacement cost of $ 5,960 and an yearly operating and
maintenance cost of $ 596.
{ iAi-t'irt Aiitjer' $} 'rlfttt }t}'8tti$ S"Sih}*
DESIGN
4.1
CaMtion d th
PV Array fo,trrcr Orrte'r$
The softrrare uses the following equation to calculate the
f r.
FIr
-J
wwv rJuq)$. rrr lsL r f dlldr.
Ppv
=r*r,,|#kl[r.otr -4,rrn
Figure 6. Supply of Load Demand by 40 kW and
50 kW diesel generators
In the secoud condition the minimum renewable fraction is
0%, the configuration of the hybrid system consist of I
diesel generating rmit - photovoltaic modules (PV) - wind
turbines without battery. The results are as follows: for PV diesel having 0,515 $&Wh of COE, excess electricity is
1.202 kWh/year or 0.66%, and the CO2 eniission is 188
ton/year. For wind - PV - diesel having COE 0,496 $/kwh,
excess of electricity is 2.288 kWh/year or 1.24o/o, and the
Lt r
Euusgfl.rJt
lt ilJ U,rUrlEdI.
The load demand
is
supplied
by the hybrid
system
cweiUing+f8z% by.diesel gemera{i*g uait, 3%W PV
li%by
Page 141
wind turbine.
ed
Prowding of the 11h lntemational Conference on QiR {Quahty in ResearchJ
or ffi$neeffig ijnnersrty,or rnOsnesrA fiqpo4 inmresra it-ti Ao$sf XJt U
'raainy
tssN114-124
above, the author recommended a hybrid system consisting
ofwind-diesel.
I rrrounac
I 'resr{tl*
CoE {3r(vft)
$0,520
3a-
l-*F,,4N
\
,ai
t0,sl6
:fr",V
0,s;30,510
iE
I3
traction o{ Zittit
J
J
25Yo
of
is sitauidiird a*rri qp'tiniizrri *rifr
maximum renewable fraction, the C02, SOx
is i8?i,
a i$ir;*ii$t*
id
CC2 r;iBir*itxi A5 ifrilh,S *D lE
tonslyear decrease from 385 kg/year to 349 kg/year for a
renewable fraction of $Yo to l8%, This means a 36 kg
'redu'eti.on
of
SOx.
SOr Etri&riotr
\1!
\ /
$0,500
ra:r?,a
l.r$.i*
0,00
5,00
10,00
Rrnembh Fnctiotr,
+C@ +Ccr
decrease caused by reduction of fuel consumption of the
diesel generating unit. In figure 8, the blue line is the CO2
emission anil the pirik linc is ihe SOx. If {he rsnewible
fraetion is 0% the CO2 emission is 192 tondyem. CO2
emission become 174 tons/year if the renewable fuaction
$0sos
I
I
&-irerr {he hy"txiti iiysrcra
\
rao{_
i*r
Frgure 7. Suppty ot ioad ilosranel by ireser, P*v; aud wrnd
turbine with amaximum renewable
$0,510
I &@i
I
16
$0,s1s
,!i
15,00
RF (%)
of Ebcriciry {$lkwh}
Figure 9, COr emissions - cost of electriciq/ (COE)
maximum renewable fraction
-
25%
In the third condition with a more than 25% renewable
fraction the hybrid system consists of 1 diesel generating
unit * PV - wind turbine without battery. The results for
this condition are as follows: for PV - diesel, COE is 0,607
$/kWh, excess of electricity 22.464 kWhlyear or I l%. and
CO2 emission is 174 tonfuear. For wind - PV - diesel,
of eleckicity 85.212
i'i,*r;,arri it;t: ertission is I44 kg i year.
