THE REPRESENTATION OF PERSIANS AS VILLAINS IN A MOVIE SCRIPT ‘300’.
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Language and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
IMAM MA’RUF KHAERULLOH
0807518
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
BANDUNG 2014
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
The Representation of Persians as Villains in a Movie Script ‘300’: An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said
By:
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh
0807518
Approved by:
First Supervisor Second Supervisor
Bachrudin Musthafa, M.A., Ph.D. Ernie D.A. Imperiani, M.Ed
NIP. 195703101987031001 NIP. 197809222010122001
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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Oleh
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
© Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh 4 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
April 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL... i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION... ii
PREFACE... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii
LIST OF TABLES... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background... 1
1.2 Research Questions... 2
1.3 Aims of the Study... 3
1.4 Scope of the Study... 3
1.5 Significance of the Study... 3
1.6 Research Methods... 3
1.7 Clarification of Related Terms... 4
1.8 Organization of the Paper... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Orientalism... 6
2.2 Occident and Orient... 8
2.3 Character and Characterization... 10
2.4 Representation... 13
2.4.1 Representation of Character... 13
2.4.2 Representation in Orientalism Perspective... 14
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
2.5.1 Median Empire... 16
2.5.2 Persian Empire... 16
2.5.2.1 Battle of Thermopylae... 17
2.5.3 Alexander the Great... 18
2.5.4 Seleucid Empire... 18
2.5.5 Parthian Empire... 19
2.5.6 Sassanian Dynasty... 20
2.5.7 Arab Domination... 21
2.5.8 Turkish Dynasty... 22
2.5.9 Mongol Domination... 23
2.5.10 Timurid Dynasty... 24
2.5.11 Safavid Dynasty... 25
2.5.12 Qajar Dynasty... 26
2.5.13 Reza Shah Pahlevi... 27
2.5.14 Islamic Revolution... 31
2.6 Biography of Scripwriter... 34
2.7 Related Previous Studies... 35
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design... 38
3.2 Research Subject and Context... 38
3.3 Data Collection... 39
3.3.1 Data Collection Procedures... 39
3.4 Data Analysis... 40
3.5 Data Presentation... 40
3.6 Synopsis of 300 Movie... 45 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1 Findings... 49 4.1.1 Representation of Persians as Villains... 49 4.1.2 Relation of ‘300’ Movie Script with Socio-Political Issue Between the US and Iran... 56 4.2 Discussions... 57 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions... 62 5.2 Suggestions... 63 REFERENCES... 65 APPENDICES
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism
Perspective by Edward Said)
ABSTRACT
Written by: Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh (0807518) First Supervisor: Bachrudin Musthafa, M.A., Ph.D.
Second Supervisor: Ernie D.A. Imperiani, M.Ed
This paper investigates the ways the Persians characters as villains are represented in the
movie ‘300’. Furthermore, the study also analyzes the relation of ‘300’ movie with the
current socio-political issue between the United States and Iran. This study uses Edward
Said’s (1978) Orientalism as theoretical framework and supported by other theory from Davis, Mules and Thwaites’ (1994) character and characterization. In addition, there is also
Brian’s (2005) Film and Politics in America to analyze the ‘300’ and its relation to the socio -political issue between the U.S. and Iran. The study finds that Persians are characterized as inferior, evil, savage, bestial, and corrupt to strengthen their positions as villains in the movie. Based on an Orientalist perspective, those negative characteristics are considered as
pejorative stereotypes. Meanwhile, with regard to the relation of ‘300’ movie with the current socio-political issue between the U.S. and Iran, it seems apparent that the movie is used as the U.S. propaganda based on some evidences, namely the negative representation of Persians as villains, the movie producer, and the movie release. All the findings above indicate that a film can be used as a tool for propaganda.
Keywords: Orientalism, Orient, Occident, Character and Characterization, Representation, Persians.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism
Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Representasi Persian Sebagai Penjahat Dalam Film ‘300’:
Sebuah Analisis dengan Menggunakan Perspektif Orientalisme dari Edward Said
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana karakter orang Persia direpresentasikan dalam film
‘300’. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menganalisa hubungan antara film ‘300’ dengan isu sosial-politik antara Amerika Serikat dan Iran. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif Orientalisme dari Edward Said (1978) sebagai kerangka teori dan didukung oleh teori lain seperti teori karakter dan karakterisasi dari Davis, Mules dan Thwaites (1994). Selain itu,
teori Brian (2005) tentang film dan politik di Amerika dipakai untuk menganalisa film ‘300’
serta hubungannya dengan isu sosial-politik antara Amerika Serikat dan Iran. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa karakter-karakter orang Persia dikarakterisasi sebagai karakter yang lemah, jahat, liar, seperti binatang, dan korup untuk memperkuat posisi mereka sebagai penjahat di film. Berdasarkan perspektif Orientalis, ciri-ciri negatif tersebut dianggap sebagai stereotipe-stereotipe yang merendahkan. Sedangkan, terkait hubungan antara film ‘300’ dengan isu sosial-politik antara Amerika dan Iran, tampak jelas bahwa film ini digunakan sebagai propaganda AS berdasarkan pada bukti-bukti seperti, representasi negatif orang Persia sebagai penjahat, produsen film, dan waktu perilisan film. Dari hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini, dapat diindikasikan bahwa sebuah film dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk membuat propaganda.
