S GEO 1001911 table of content
DAFTAR ISI
PERNYATAAN .................................................................................................i
ABSTRAK .........................................................................................................ii
KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................iii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ............................................................................iv
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR .........................................................................................xi
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................1
A. Latar Belakang Penelitian .............................................................1
B. Identifikasi Masalah Penelitian ....................................................5
C. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian........................................................5
D. Tujuan Penelitian ..........................................................................6
E. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................6
F. Struktur Organisasi .......................................................................7
BAB II
KAJIAN PUSTAKA .........................................................................9
A. Pengertian Erosi ............................................................................9
B. Proses Terjadinya Erosi ................................................................9
C. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Erosi ...................................11
1. Iklim..............................................................................................11
2. Topografi ......................................................................................12
3. Tanah ............................................................................................14
4. Vegetasi ........................................................................................19
5. Manusia (Pengelolaan Lahan) ......................................................20
D. Dampak Erosi ...............................................................................21
E. Jenis Erosi .....................................................................................22
F. Prediksi Erosi ................................................................................24
1. Erosivitas (R) ................................................................................26
2. Erodibilitas (K) .............................................................................26
3. Faktor Lereng (LS) .......................................................................27
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4. Faktor Vegetasi Penutup Tanah Dan Pengelolaan Tanaman
(C) .................................................................................................28
5. Faktor Tindakan-Tindakan Khusus Konservasi Tanah
(P) .................................................................................................29
G. Tingkat Bahaya Erosi (TBE) ........................................................31
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN......................................................32
A. Lokasi Penelitian ..........................................................................32
B. Desain Penelitian ..........................................................................34
C. Metode Penelitian .........................................................................35
D. Populasi Dan Sampel ....................................................................36
1. Populasi ........................................................................................36
2. Sampel ..........................................................................................36
E. Definisi Operasional .....................................................................40
1. Zonasi ...........................................................................................40
2. Bahaya Erosi .................................................................................40
3. Tingkat Bahaya Erosi ...................................................................40
4. Kecamatan Panumbangan.............................................................40
F. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ...........................................................41
G. Instrumen Penelitian .....................................................................42
H. Teknik Pengolahan Dan Analisis Data .........................................43
1. Analisis Tingkat Bahaya Erosi (TBE) ..........................................43
2. Pemetaan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi ...................................................44
I. Bagan Alur Penelitian ...................................................................45
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN.........................................................46
A. Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................46
1. Kondisi Fisik.................................................................................46
2. Kondisi Sosial ...............................................................................63
3. Survey Lapangan ..........................................................................69
B. Pembahasan Penelitian .................................................................80
1. Perhitungan Besaran Erosi di Kecamatan Panumbangan .............80
2. Bahaya Erosi .................................................................................95
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3. Zonasi Tingkat Bahaya Erosi .......................................................97
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..............................................................101
A. Simpulan .......................................................................................101
B. Saran .............................................................................................103
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1
Penggunaan Lahan Di Kecamatan Panumbangan Tahun 2012 .....4
Tabel 2.1
Klasifikasi Intensitas Hujan ...........................................................12
Tabel 2.2
Klasifikasi Butir-Butir Primer Tanah Menurut Dua Sistem ..........15
Tabel 2.3
Kode Struktur Tanah ......................................................................17
Tabel 2.4
Kode Permeabilitas Profil Tanah ...................................................18
Tabel 2.5
Kode Kandungan Bahan Organik ..................................................19
Tabel 2.6
Dampak Erosi Tanah .....................................................................22
Tabel 2.7
Jenis Erosi Menurut Tiga Ahli .......................................................23
Tabel 2.8
Nilai Faktor C (Pengelolaan Tanaman) .........................................28
Tabel 2.9
Indeks P (Tindakan Konservasi) ....................................................30
Tabel 2.10
Tingkat erosi berdasarkan tebal solum tanah dan besarnya
bahaya erosi ...................................................................................31
Tabel 3.1
Perolehan Sampel Penelitian .........................................................38