COE is 0,785 $/klVh, excess
{tgl}rl
k*Aryear or
i;$r,*d@ei{x4
380,0
1qn
;;n;i
t,;;
o
-4
185
o
lri
149
30
FYrWndIdl
'tE 180
o
(,
!,
I
175
i'!6
681012!+*at320
Rcnerabl6 Frsclion (%)
+rJil2+t{x
Figure 10. Supply of Load Demand by Diesel Generator,
PV, Wind hrbine with more than 25% renerrable fraction
Figure 8. COz, SOx emissions-25% maximum renelvable
fr*ctiaa
In Figure 9,CO2 emissions decreased if renewable fraction
inrres-srll as desc-ritred ahrrvq The vahre of !OF'- flrrrlrate-s
with the changement of renewable fraction. When ttre
renewable fraction is 070, the load is supplied by 2 diesel
generating units with a COE of 0,510 $/kwh, total NPC of
$ 976.834. While the of renewable fraction is 4%, the
hybrid syst€rn consisting of PV - diesel wittrout battery, the
COE increases to 0,515 $/kWh, NPC increases to $
9E6.761. 'l'he lorrest UUE rs t),496 ii/kwh il the renewabte
fraction is 75% and the hybdd system is consisting of winddiesel with ro battery, its NPC is $ 950.510. if the COE
incrcasc .again to 'OJIO $'tr${t, thc rcncwablc fracti'on is
A
Configuration of PV wind diesel with renewable
fraction more than 257o, COE 0,510 $/kWh having the
highest NPC
$ 738,010, excess electricity reaching
85,212 kWh/year or 31..4Yo, CO2 emissions decreased as
much as 48 tou/year or 25Yo. The load served by the hybrid
system canbe seen in figure 1O above.
of PV.'winddiesel without
NPC is $ 976,801. Based on the conditions
18%, the system coneisls
battery,
its
Page 142
-
of
-
Proceeding of the
l1h lntemational hnference on QiR {Quality in Research)
or {mdotes,a, Dwx, tn&ne$a,'J-6 Awst'iw:,
tssN 114-12U
tngneew, wffer$ry
racutty ot
6 CONCLUSIONS
The value of COE, COz and SOx emissions and excess
of
electricity fluctuated on different renewable fraction, it
depending on total power gen€rated and the total load
served by the system. Which is the same following daily
load curve of Sebesi Island? The largest excess power
ocsurred at 3Wo ot're,nswable ifactron. A water pump as a
deferrable load can be used to absorb this excess electricity.
25
25
27
28
29
Rencmbh Frtctlon
30
The optimum hybrid system at
3l
lioh of renewable fraction,
comsist of winri- €iesei wit?i CSE rr,ni'9ti Sii(.ft?r,
950.510 and the CO2 emissions is 177 ton/year.
(%)
Fcor=so*l
iff
is $
Figure I L CO2, SOx emission - more than 25Yo renewable
fraetisn
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In figure 11 above, the hybrid
The author would like to thank the Renewable Energy and
Microgrid ressarch group of the Departunent of Electrical
sysrem is simulated and
gr1ggiCg"{
+- :r,rx.e tfug.?{94 -1fqgrvqhlt &ag€g6, .!.h..
COz and SOx ernission levels decrease with decrease of the
ujrlr
fuel consumption effect diesel generating unit. The COz
emission becomes 144 tons/year if renewable fracion 3V/o
reduced as much as 48 tons$ear. The SOx ernissions, is
reduced from 385 k{year to 289 kg/year when renewable
fraction increase from 0% to 30Yo. The SOx emission is
reduced as much as 96 kgfear.
Engineering University of Indonesia.
REFERENCES
[1] Gilmaa P.,
P*+ehle
(2005)
].-rgo.
I2l Wiryawan,
I trro*"nd"
coE {srdrfil
'180
$0,800
.i4:Etl
c'l7o
,uE
t3l
$0,m0
6
roo
$0,650
t41
ir{r;di*r
E
ut150
r6l
2A719crOm
Reneualile Fracdon (%)
+t+rJ-L+4.rar#ru
vgsr er -.s.#,
s*rr,!,
Figure I 2. COz ernission - with
fraction of 30%
a
renewable
In figure 12 the value of COE increased if the renewable
faction fucreases fro* 23% ro 30ryo. ff *e rffiewdble
fraction is
25o/o, the COE is 0,607 $/kWh and the hybrid
system c{msists of PV - diesel with no battery with 48 kW
capaclty of fV. Total I.IfC for tris system is $ 1.163.327
with initial caprtal cnst of PV is $ 264.000. If the rcncwable
fraction
oJrFur
is 30%, the COE is 0.785 $/kWh, the
4&a6qB
ui
i I - ri[*
B&
Ers
"Horaer tho
nrioropowcr
I chnrp.tm,
i*..
^f,
_4
'r(!__!
-q{(@.
B., Yulianto I.,
(intae Gnrlmqprf
r'dfzl
Susanto,
A. H., "
Profil
Sunrberdaya Pulau Sebesi, Kecamatan Rajabas4 Lampmg
Selatan*, Penerbitm Khusus Proyek Pesisir, Coastal
Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narraganset,
,r'!srl
.,3. t r..., J ,.8.|
el
8ir$rtle-r!t4lln4 u!/t t te,,
Apriansyah, "Laporan Data Beban tlarian Fulau Sebesi", PT.