Kata Kunci: Orientalism, Orient, Occident, Karakter dan Karakterisasi, Representasi, Orang Persia.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses general description of the study. It elaborates the background of the study, the research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, the research methods, the clarification of related terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1 Background
In the nineteenth century, Europeans described non-Europeans as indolent, thoughtless, sexually immoral, unreliable and demented (Bressler, 2007). This stereotyping is called by Said (2003, p.202) as Orientalism, which refers to “Occident‟s imperatives, perspectives and ideological biases that misleadingly describe and explain the Orient in the form of regularized writing, visions and studies”.The terms “the Occident” is used by Said (1994) in reference to western or former colonizers which includes most of Europe and U.S.A. The Orient, in contrast, refers to eastern or former colonized people from Africa, Asia and South America (Said, 1994). Therefore, Orientalism can be described as the Occident‟s perception or opinion toward the Orient which somehow leads to misrepresentation.
One of the forms of writing that can be used as a medium in presenting the Occident‟s perception toward the Orient is a movie script. Balraj (2011) asserts that the misrepresentation of certain group, specifically the Orient in some narrative stories, medias or movie scripts has led most of the Occident think that the group are bad or dangerous. Further, Aguayo (2009) states that the static depiction of Muslim as terrorist in movie scripts that set in Middle-East has led most of the Occident to think and to have the assumption that the Muslim people in Middle-East are really terrorist. Therefore, the narrative story writen in movie scripts can be considered as the Occident‟s misrepresentation that could possibly
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
mislead the audiences in viewing the Orient and in deciding about what should and should not be in reality (Akita, 2006; Aguayo, 2009).
“300” movie script, an adaptation of Frank Miller‟s graphic novel is a literary work that has Orientalism issue. Written by Zack Snyder in 2006, the movie script tells about the battle of Thermopylae where 300 spartans army could stand against the invasion of thousands Persians army for seven days in three stages of the war. The story of „300‟ in the movie script had been criticized because it inacurately presents the history of the battle of Thermopylae and racially insult Iranians who are the descendant of Persian (Tait, 2007).
Furthermore, Tait (2007) reports that Iran officials government and Iranian bloggers describe the story in the movie script as an American‟s attempt to demonise Iran at a time U.S. Government intensify their pressure over the Iran‟s nuclear programme. Furthermore, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad‟s cultural advisor, Shamaqdari (Joneidi, 2007) states that the negative portrayal of King Xerxes and his Persians army can be assumed as an American‟s attempt for „psychological warfare‟ against Iran.
Based on the issue, this presents study attempts to analyze the representation of Persian as villains in “300” and its relation with the current socio-political issue between the U.S. and Iran. The study employs character and characterization from Davis, Mules and Thwaites (1994) in categorizing the data and Orientalism as proposed by Edward Said (1978) to analyze the categorized data.
1.2. Research Questions
In order to shape this study, these following questions are provided to find the answers that are related to the issue:
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
1. How are the Persians as the villains represented in a movie entitled „300‟? 2. How does the representation of Persians as villains in „300‟ relate to the
socio-political issue between the U.S. government and Iran?
1.3. Aims of the Study
Based on the research questions mentioned above, the aims of the study are:
1. To investigate the representation of Persians as villains in a movie entitled „300‟.
2. To analyze the relation of the representation of Persians as villains in „300‟ with the socio-political issue between the U.S. government and Iran.
1.4. Scope of the Study
This study is limited to examine the representation of Persians as the villains from an Orientalist perspective and its relation toward socio-political issue between U.S. and Iran as reflected in the movie script of “300”.
1.5. Significance of the Study
This study is expected to uncover how the Persian characters are represented as the villains based on an Orientalist perspective and its relation toward socio-political issue between U.S. and Iran as reflected in the movie script of “300”.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
This research used a qualitative descriptive research because it aimed to understand the processes, events, and relationships in the contexts of the social and political situation depicted in a movie script „300‟. As suggested by Ospina (2004) that in a qualitative approach, the researcher aims for a holistic picture from a historical unique situations. Furthemore, she asserts that by using the qualitative approach, the researcher is allowed to analyze a phenomenon deeply through the situations that given by texts.
The data were collected from a movie script of “300” which was writen by Zack Snyder. The data taken from the movie script are in the form of words, phrases, sentences, dialogue, and narration.
After all data were collected, they were analyzed by using a textual analysis approach which employed Davis, Mules, and Thwaites‟ (1994) character and characterization in categorizing the data and Orientalism as proposed by Said (1978) to analyze the data. In addition, there is also Brian‟s (2004) Film and Politics in America to analyze the „300‟ and its relation to socio-political issue between the U.S. and Iran. Interpretation was then made and ended by conclusions and suggestions for further research.