Tabel 3.2
Hubungan Antar Variabel ..............................................................41
Tabel 4.1
Luas Desa di Kecamatan Panumbangan ........................................47
Tabel 4.2
Tipe Iklim Menurut Schmidt-Ferguson .........................................50
Tabel 4.3
Data Curah Hujan Di Kecamatan Panumbangan Tahun
2004 – 2013 ...................................................................................51
Tabel 4.4
Jumlah Bulan Kering Dan Bulan Basah Selama 10 Tahun ...........51
Tabel 4.5
Karakteristik Geologi di Kecamatan Panumbangan ......................54
Tabel 4.6
Jenis Tanah di Kecamatan Panumbangan ......................................59
Tabel 4.7
Jumlah Penduduk Dan Kepadatan Penduduk Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................63
Tabel 4.8
Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Jenis Pekerjaan Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................65
Tabel 4.9
Penggunaan Lahan Di Kecamatan Panumbangan Tahun 2012 .....67
Tabel 4.10
Hasil Survey Lokasi 1 (ALL TG) ..................................................69
Tabel 4.11
Hasil Survey Lokasi 2 (ALL KB) ..................................................70
Tabel 4.12
Hasil Survey Lokasi 3 (ALL ST) ...................................................71
iv
Tabel 4.13
Hasil Survey Lokasi 4 (AND KB) .................................................71
Tabel 4.14
Hasil Survey Lokasi 5 (AND ST) ..................................................72
Tabel 4.15
Hasil Survey Lokasi 6 (AND TG) .................................................73
Tabel 4.16
Hasil Survey Lokasi 7 (AND SB)..................................................74
Tabel 4.17
Hasil Survey Lokasi 8 (LAT ST) ...................................................74
Tabel 4.18
Hasil Survey Lokasi 9 (ALL SI) ....................................................75
Tabel 4.19
Hasil Survey Lokasi 10 (LAT SI) ..................................................76
Tabel 4.20
Hasil Survey Lokasi 11 (LAT SB) ................................................76
Tabel 4.21
Hasil Survey Lokasi 12 (LAT KB) ................................................77
Tabel 4.22
Hasil Survey Lokasi 13 (LAT TG) ................................................78
Tabel 4.23
Hasil Survey Lokasi 14 (ALL SB) ................................................78
Tabel 4.24
Hasil Survey Lokasi 15 (AND HT) ...............................................79
Tabel 4.25
Hasil Survey Lokasi 16 (LAT HT) ................................................80
Tabel 4.26
Data Curah Hujan Rata-Rata Bulanan ...........................................81
Tabel 4.27
Data Hari Hujan Bulanan ...............................................................82
Tabel 4.28
Data Curah Hujan Maksimal Bulanan ...........................................82
Tabel 4.29
Perhitungan Erosivitas (R) .............................................................83
Tabel 4.30
Perhitungan Erodibilitas (K) ..........................................................86
Tabel 4.31
Perhitungan Faktor Lereng (LS) ....................................................88
Tabel 4.32
Perhitungan Nilai C .......................................................................89
Tabel 4.33
Perhitungan Nilai P ........................................................................91
Tabel 4.34
Perhitungan Besar Erosi Potensial Per Satuan Lahan Di
Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............................................................92
Tabel 4.35
Perhitungan Besar Erosi Aktual Per Satuan Lahan Di
Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............................................................93
Tabel 4.36
Kelas Bahaya Erosi ........................................................................95
Tabel 4.37
Kelas Bahaya Erosi Per Satuan Lahan Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................96
Tabel 4.38
Perhitungan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi Di Kecamatan Panumbangan.97
Tabel 4.39
Sebaran Tingkat Bahaya Erosi Tiap Desa Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................98
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Skema proses terjadinya erosi tanah ..............................................10
Gambar 2.2 Hubungan antara kecuraman lereng dengan aliran permukaan
dan erosi .........................................................................................14
Gambar 2.3 Diagram segitiga tekstur tanah dan nama 12 kelas tekstur ............16
Gambar 3.1 Peta administratif Kecamatan Panumbangan ................................33
Gambar 3.2 Peta satuan lahan Kecamatan Panumbangan .................................37
Gambar 3.3 Peta titik lokasi penelitian Kecamatan Panumbangan ...................39
Gambar 3.4 Bagan alur penelitian .....................................................................45
Gambar 4.1 Diagram perbandingan luas wilayah Desa di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................47
Gambar 4.2 Diagram curah hujan bulan basah, bulan kering dan bulan
Lembap ..........................................................................................52
Gambar 4.3 Diagram lingkaran luas lahan geologi Kecamatan Panumbangan.54
Gambar 4.4 Peta geologi Kecamatan Panumbangan .........................................55
Gambar 4.5 Peta kontur Kecamatan Panumbangan ..........................................57
Gambar 4.6 Peta kelas kemiringan lereng Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............58
Gambar 4.7 Diagram lingkaran luas jenis tanah Kecamatan Panumbangan .....59
Gambar 4.8 Peta jenis tanah Kecamatan Panumbangan ....................................60
Gambar 4.9 Peta aliran sungai Kecamatan Panumbangan ................................62
Gambar 4.10 Diagram kepadatan penduduk tiap desa di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................64
Gambar 4.11 Diagram jumlah penduduk menurut jenis pekerjaan di
Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............................................................66
Gambar 4.12 Peta penggunaan lahan Kecamatan Panumbangan ........................68
Gambar 4.13 Diagram perbandingan besar erosi potensial dengan besar erosi
aktual per satuan lahan di Kecamatan Panumbangan ....................94
Gambar 4.14 Diagram perbandingan besar erosi potensial dengan besar erosi
aktual keseluruhan di Kecamatan Panumbangan...........................94
Gambar 4.15 Peta tingkat bahaya erosi Kecamatan Panumbangan .....................100
6
PERNYATAAN .................................................................................................i
ABSTRAK .........................................................................................................ii
KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................iii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ............................................................................iv
DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR .........................................................................................xi
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................1
A. Latar Belakang Penelitian .............................................................1