PIN (Pelcso] Wile;14fr I.i11r'lu{?B f3h4pg Ti+.!S K?rnlE,
Ranting Kalianda (Tebruari 2009).
Gitnan, P., Lambert T., "optimization model software",
National Renewable Enerry -Laborarory of lJnited States
Government (2005)
s0.500
-^^^
T.,
t!*.ie*
I:5i tvu,il,i*iiilh4*hAie.alir&.
$0,550
140
Lambcrt,
optimization model software staned guide", National
try l.,i.,l*rr-
Irltr./1moreL
la*r qcpo cmr
$ssri rrlr,'et'r*$l i*fuiiii:,
t"cla*lt,
r'+dew
s/f
Aqr\,
radiation for sebesi istaad", 2009.
t7l htto :rtnqnr. solarex.solar.com/oylovlist/ovsiemens
/pvsiemens-htmo, "Price and Product for Photovoltaic
Module". (2009)
[8] http:/lbergqvwindpower.com/?.5 kWhtm,'?rice and Product
for'WinilTuibin 7.5 1(WDf. p0O9)
[9] httn:rkww.po:$Brssity.com/32_Dzutz'diesel"flgine"
TD226B-4D-Stamford-alternator.himl (2009).
ttol ht$
I l] httpl/www.affordable solar.comArojan.battery.ll6p
390ah.htm. (2009)
{121 },{aym. C. . Tmg. M,, Sapornkana. Sf,., "An .tC Coupled
F/ ili*d4Diesel Misrp.glid SyelErll [mp!ene"$ed !n A
Remote Island in The Republic of Maldives", Proceedings
the AUPEC Conl'erence. Perth (December 2007).
hybrid
Total NPC for this system is $ 1.503.710, the initial capital
cost of 120 kW PV is $ 660.000. Based on results of
simulatjcur and rytinizarion urirh a frare rhffi 25%
renewable fraction, it is recommended to selsct a hybrid
system consisting of PVdiesel with the lowest value of
2009.
of
{13] Milani. N.P., '?erformance Optimizatioa of A Hybrirt lVind
Turbine - Diesel Microgrid Power System", Master of
Science Thesis, North Carolina State Universig (2006).
{141 S,etiawaor, A.A., Nayar, C.fi., "Dcsign €f fiy4rid Psrv'cr
System for a Remote Island in Maldives", Department of
Elecrioal and Computer Engineering Curtin University of
Technology, Australia (2004).
COE.
Page 143
Fwny rir?ndneerfig, tli*nrmrry
ISSN
cazs*Iffi-sloN
X[r&
rl4-r284
or tnmnesr4 irepor, tnaonesq S-0' A{rgrrsf
COST OF ELECTRICITY OF
FOWER PLAI{T IN SEBESI ISLAND
SQLTTH AF IAMPLING
"A,ND
A.
I{yBRID
Herlinar, Uno Bintang Sudibyo2, Eko Adhi Setiawan3
tFacuky o{Engine*ing
Universi4, of Indonesia, Depok I 64 24
n-, ..lA\r j
ili.
a1'7.111}.r,,
tq*s/:
.er C., -Ew
' .t(9.1) a11
er
tvla/.
E-mail : herlinawahab@pahoo.com
^ata
' Facalty of Engine eri ng
Unitersily of lnd.onesia, Depok 16424
Tel
: (021)
727AA11
a$
51.
Fax: (A21)
727AA77
E-mail : uno@.mg.ui.ac.id
Facul t1' of En g;ns srin g
Universily oflndonesia, Depok 16424 ms
Tel : (021) 727$il1 ext 51. Fax: (021) 7270077
E-mriil : ekoas(@.ee.ui. ac.id
3
ABSTRACT
llyhri.d
tnwq tisn$
1Y'.vfi1,
qle *L
h*,
{. ${:IRS{,}CT{ON
ed e4 die$el se.w.'qlar
qnd
renewable energ) sources, like photovoltaic and aind
o#*r*y tp{ql te *I.ly
thc i13urer.crrnnly
pt'oblemfor remote and isolated areasJbrfrom the grids
HOMER, a micropower o1otimization modeling soJtware is
used to analyze dan for both wind speed and solar
radiatian in Sebesi Island. The software optimize the system
conJiguratian of the hybrid system by calculating energl
balance on an hourly basis for each of the yearly E760
hours, simulating system eonfigut'ations at ance and rank
them according to its net present cast fiJ. In this pe.per,
configuration design optimization afthe hybritt system is
analyzed to Ju$ll tlw electricity demand in Sebesi Island
taken inn accounl the issue af COz emission reduction due
.en hL*iA;,i;@L
--.ztr--ta-- nj
- t jn.;iit
,{- -.,r1 jiieii
1-.,5 ;i,;i'AT,E
J-*.a** ,5rs;''dj
Ji_..."1 g-di6--.,ii.r,:
The Sebesi island is located south of Lampung Bay with 5'
!174"1 i'- -{o s8ry'.4 4{" r*F&de e]a4 lnio ?-7,+{!,:Q "105' 30 '47-54" longitude , close to the Knkatau islands.