1.7. Clarification of Related Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and misconception, there are some significant terms which need to be clarified as follows:
(1) Orientalism: Said (1994) states that the emergence of Orientalism is to challange cultural studies. Orientalism refers to Occident‟s imperatives, perspectives and ideological biases that misleadingly describe and explain the orient in the form of regularized writing, visions and studies (Said, 2003, p.202). Orientalism as he (1994) said in “An Introduction to Edward Said‟s Orientalism” divides the world into two part, which are the Orient or the
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The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
east and the Occident or the west. Orientalism is also used as a comparison between the Orient and Occident.
(2) The Orient: Non-Westerner which mostly include African, Asian and people in other former colonized countries (Edward Said‟s Orientalism, 2003). In this study, the Orient refers to Persian.
(3) The Occident: Westeners or European who stands a belief that they are more civilized and educated than the Orient (Edward Said‟s Orientalism, 2003). In this study the Occident refers to Spartan and acardian army.
(4) 300: a movie produced by Warner Brothers in 2007 that tells about the battle of Thermopylae between Spartan and Persian.
1.8 Organization of the paper
This research consists of five chapters: Chapter I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents brief descriptions of the research contents which includes the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, research methods, clarification of related terms and organization of the paper.
Chapter II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
This chapter presents theoretical framework related to the issue and provides several related previous studies to support the analysis of the movie script.
Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the explanation of research methodology of the study, which includes research design, data collection, data analysis and data presentation.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Chapter IV FINDINGS and DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the findings and discussions from data analysis using Orientalism framework proposed by Said (1978).
Chapter V CONCLUSION and SUGGESTION
This chapter contains the conclusion of the research and the suggestion for further research.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter elaborates the methodology of the study which attempted to investigate the representation of Persians in a movie script entitled „300‟ and its relation toward socio-political situation between the USA and Iran. It covers research design, data collection, which include data collection procedure, data analysis and data presentation.
3.1 Research Design
This present study employed a descriptive qualitative method because it attempted to describe, understand, and interpret the representation of Persians as villains from the Orientalist perspectives which focused the analysis on the data in the form of texts which included words, sentences, dialogues and narratives. This is in line with Flick (2009) who asserts that in a qualitative research, texts are not just the essential data of the findings, but also the basis of the interpretations and the central medium for presenting and analysing the findings.
Further, he goes on by saying that qualitative research takes into account viewpoints and practices of people in real world which are different because of different perspectives and social backgrounds related to them.
3.2 Research Subject and Context
A‟300‟ movie script writen by Zack Snyder was the main subject of this
study. “300” movie script is an adaptation of Frank Miller‟s graphic novel of the same title. The reason of why the movie script was chosen over the graphic novel is because the movie script was writen at a time when U.S. government intensify
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
since the movie script is believed to be related to the curent socio-political issue between U.S. and Iran.
3.3 Data Collection
The data were in the form of words, phrases, sentences, dialogues, and narration. The data were supported by other sources such as journals, articles and other relevant studies related to the issue. In collecting the data, reading the movie script closely was required in order to understand the text thoroughly. The collected data related to the representation of Persians as villains in the movie script were then noted as textual evidences. Further, the evidences were analyzed using Said‟s (1978) Orientalism alongside with Davis, Mules, and Thwaites‟ (1994) character and characterization.
3.3.1 Data Collection Procedures
As a guidance in collecting the data, these following steps were taken in this research:
1. Identifying the data from the selected words, phrases, sentences, dialogues and narrations that show any characteristics which can represent the Persians as villains.
2. Categorizing all the data which represent the Persians based on Davis,
Mules, and Thwaites‟ (1994) character and characterization into characters‟
attitudes and physical appearances.
3. Analyzing and interpreting the data by using Orientalism theory proposed by Said (1978).
4. Making conclusion of the research and giving suggestions related to the further study of the same topics.
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3.4 Data Analysis
After the data were categorized, the analysis was conducted using Orientalism framework proposed by Said (1978) alongside with Brian‟s (2005)
Film and Politics in America. After, research questions are answered, conclusion
of the study and suggestion for further research are then made.
3.5 Data Presentation
The collected data from the movie script were categorized and put into several tables in order to answer research questions. The tables are the representation of Persians as villains and the representation of Spartans as heroes.
Tables of representation of Persians as villains and Spartans as heroes both have five main columns and two subcolumns. The first main column is number. The second is character column which provides names of characters that are characterized. Further, the third is characterization which focus on the ways the characters in the movie are characterized based on characters‟ attitudes and
characters‟ appearances. These characters‟ attitudes and characters‟ appearances
are the sub column of characterization column.
While, in the fourth column, there is textual evidence that provides speech, dialogue or description related to the depiction of characterizations of certain character. Last, the fifth column is the comment or the analysis regarding the speech, dialogue or description provided in the textual evidence column. The example of representation tables are presented as follows:
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
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Example of Representation of Persians as Villains
No Character(s) Characterization Textual
Evidence
Comment/ Analysis Attitudes Appearance
1 Persian emissary 1
Arrogance: Consider women are lower than men
- Persian
Emissary 1 Earth and Water
King Leonidas You rode all the way from Persia for earth and water?
Queen Gorgo Do not be coy or stupid, Persian. You can afford neither in Sparta.
Persian Emissary 1 What makes
Persian emissary complained to King Leonidas because her wife, queen Gorgos cut into their conversation.
The messenger‟s
talking indicates that women are not supposed to have a right to speak among
men. This
representation shows that Zack Snyder, as the scripwriter think that Persian men considered women are lower than men.
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this woman
think she
can speak
among men?
2 The
Immortals
Ghost or evil: army from the darkness, invincible.
Daxos
We are
doomed.
Captain Quiet youself.
Daxos The child speaks of the Persian ghosts, known from the ancient times. They
are the
hunter of
men’s souls. They cannot be killed or defeated.
Not this
darkness.
Not this
Immortals.
Daxos describes the Immortals (Persian army) as
people who
cannot be killed or defeated. It
can be
considered as
Snyder‟s attempt
to powered the Persian army character, as well as to challange the Spartans to defeat those Immortals. By defeating the invincible
Immortals, it will
shows the
incredible power of Spartans.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 3.2
Example of Representation of Spartans as Heroes No Character(s) Characterization Textual
Evidence
Comment/ Analysis Attitude Appearance
1 Astinos - Young and
brave
King Leonidas He is your son. He is too young to have felt a woman's warmth.
Captain I have others to replace him. Astinos is as brave and ready as
any. No
younger than we were the first time you stood next to me in battle.
Captain describes his son, Astinos as a brave young man and ready to go war.
2 Greeks and Spartan women
Rational, Superior
- King Xerxes
You Greeks take pride in your logic. I
King Xerxes
considered the Greeks as people who always use
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suggest you employ it. Consider the beautiful land
you so
vigorously defend.
Picture it reduced to ash at my whim. Consider the fate of your women.
King Leonidas Clearly you don't know our women. I might as well have
marched
them up
here, judging by what I've
seen. You
have many
slaves, Xerxes
but few
warriors. It won't be long
their logical thinking. It shows that the Greeks are known as rational people. Moreover, King Leonidas think that the Spartan women are more superior than
Xerxes army
judging from the battle he won against Persian army.
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The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
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before they fear my spears
more than
your whips.
3.6. Synopsis of 300 Movie Script
300 movie script tells about battle of Thermopylae where Spartans army led by King Leonidas marched to the Hot Gates of Thermopylae to fight Persian King, Xerxes and his thousands of Persian army. The problem began when Persian messengers came to Sparta to deliver message from King Xerxes. The
Persian messenger asked Leonidas to give away „earth and water‟ as submission
to Persia. Feeling insulted by the messengers attitudes, Leonidas turned down the offer and kicked away all Persian messengers into a big well.
Leonidas who realized that the war was coming to Sparta had decided to go to war. Then, he arranged a meeting to ask permission to Ephors, the priests of
Sparta‟s old gods because there is no Spartan King go to war without the Ephors‟
blessing. He explained his plan to repel the great numbers of Persian army in the terrain of Hot Gates of Thermopylae by funneling them into the narrow pass between the rock and sea. He believed that thousands of Persian army would count for nothing because their movement would be limited in that narrow pass. However, the Ephors and the councilmen of Sparta did not give Leonidas permission to go to war because Carneia, a sacred and ancient festival was about to be held and there is no war allowed during the festival. Leonidas left the Ephors in anger, while the Spartan traitor, Theron who is a councilman of Sparta gave
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At night, Leonidas could not sleep and thought that all people and things he loved would be in danger if he did not do anything. His wife encouraged him to think out of the box and do anything he think right as a King. He then ordered his
captain to gather 300 best soldiers in the morning to be his „bodyguard‟ to
accompany him on a leisurely walk to the Hot Gates. His wife said goodbye and asked him to be back alive. Alongside with his wife, Theron came to the location where Leonidas and his soldiers are gathered to prevent them go to war. Leonidas explained that there was no march and the 300 soldiers are only his personal bodyguards on a leisurely walk. It was not his intention to go to war in the Hot Gates.
On the road, Leonidas and his soldiers met their allies who seems shocked because Spartan only sent such small force. Leonidas asked the professions of the allied army and found that the answer showed that he brought more soldiers than them. They then agreed to go to the Hot Gates together.
A horribly disfigured man, Ephialtes came to Leonidas to warn him of the goat path at the rear of his position. He said that his parents once fleed from Sparta to save his live at the day he was born and he want to help Leonidas as soldier to redeem what his parent did. Leonidas ordered him to lift the shield high, because his soldiers always formed a phalanx as a defence that they must be able
to lift their shield high enough to protect each other from enemies‟ attack.