Adminiseatively, this island is located in the Tejang
Village Sebesi Island, Rqiabasa Subdistrict, South
Lampung Regency. The region consists of 4 (four) villages
: Regahan Lad4 Inpres, Tejang, and Segenom. The island
covers a total area of 2620 ha and is inhabited by more than
25{X} people, living most$ on agricultural products and
+f
fisheries. The island with a coastlines of 19.5 km has
enough resources such as mangrovq the yet, and coral reefs
121.
It is a beauty
rrJrNE
-.-lJ--
islands located close to the Krakatau islands
j+
h 4- a-*:1
}q6!
l--*:-d:-SrsUU!
-"{l.-..&
rJ-Gv
V.--t-r..-^ulsl,*{&
i-l*t^
tor.N.
operation.
Unfortunately, poteirtial tourism island is not zupported by
Oprtruiaatiaa ic dnne with tb.ee canditioan, a $t*.cauditina
elestriqiq,- Nnwadays 1he idaod "gst ele*trieiry.nnly at aight
for about eight hours from 16.00 aftemoon until 00.00 at
night with a peak load of 49 kW which is supplied by nvo
diesel geirerators with an installed capacitv of 40 kW and
sufficieirt facilities
wilh 2 diesel generating unit 40 kW and 50 kW each,
second condition a hybrid system with 259/0 maximum
renewable fraction and a third conditian a hvbrid wstem
with more than 25?6 minimum renewable fraction. The
result obained for the PY - wind - diesel hybrid are with
30o% renewable fractiott : 25?6 reduced COz emissions or
48 ton / year or Z|o/ofrom the first condition with 2 diesel
generating a:nil and lhe cost of electricity is the highest at $
0,786 per kWh, the net present cosl of $ 1.503.710, the
initiai cepi*i eralr af 6 7i6fii:,6 and areew pol*'er rc*chtng
85.212
ICe1,
kW or
31.4%.
government, such
as
50 kW each.
In this sttrdy the elecrical demand of the island will be
analyzed using 2 units of diesel generating sets of 40 kW
and 50 kW as first condition, and comparing them with the
optimized hybrid system using HOMER software. Also
aheiygihg C+32 er*issiirrls, ei'$t o'F eieei*itlitli, sfi6 excess
electricity of the system.
*ords: thwulofiwt, .I{yb*t"Fowe/ Pkt*t, "Rmwable
fraction, Cost of Ele$ri6i1y,
by the local
CO2 ernission
Page 139
aPro*eding of the
!1h lntemalignal bnfer_ence on QtR {Quality- in ResearchJ
raculty ot En$wermg, anvere//y ot-tndonesfr, fiewk, lmffines?, :t-6 &rg$st zlig
lssN 114-?284
2. THE IIYBRID SYSTEM AND
ITS
3.1.2 Deferrable Load
A water purup of 400 Watts power has to be operated 6
hours per day to fill a fresh water tank designed to have a
storage capacity of two days demand. So, there will be a
2.4 :rit-nrtiay avcrags ricibrrabie ioad or 4.8 kfiIn r'or two
COMPO}IENTS
The hybrid system consists of two diesel generators 40 kW,
50 kW each, a photovoltaic array of 60 WF, a ?,5 klV wind
lurbine, a battery eurd rur inverter. Figure I shows the hybrid
days storage. The minimum load ratio is 50%. Figure 3.
shows the deferrable load of the water pump.
system.
2.5
*i
a2'o
f'i. r.E
$*e*i
l*#
i4SLVlhl,d'
it.o
a
4$rkWpralt
9^*
0-o
Figure 3. The yearly Deferable Load of the Water Purup[4]
e.4&lfhld
4ffi.ufs6*
IlG6GL
3.2
@l
tul
l(ltf
Ctrilr6it€{
Wind turbines
The wind turbine used in this system is a 7.5 kW DC, 20
meter hub height, and a project lifetime of 15 years. Initial
capital cost of the 7.5 kW wind turbine is $ 27.170,
replacement cost $ 19.950, operation and maintenance cost
Figure 1. The Hybrid System
is$ l.000ayear
The hybrid system is simulaterl by fhree conditions, fhe first
condition using 40 kW and 50 kW diesel, second condition
a hybrid system with 25Ys maximum renewable fraction
.-.-:l'a:--..- - l-f-.-::
-.--.1 4- 4-.:.-l
drr$
srrls wirsr$t,t
lt tLy|,*w oJirrJr
*-:!.,----vi tst iiru.!
4Eo/
.*-*
ut&tt LJ tii
mininrum renewable fraction. AII conditions are simulated
r3;+L f'v-I
t*/f
.v&9
!s;sd
ane-Ac
k-+r,a*
!.r$sr-.$J
1*/.
?. r*e,
*/.
*.^l
The HOMER software need ttre wind speed data to
optimize the hybrid power plant. The following figure is the
idvn'+iirgr l*i:xi;i ryceii daia ia Seiicui iui*r,li, iitrastrietl *i i0
meters height.
^;v^
price between 0.4 - 1.0 $fl. Project lifetime of the system is
ifrtprFe.f ratp ie 9ol, the dien+fnh
]{--- rrp4e
.-t .\j- -- cfr,?tFw
, -: r - aaJ ic cvcle
J '-.':,
charging and the generators are allowed to operate under
the pqalr lla1t
3.f
ffi0kurtc
The Load Demand
The load demand cousists
of 2
tvpes. namely:
3.1.1 Primary Load
Figure 4. Wind Speeds on the Sebesi Island [5]
is
consumpted majorly for household
lighfing, televisir:n anil uthcrs. The daily average loard on
the island is about 490 kWh/day with 49 kW peak load
from i9.00 till20.00 o'clock.
The electricity
3.3
|rr il!
PhotovoltaicModules
htr
, I
---L-a_
rr'146!
----,
ELU
maximum power
,l*^*;,.d
5{t
s
'S."
degrees
f^-1*
capital cost
g
l.lo[',
Figure 2. The Daily Load Profile of Sebesi Island [3]
tu
.--*.-iruwLr
-\-_l,rarit
C (Ia
J. *!
.J^*^*
s?t!r!*t
r_-riN
_
a
of 60 Watt Peak (WP). The module
AOO/
,.w r v, #+
nf 1{ rrofo
- *14^
tlrql&
4
-af
v.
rr"idr+"rr eqnliao
;EY1ert.
+$
66,qql
r11t$_
rl*
, on
i *.v.
2AYo, and a
T,LF Inifiql
for the 12 kW PV module is $
re.g$1qqgg9t, S.+?t
maintenance costs.
"lg
+.!_.L-l-..iJ
Urtil rrlu!
of azimuth, a ground reflectance of
-m.ia-+ Uf-+i*
E=o
€. '
l-
;!,t
66,000,
q5gratiqg .4d-
To opfimize the performance of the hybrid systern, the
software also needs yearly clearness index and daily
radiation (kWh/mrlday) data at the island. The yearly
average clearacss in(lcx is O,477 anrl lhe daily average
Page'140
Proceedingof the 1lh lntemafnnal funference on QtR {Quality in Research)
thnrersriyoi"tnoanesra, ibpo& tnoonesra lr-unugrrsf 20t$
"iacunydr*npeefing,
tssN 11+1284
radiation is 4,761kWh/m2lday. In figure 5 the cleamess
index and daily radiation data of the island is shown.
where:
Ypy
frv
Gr
t'
I
is the solar radiation incident on the PV array in
,&r
irtl
u
tiace :te.F[k"u/',/d]
[1kW/m']
d,
T"
:.
Figure 5. The yearly cleamess indo< and daily radiation
Sebesi island [5]
ttrre$
Gr, rrris the incident radiation at standard test conditions
t
t
ll
c
* €&a,iti*iri6:{i1&a1r : .,,:.