Ephialtes could not lift his shield as Leonidas required him to. Leonidas gently told him that he could not join in the force. Instead, he asked him to take care of the fallen soldiers. Ephialtes could not accept what Leonidas said and felt angry to him.
A battle is happened when Persian emissary found out that the Spartan army were building Pochian wall to block the Persian advance by using Persian dead body from the previous scouting party. The Persian emissary warned the Spartans that their arrows will blot out the sun and kill all Spartans. With fearless, the Spartans challanged the Persians and killed them all. As reaction to this event,
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The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
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King Xerxes sent a large group of army to ask the Spartans to surrender. The Spartans was once again refused to give up. The battle could not be avoided. The Persians could not defeat the solid phalanx formation of Spartans. They were funelled to the narrow terrain and fall from the end of the cliff.
Feeling impressed to the Spartans fighting skill, Xerxes asked and persuade Leonidas personally to surrender. He promised Leonidas wealth and power if Leonidas give up and be loyal commander for him. Leonidas turned down the
Xerxes‟ offer and promised to shed blood from Xerxes body instead.
Full with anger, Xerxes ordered „The Imortal‟, the army that were believed
could not be hurt nor dead. He also ordered to release all the soldiers and animals from various places like Barbarian Mongolian, Eastern Chemist, African Rhinoceroses and Indian war elephants. Some Spartans died in the battle, but the
victory still on the Spartans‟.
Ephialtes who was still angry to Leonidas‟ refusal came to Xerxes and
agreed to show the goat path in exchange of uniform, women and wealth.
Meanwhile in Sparta, Queen Gorgo was struggling to convince the councilmen to help her husband by sending him more army. A friendly councilman gave her advice that she would need Therons‟ help to convince other councilmen. Theron agreed to help her, but she must sleep with him. She agreed with his requirement. Then, Queen Gorgo made her appeal at the council. Theron did not support her as he had promised. Instead, he betray her by accusing her of adultery. She mad at him and stab a sword to his body. Surprisingly, a bag of
Xerxes‟ gold fall from his clothes. All of the councilmen in the council room finally realized Therons‟ treachery and agree to unite Sparta against Persia.
Back to the Hot Gates, Leonidas knew that he had been betrayed. Their fight is doomed and the allied army, the acardians suggested Spartans to retreat but they
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refused. Leonidas ordered one of the Spartans, Dilios to go back to Sparta and tell about the battle of Thermopylae to people in Sparta.
As Dilios back to Sparta, the other Spartans prevented the Persian invasion. Xerxes once again persuaded Leonidas by offering him that he could be a Warlord of all Greece, but he only answerable to Xerxes. Ephialtes also tried to convice Leonidas to surrender and follow him by joining Xerxes army. Leonidas replied,
“May you live forever”, an insult to Ephialtes that only true hero could valuing
death rather than live long enough to be a traitor.
Droping his shield and helmet, Leonidas slowly seems bowing in submission, but suddenly Stelios ran from his back, using his body to jump and
kill Xerxes‟ general. Leonidas quickly took a spear, then threw it away to Xerxes.
It ripped Xerxes cheek open. The furious Xerxes ordered all his archer to attack. Rain of arrows came down from the sky aiming at Leonidas and his army. At the final moment of his life, Leonidas loudly said that he loves his wife.
Back to Sparta, Dilios delivered a message and necklace from Leonidas to Queen Gorgo. He told her that Leonidas fought bravely. He told the story of Leonidas and his army sacrifice to protect Sparta. The story triggered the spirit of 10.000 Spartans who led 30.000 Greek army to fight against 120.000 Persians in the next battle which called as a battle of Plataea.
(Source: Synopsis of 300, 2013 on
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This is the last chapter of the present study. It consists of two parts. The first part presents the conclusion based on the findings and discussions in the previous chapter. The second part puts forward the suggestions for further studies.
5.1 Conclusions
This study aims to investigates two research problems, i.e. how the Persians characters are represented as villains in the movie script and the relation of ‘300’movie script with the socio-political issue between United States and Iran. Based on the findings, it is found that the Persians characters as villains are represented by using negative characteristics. The movie script treats the Persians as the other, describing them as inferiors, savages, evils, bestials, and corrupt people to strengthen their position as villains in the movie script, contrasting to Spartans heroes who hold positive characteristics of the self like, superior, civilized, good, human and honest people.
The study finds that there is an attempt to empowered Persians by describing them as massive and high-skilled army so that Spartans victory over Persians can be assumed as the best victory since it is gained from superior army. Thus, whatever how strong Persians army were described in the movie script, but they still always be inferior to Spartans. This proves Orientalism perspectives where the west or the Occidents consider themselves as a site of power, while the Orient is treated only as the subordination of west society.
Moreover, as villains in the movie script, Persians are also characterized as savages and evils army. From the findings, it is found that the Persians through the characterization of the Immortals are described as ghost who hunt the men souls. Furthermore, they are also portrayed as evil army that heartlessly kill or
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
slaughter people who stand against King Xerxes’ will. These characterization strengthen the position of Persians characters as savages and evils villains in the movie script.