:,,,,..:::',,'rl:, r.,t:.B$tit4n Sq.r+€ints}f.${i1$qqr
is the rated capacity of the PV array, meaning its
power output under standard test conditions [kWJ
is the PV derating factor [%]
of
is the temperahre coefficient of.power t%PCl
is the PV cell temperature in the current time step
["c]
Tosrc is the PV cell
iempyrahre under standard test
conditions [25 "C]
5. SIMT]LATION RESULTS
3,4 The Diesel Generator
Two units of diesel generator is used in the hybrid systsm
with an installed capacity of 40 kW and 50 kW each. The
hour fsr +ar.h di,esel geusraior is estilnared to be
15,000 hours with a minimum load ratio of 30%. The 40
kW diesel generators has initial capital costs of $ 22,O00, a
replacement cost of $ 18-000. an dailv oreration and
miintenance cost of $ 0.5. While the- 5O kW diesel
an initial capital costs $ 27,000, a
replacanent cost $ 22,0O0, and an daily operation and
generators have
maintenance cost of $ 0.5.
Different results of simulatioa and optimization are using
the software in accordance to its minimum renewable
fracfion.
The result
of
simulation and optimization
of the first
condition using two diesel ganerating units of 40 kW and
a6 1t:!".,*.4.-^
,-., ..,.-.F*.L, -.' '.\
Jtl &sf ers *& blrtt B pielErl-rtJ
,r4N\
tt-ur,
"a .4.r.4
er
lrrJrt!
an excess of elecricity of 0.01% and COr emission
ton/year.
64Ir4
l,/hrvft,
of 19i
Figure 5 is shorvs the load demand supplied by two diesel
generator of 40 kW and 50 kW.
3.5 The Battery System
The hybrid system is designed to use lead acid batteries
with nominal voltage of 6 V, a nominal capacity of 360 Ah,
an initial capital cost of $ 620, a replacement cost of $ 620
anC a 5U $
-0iel€|ff
! triffiJi8{#
yea:fy operation and maintenance cost.
s,t the tnverter
A -oiriir*ctionai invener ireoti:iier-inverteri is used ir *ris
hybrid system with a 90 % inverter efficiency, and a
lifetime
relative
of I0 years. The rectifier has efficiency 85%
to the invsrtsr capacity of 100%. The 8 kW
bidirectional inverter has an initial capital cost of $ 5960,
replacement cost of $ 5,960 and an yearly operating and
maintenance cost of $ 596.
{ iAi-t'irt Aiitjer' $} 'rlfttt }t}'8tti$ S"Sih}*
DESIGN
4.1
CaMtion d th
PV Array fo,trrcr Orrte'r$
The softrrare uses the following equation to calculate the
f r.
FIr
-J
wwv rJuq)$. rrr lsL r f dlldr.
Ppv
=r*r,,|#kl[r.otr -4,rrn
Figure 6. Supply of Load Demand by 40 kW and
50 kW diesel generators
In the secoud condition the minimum renewable fraction is
0%, the configuration of the hybrid system consist of I
diesel generating rmit - photovoltaic modules (PV) - wind
turbines without battery. The results are as follows: for PV diesel having 0,515 $&Wh of COE, excess electricity is
1.202 kWh/year or 0.66%, and the CO2 eniission is 188
ton/year. For wind - PV - diesel having COE 0,496 $/kwh,
excess of electricity is 2.288 kWh/year or 1.24o/o, and the
Lt r
Euusgfl.rJt
lt ilJ U,rUrlEdI.
The load demand
is
supplied
by the hybrid
system
cweiUing+f8z% by.diesel gemera{i*g uait, 3%W PV
li%by
Page 141
wind turbine.
ed
Prowding of the 11h lntemational Conference on QiR {Quahty in ResearchJ
or ffi$neeffig ijnnersrty,or rnOsnesrA fiqpo4 inmresra it-ti Ao$sf XJt U
'raainy
tssN114-124
above, the author recommended a hybrid system consisting
ofwind-diesel.
I rrrounac
I 'resr{tl*
CoE {3r(vft)
$0,520
3a-
l-*F,,4N
\
,ai
t0,sl6
:fr",V
0,s;30,510
iE
I3
traction o{ Zittit
J
J
25Yo
of
is sitauidiird a*rri qp'tiniizrri *rifr
maximum renewable fraction, the C02, SOx
is i8?i,
a i$ir;*ii$t*
id
CC2 r;iBir*itxi A5 ifrilh,S *D lE
tonslyear decrease from 385 kg/year to 349 kg/year for a
renewable fraction of $Yo to l8%, This means a 36 kg
'redu'eti.on
of
SOx.
SOr Etri&riotr
\1!
\ /
$0,500
ra:r?,a
l.r$.i*
0,00
5,00
10,00
Rrnembh Fnctiotr,
+C@ +Ccr
decrease caused by reduction of fuel consumption of the
diesel generating unit. In figure 8, the blue line is the CO2
emission anil the pirik linc is ihe SOx. If {he rsnewible
fraetion is 0% the CO2 emission is 192 tondyem. CO2
emission become 174 tons/year if the renewable fuaction
$0sos
I
I
&-irerr {he hy"txiti iiysrcra
\
rao{_
i*r
Frgure 7. Suppty ot ioad ilosranel by ireser, P*v; aud wrnd
turbine with amaximum renewable
$0,510
I &@i
I
16
$0,s1s
,!i
15,00
RF (%)
of Ebcriciry {$lkwh}
Figure 9, COr emissions - cost of electriciq/ (COE)
maximum renewable fraction
-
25%
In the third condition with a more than 25% renewable
fraction the hybrid system consists of 1 diesel generating
unit * PV - wind turbine without battery. The results for
this condition are as follows: for PV - diesel, COE is 0,607
$/kWh, excess of electricity 22.464 kWhlyear or I l%. and
CO2 emission is 174 tonfuear. For wind - PV - diesel,
of eleckicity 85.212
i'i,*r;,arri it;t: ertission is I44 kg i year.
COE is 0,785 $/klVh, excess
{tgl}rl
k*Aryear or
i;$r,*d@ei{x4
380,0
1qn
;;n;i
t,;;
o
-4
185
o
lri
149
30
FYrWndIdl
'tE 180
o
(,
!,
I
175
i'!6
681012!+*at320
Rcnerabl6 Frsclion (%)
+rJil2+t{x
Figure 10. Supply of Load Demand by Diesel Generator,
PV, Wind hrbine with more than 25% renerrable fraction
Figure 8. COz, SOx emissions-25% maximum renelvable
fr*ctiaa
In Figure 9,CO2 emissions decreased if renewable fraction
inrres-srll as desc-ritred ahrrvq The vahre of !OF'- flrrrlrate-s
with the changement of renewable fraction. When ttre
renewable fraction is 070, the load is supplied by 2 diesel
generating units with a COE of 0,510 $/kwh, total NPC of
$ 976.834. While the of renewable fraction is 4%, the
hybrid syst€rn consisting of PV - diesel wittrout battery, the
COE increases to 0,515 $/kWh, NPC increases to $
9E6.761. 'l'he lorrest UUE rs t),496 ii/kwh il the renewabte
fraction is 75% and the hybdd system is consisting of winddiesel with ro battery, its NPC is $ 950.510. if the COE
incrcasc .again to 'OJIO $'tr${t, thc rcncwablc fracti'on is
A
Configuration of PV wind diesel with renewable
fraction more than 257o, COE 0,510 $/kWh having the
highest NPC
$ 738,010, excess electricity reaching
85,212 kWh/year or 31..4Yo, CO2 emissions decreased as
much as 48 tou/year or 25Yo. The load served by the hybrid
system canbe seen in figure 1O above.
of PV.'winddiesel without
NPC is $ 976,801. Based on the conditions
18%, the system coneisls
battery,
its
Page 142
-
of
-
Proceeding of the
l1h lntemational hnference on QiR {Quality in Research)
or {mdotes,a, Dwx, tn&ne$a,'J-6 Awst'iw:,
tssN 114-12U
tngneew, wffer$ry
racutty ot
6 CONCLUSIONS
The value of COE, COz and SOx emissions and excess
of
electricity fluctuated on different renewable fraction, it
depending on total power gen€rated and the total load
served by the system. Which is the same following daily
load curve of Sebesi Island? The largest excess power
ocsurred at 3Wo ot're,nswable ifactron. A water pump as a
deferrable load can be used to absorb this excess electricity.
25
25
27
28
29
Rencmbh Frtctlon
30
The optimum hybrid system at
3l
lioh of renewable fraction,
comsist of winri- €iesei wit?i CSE rr,ni'9ti Sii(.ft?r,
950.510 and the CO2 emissions is 177 ton/year.
(%)
Fcor=so*l
iff
is $
Figure I L CO2, SOx emission - more than 25Yo renewable
fraetisn
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In figure 11 above, the hybrid
The author would like to thank the Renewable Energy and
Microgrid ressarch group of the Departunent of Electrical
sysrem is simulated and
gr1ggiCg"{
+- :r,rx.e tfug.?{94 -1fqgrvqhlt &ag€g6, .!.h..