Meanwhile, with regard to the relation of ‘300’ movie script with the current socio-political issue between the U.S. and Iran, the study finds that the movie script can be considered as U.S. propaganda to turn their people against Iran by demonizing Iran through Persian characters in the movie script. The study finds three evidences that the movie can be categorized as propaganda movie, namely the misrepresentation of Persians as villains in the movie script, the inaccuracy of historical reality, and the time of movie script was written. First, the portrayal of Persians as villains using pejorative stereotypes can be assumed as the U.S. attempt in demonizing Iranian who is the descendant of Persian.
Second, the story of ‘300’ movie script which was based on the history of the battle of Thermopylae is not accurately presented. The story of ‘300’ in the movie script had been criticized because it inacurately presents the history of the battle of Thermopylae and racially insult Iranians who are the descendant of Persian (Tait, 2007).
Third, the movie script was written at a time when the U.S. government intensify their protest toward the development of Iran’s nuclear energy program. Tait (2007) reports that Iran officials government and Iranian bloggers describe the movie as an American’s attempt to demonize Iran at a time U.S. Government intensify their pressure over the Iran’s nuclear program. All the findings above indicate that a film can be used as a tool for propaganda.
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64
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Finally, this research can achieve its purpose to answer the research questions and lead to its conclusions. However, this study is realized to be far from perfection. There may still many weaknesess related to the content and the arrangement. Thus, it is recomended for further research to focus on the content and the arrangement of the research paper in order to provide more elaborate and informative research.
Furthermore, it is suggested for further research with the same topic to involve the analysis of visual representation of the film since it is believed that it can give more alternatives or choices regarding the representation of certain characters in a movie. Last, it is hoped that the English Department of UPI could provide more literature references related to film studies, so it can help the students in conducting their research about a film better.
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Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
REFERENCES
Aguayo, M. (2009). “Representations of Muslims Bodies in The Kingdom: Deconstructing Discourse in Hollywood,” Global Media Journal, Vol 2,
Issue 2, 45-56.
Akita, K. (2006). “Orientalism and the Binary of Fact and Fiction in Memoirs of a
Geisha,” Global Media Journal, Vol 5, Issue 9, 1-13.
Ashcroft, B. and Ahluwalia, P. (2009). Edward Said. Second Edition. New York :Routledge.
Atlas, T. (2013, May 31). Iran Increases its Support for Terrorism, U.S. Says.
Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-30/iran-increases-its-support-for-terrorism-u-s-says.html.
A Short History of Hollywood. (2013). Historic Resources Group. Retrieved September 11, 2013, from http://www.historicla.com/hollywood/history. Bal, M. (1997). Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative. Second
Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Balraj, B. M. (2011). “My Name is Khan and I‟m not a Terorrist: Representation of Muslims in „My Name is Khan,‟” Journal of Language and Culture, Vol
2, 91-95.
Beeman, O. W. (2013, November 13). Understanding the Iranian Perspective in Nuclear Negotiations. The World Post. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-o-beeman/understanding-the-iranian_b_4284201.html.
Bressler, C. E. (2007). Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and practice. Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
(30)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Brian, N. (2005). Film and Politics in America: a Social Tradition. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, inc.
Case Study: Iran and the United States. (2013). Institute for Cultural Diplomacy. Retrieved Desember 17, 2013, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org. Company History. (2013). WARNERBROS. Retrieved September 11, 2013, from
http://www.warnerbros.com/studio/about/company-history.html.
Cooper, R. (2013, August 26). CIA Helped Saddam Hussein Carry Out Chemical Weapons Attack on Iran in 1988 Under Ronald Reagan. Mail Online News. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 2402174/CIA-helped-Saddam-Hussein-make-chemical-weapons-attack-Iran-1988-Ronald-Reagan.html.
Davis, L., Mules, W., and Thwaites, T. (1994). Tools for Cultural Study: An
Introduction. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.
Dehghan, K. S. and Taylor, N. R. (2013, August 19). CIA Admits Role in 1953 Iranian Coup. The Guardian. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup.
Dobie, A. (2002). Theory Into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism. Second Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Flick, U. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Fourth Edition. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
Fokkema, A. (1991). Postmodern Characters: A Study of characterization in British
and American Postmodern Fiction. Available from Google Books Database.
Gray, J. (1996, July 24). Foreigners Investing in Libya or in Iran Face U.S. Sanctions. The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
(31)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/24/world/foreigners-investing-in-libya-or-in-iran-face-us-sanctions.html.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying
practices. California: Sage Publications inc.
Joneidi, M. (2007, March 16). Iranian Anger at Hollywood „Assault‟. BBC News. Retrieved September 4, 2013, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6455969.stm. Jones, S. (2013, May 15). A History of U.S. Sanctions Against Iran. Retrieved
May 12, 2014, from http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/alliesenemies/a/A-History-Of-U-S-Sanctions-Against-Iran.htm.