COz and SOx ernission levels decrease with decrease of the
ujrlr
fuel consumption effect diesel generating unit. The COz
emission becomes 144 tons/year if renewable fracion 3V/o
reduced as much as 48 tons$ear. The SOx ernissions, is
reduced from 385 k{year to 289 kg/year when renewable
fraction increase from 0% to 30Yo. The SOx emission is
reduced as much as 96 kgfear.
Engineering University of Indonesia.
REFERENCES
[1] Gilmaa P.,
P*+ehle
(2005)
].-rgo.
I2l Wiryawan,
I trro*"nd"
coE {srdrfil
'180
$0,800
.i4:Etl
c'l7o
,uE
t3l
$0,m0
6
roo
$0,650
t41
ir{r;di*r
E
ut150
r6l
2A719crOm
Reneualile Fracdon (%)
+t+rJ-L+4.rar#ru
vgsr er -.s.#,
s*rr,!,
Figure I 2. COz ernission - with
fraction of 30%
a
renewable
In figure 12 the value of COE increased if the renewable
faction fucreases fro* 23% ro 30ryo. ff *e rffiewdble
fraction is
25o/o, the COE is 0,607 $/kWh and the hybrid
system c{msists of PV - diesel with no battery with 48 kW
capaclty of fV. Total I.IfC for tris system is $ 1.163.327
with initial caprtal cnst of PV is $ 264.000. If the rcncwable
fraction
oJrFur
is 30%, the COE is 0.785 $/kWh, the
4&a6qB
ui
i I - ri[*
B&
Ers
"Horaer tho
nrioropowcr
I chnrp.tm,
i*..
^f,
_4
'r(!__!
-q{(@.
B., Yulianto I.,
(intae Gnrlmqprf
r'dfzl
Susanto,
A. H., "
Profil
Sunrberdaya Pulau Sebesi, Kecamatan Rajabas4 Lampmg
Selatan*, Penerbitm Khusus Proyek Pesisir, Coastal
Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narraganset,
,r'!srl
.,3. t r..., J ,.8.|
el
8ir$rtle-r!t4lln4 u!/t t te,,
Apriansyah, "Laporan Data Beban tlarian Fulau Sebesi", PT.
PIN (Pelcso] Wile;14fr I.i11r'lu{?B f3h4pg Ti+.!S K?rnlE,
Ranting Kalianda (Tebruari 2009).
Gitnan, P., Lambert T., "optimization model software",
National Renewable Enerry -Laborarory of lJnited States
Government (2005)
s0.500
-^^^
T.,
t!*.ie*
I:5i tvu,il,i*iiilh4*hAie.alir&.
$0,550
140
Lambcrt,
optimization model software staned guide", National
try l.,i.,l*rr-
Irltr./1moreL
la*r qcpo cmr
$ssri rrlr,'et'r*$l i*fuiiii:,
t"cla*lt,
r'+dew
s/f
Aqr\,
radiation for sebesi istaad", 2009.
t7l htto :rtnqnr. solarex.solar.com/oylovlist/ovsiemens
/pvsiemens-htmo, "Price and Product for Photovoltaic
Module". (2009)
[8] http:/lbergqvwindpower.com/?.5 kWhtm,'?rice and Product
for'WinilTuibin 7.5 1(WDf. p0O9)
[9] httn:rkww.po:$Brssity.com/32_Dzutz'diesel"flgine"
TD226B-4D-Stamford-alternator.himl (2009).
ttol ht$
I l] httpl/www.affordable solar.comArojan.battery.ll6p
390ah.htm. (2009)
{121 },{aym. C. . Tmg. M,, Sapornkana. Sf,., "An .tC Coupled
F/ ili*d4Diesel Misrp.glid SyelErll [mp!ene"$ed !n A
Remote Island in The Republic of Maldives", Proceedings
the AUPEC Conl'erence. Perth (December 2007).
hybrid
Total NPC for this system is $ 1.503.710, the initial capital
cost of 120 kW PV is $ 660.000. Based on results of
simulatjcur and rytinizarion urirh a frare rhffi 25%
renewable fraction, it is recommended to selsct a hybrid
system consisting of PVdiesel with the lowest value of
2009.
of
{13] Milani. N.P., '?erformance Optimizatioa of A Hybrirt lVind
Turbine - Diesel Microgrid Power System", Master of
Science Thesis, North Carolina State Universig (2006).
{141 S,etiawaor, A.A., Nayar, C.fi., "Dcsign €f fiy4rid Psrv'cr
System for a Remote Island in Maldives", Department of
Elecrioal and Computer Engineering Curtin University of
Technology, Australia (2004).
COE.
Page 143