Lim, S. K. (2007). “Themes of Western Superiorityin the Last Samurai”, Writting 20, Vol 1, 1-4.
Memarian, O. (2007, March 17). U.S. Funding Armed Groups to Overthrow Iranian Government. Assyrian International News Agency. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.aina.org/news/20070317151234.htm. Moaveni, A. (2007, March 13). 300 Sparks an Outcry in Iran. Times. Retrieved
September 5, 2013, from http://content.time.com/time/world/article.
Murphy, J. (2003, October 23). Beirut Barracks Attack Remembered. CBS News. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/beirut-barracks-attack-remembered/.
Ospina, S. (2004). Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications: London.
Persia. (2013). Ancient Encyclopedia History. Retrieved September 10, 2013, fromhttp://www.ancient.eu.com/Persia/.
Persian Empire. (2013). Princeton Education. Retrieved September 10, 2013,from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Persian_Empire.ht ml.
(32)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Porter, K. (2014). The US-Iranian Relationship. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/countryprofi3/p/usiranprofile.htm Said, E. E. (2003). Orientalism. Fifth Edition. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Said, W. E.. (1995). Orientalism: Western Conception of The Orient. Second Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd.
Said, E. E. (1994). An Introduction to Edward Saids’ Orientalism. Vintage. Samii, B. (2005, May 6). World War II -- 60 Years After: The Anglo Soviet
Invasion of Iran and Washington-Teheran Relation. Retrieved May 12, 2013, fromhttp://www.rferl.org/content/article/1058759.html
Scott, C. J. (1977). The Greek and Persian Wars 500-323 BC. England: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Setzer, T. (1998). The Persian Invasion of Greece. The Circle of Ancient Iranian
Studies. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/greece_invasion.htm
Smyth, B. (2007). To Love the Orientalist: Masculinity in Leila Aboulela‟s The Translator, Vol 1, No 2, 170-182.
Stanglin, D. (2014, January 20). U.S. Eases Some Economic Sanctions on Iran.
USA Today. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/20/iran-united-states-iaea-economic-sanctions-suspend-uranium-enrichment/4658813/.
Synopsis for 300. (2013). IMDb. Retrieved September 11, 2013, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416449/synopsis?ref_=tt_stry_pl.
Tait, R. (2007, March 14). Iran Accusses Hollywood of „Psychological Warfare‟.
The Guardian. Retrieved September 4, 2013, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/14/iran.film.
(33)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Taylor, G. (2013, May 30). Feds Say Iran‟s Support for Terrorism Growing. The
Washington Times. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/30/feds-say-irans-support-terrorism-growing/?page=all.
Wilson, C. G. (1988, July 4). Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner. Washington
Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july 88crash.htm.
Winegar, A. (2006). “Aspects of Orientalism”, The Grey Book, Vol 1, 1.
Zack Snyder Biography. (2013). IMDb. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0811583/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm#trivia.
(1)
64
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an
Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Finally, this research can achieve its purpose to answer the research questions and lead to its conclusions. However, this study is realized to be far from perfection. There may still many weaknesess related to the content and the arrangement. Thus, it is recomended for further research to focus on the content and the arrangement of the research paper in order to provide more elaborate and informative research.
Furthermore, it is suggested for further research with the same topic to involve the analysis of visual representation of the film since it is believed that it can give more alternatives or choices regarding the representation of certain characters in a movie. Last, it is hoped that the English Department of UPI could provide more literature references related to film studies, so it can help the students in conducting their research about a film better.
(2)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Aguayo, M. (2009). “Representations of Muslims Bodies in The Kingdom: Deconstructing Discourse in Hollywood,” Global Media Journal, Vol 2, Issue 2, 45-56.
Akita, K. (2006). “Orientalism and the Binary of Fact and Fiction in Memoirs of a
Geisha,” Global Media Journal, Vol 5, Issue 9, 1-13.
Ashcroft, B. and Ahluwalia, P. (2009). Edward Said. Second Edition. New York :Routledge.
Atlas, T. (2013, May 31). Iran Increases its Support for Terrorism, U.S. Says.
Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-30/iran-increases-its-support-for-terrorism-u-s-says.html.
A Short History of Hollywood. (2013). Historic Resources Group. Retrieved September 11, 2013, from http://www.historicla.com/hollywood/history. Bal, M. (1997). Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative. Second
Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Balraj, B. M. (2011). “My Name is Khan and I‟m not a Terorrist: Representation of Muslims in „My Name is Khan,‟” Journal of Language and Culture, Vol 2, 91-95.
Beeman, O. W. (2013, November 13). Understanding the Iranian Perspective in Nuclear Negotiations. The World Post. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-o-beeman/understanding-the-iranian_b_4284201.html.
Bressler, C. E. (2007). Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and practice. Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
(3)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Brian, N. (2005). Film and Politics in America: a Social Tradition. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, inc.
Case Study: Iran and the United States. (2013). Institute for Cultural Diplomacy. Retrieved Desember 17, 2013, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org. Company History. (2013). WARNERBROS. Retrieved September 11, 2013, from
http://www.warnerbros.com/studio/about/company-history.html.
Cooper, R. (2013, August 26). CIA Helped Saddam Hussein Carry Out Chemical Weapons Attack on Iran in 1988 Under Ronald Reagan. Mail Online News. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 2402174/CIA-helped-Saddam-Hussein-make-chemical-weapons-attack-Iran-1988-Ronald-Reagan.html.
Davis, L., Mules, W., and Thwaites, T. (1994). Tools for Cultural Study: An Introduction. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd.
Dehghan, K. S. and Taylor, N. R. (2013, August 19). CIA Admits Role in 1953 Iranian Coup. The Guardian. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/cia-admits-role-1953-iranian-coup.
Dobie, A. (2002). Theory Into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism. Second Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Flick, U. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Fourth Edition. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
Fokkema, A. (1991). Postmodern Characters: A Study of characterization in British and American Postmodern Fiction. Available from Google Books Database.
Gray, J. (1996, July 24). Foreigners Investing in Libya or in Iran Face U.S. Sanctions. The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
(4)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/24/world/foreigners-investing-in-libya-or-in-iran-face-us-sanctions.html.
Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying practices. California: Sage Publications inc.
Joneidi, M. (2007, March 16). Iranian Anger at Hollywood „Assault‟. BBC News. Retrieved September 4, 2013, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6455969.stm. Jones, S. (2013, May 15). A History of U.S. Sanctions Against Iran. Retrieved
May 12, 2014, from http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/alliesenemies/a/A-History-Of-U-S-Sanctions-Against-Iran.htm.
Lim, S. K. (2007). “Themes of Western Superiorityin the Last Samurai”, Writting 20, Vol 1, 1-4.
Memarian, O. (2007, March 17). U.S. Funding Armed Groups to Overthrow Iranian Government. Assyrian International News Agency. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.aina.org/news/20070317151234.htm. Moaveni, A. (2007, March 13). 300 Sparks an Outcry in Iran. Times. Retrieved
September 5, 2013, from http://content.time.com/time/world/article.
Murphy, J. (2003, October 23). Beirut Barracks Attack Remembered. CBS News. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/beirut-barracks-attack-remembered/.
Ospina, S. (2004). Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications: London.
Persia. (2013). Ancient Encyclopedia History. Retrieved September 10, 2013, fromhttp://www.ancient.eu.com/Persia/.
Persian Empire. (2013). Princeton Education. Retrieved September 10, 2013,from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Persian_Empire.ht ml.
(5)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Porter, K. (2014). The US-Iranian Relationship. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from http://usforeignpolicy.about.com/od/countryprofi3/p/usiranprofile.htm Said, E. E. (2003). Orientalism. Fifth Edition. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Said, W. E.. (1995). Orientalism: Western Conception of The Orient. Second Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd.
Said, E. E. (1994). An Introduction to Edward Saids’ Orientalism. Vintage. Samii, B. (2005, May 6). World War II -- 60 Years After: The Anglo Soviet
Invasion of Iran and Washington-Teheran Relation. Retrieved May 12, 2013, fromhttp://www.rferl.org/content/article/1058759.html
Scott, C. J. (1977). The Greek and Persian Wars 500-323 BC. England: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
Setzer, T. (1998). The Persian Invasion of Greece. The Circle of Ancient Iranian
Studies. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/History/hakhamaneshian/greece_invasion.htm
Smyth, B. (2007). To Love the Orientalist: Masculinity in Leila Aboulela‟s The Translator, Vol 1, No 2, 170-182.
Stanglin, D. (2014, January 20). U.S. Eases Some Economic Sanctions on Iran.
USA Today. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/01/20/iran-united-states-iaea-economic-sanctions-suspend-uranium-enrichment/4658813/.
Synopsis for 300. (2013). IMDb. Retrieved September 11, 2013, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416449/synopsis?ref_=tt_stry_pl.
Tait, R. (2007, March 14). Iran Accusses Hollywood of „Psychological Warfare‟.
The Guardian. Retrieved September 4, 2013, from
(6)
Imam Ma’ruf Khaerulloh, 2014
The representation of Persians as Villains in an Movie Script “300”: (An Analysis with an Orientalism Perspective by Edward Said)
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Taylor, G. (2013, May 30). Feds Say Iran‟s Support for Terrorism Growing. The
Washington Times. Retrieved February 13, 2014, from
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/may/30/feds-say-irans-support-terrorism-growing/?page=all.
Wilson, C. G. (1988, July 4). Navy Missile Downs Iranian Jetliner. Washington
Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014, from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/longterm/flight801/stories/july 88crash.htm.
Winegar, A. (2006). “Aspects of Orientalism”, The Grey Book, Vol 1, 1.
Zack Snyder Biography. (2013). IMDb. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0811583/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm#trivia.