B. Identifikasi Masalah Penelitian ....................................................5
C. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian........................................................5
D. Tujuan Penelitian ..........................................................................6
E. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................6
F. Struktur Organisasi .......................................................................7
BAB II
KAJIAN PUSTAKA .........................................................................9
A. Pengertian Erosi ............................................................................9
B. Proses Terjadinya Erosi ................................................................9
C. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Erosi ...................................11
1. Iklim..............................................................................................11
2. Topografi ......................................................................................12
3. Tanah ............................................................................................14
4. Vegetasi ........................................................................................19
5. Manusia (Pengelolaan Lahan) ......................................................20
D. Dampak Erosi ...............................................................................21
E. Jenis Erosi .....................................................................................22
F. Prediksi Erosi ................................................................................24
1. Erosivitas (R) ................................................................................26
2. Erodibilitas (K) .............................................................................26
3. Faktor Lereng (LS) .......................................................................27
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4. Faktor Vegetasi Penutup Tanah Dan Pengelolaan Tanaman
(C) .................................................................................................28
5. Faktor Tindakan-Tindakan Khusus Konservasi Tanah
(P) .................................................................................................29
G. Tingkat Bahaya Erosi (TBE) ........................................................31
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN......................................................32
A. Lokasi Penelitian ..........................................................................32
B. Desain Penelitian ..........................................................................34
C. Metode Penelitian .........................................................................35
D. Populasi Dan Sampel ....................................................................36
1. Populasi ........................................................................................36
2. Sampel ..........................................................................................36
E. Definisi Operasional .....................................................................40
1. Zonasi ...........................................................................................40
2. Bahaya Erosi .................................................................................40
3. Tingkat Bahaya Erosi ...................................................................40
4. Kecamatan Panumbangan.............................................................40
F. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ...........................................................41
G. Instrumen Penelitian .....................................................................42
H. Teknik Pengolahan Dan Analisis Data .........................................43
1. Analisis Tingkat Bahaya Erosi (TBE) ..........................................43
2. Pemetaan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi ...................................................44
I. Bagan Alur Penelitian ...................................................................45
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN.........................................................46
A. Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................46
1. Kondisi Fisik.................................................................................46
2. Kondisi Sosial ...............................................................................63
3. Survey Lapangan ..........................................................................69
B. Pembahasan Penelitian .................................................................80
1. Perhitungan Besaran Erosi di Kecamatan Panumbangan .............80
2. Bahaya Erosi .................................................................................95
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3. Zonasi Tingkat Bahaya Erosi .......................................................97
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..............................................................101
A. Simpulan .......................................................................................101
B. Saran .............................................................................................103
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................
LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1
Penggunaan Lahan Di Kecamatan Panumbangan Tahun 2012 .....4
Tabel 2.1
Klasifikasi Intensitas Hujan ...........................................................12
Tabel 2.2
Klasifikasi Butir-Butir Primer Tanah Menurut Dua Sistem ..........15
Tabel 2.3
Kode Struktur Tanah ......................................................................17
Tabel 2.4
Kode Permeabilitas Profil Tanah ...................................................18
Tabel 2.5
Kode Kandungan Bahan Organik ..................................................19
Tabel 2.6
Dampak Erosi Tanah .....................................................................22
Tabel 2.7
Jenis Erosi Menurut Tiga Ahli .......................................................23
Tabel 2.8
Nilai Faktor C (Pengelolaan Tanaman) .........................................28
Tabel 2.9
Indeks P (Tindakan Konservasi) ....................................................30
Tabel 2.10
Tingkat erosi berdasarkan tebal solum tanah dan besarnya
bahaya erosi ...................................................................................31
Tabel 3.1
Perolehan Sampel Penelitian .........................................................38
Tabel 3.2
Hubungan Antar Variabel ..............................................................41
Tabel 4.1
Luas Desa di Kecamatan Panumbangan ........................................47
Tabel 4.2
Tipe Iklim Menurut Schmidt-Ferguson .........................................50
Tabel 4.3
Data Curah Hujan Di Kecamatan Panumbangan Tahun
2004 – 2013 ...................................................................................51
Tabel 4.4
Jumlah Bulan Kering Dan Bulan Basah Selama 10 Tahun ...........51
Tabel 4.5
Karakteristik Geologi di Kecamatan Panumbangan ......................54
Tabel 4.6
Jenis Tanah di Kecamatan Panumbangan ......................................59
Tabel 4.7
Jumlah Penduduk Dan Kepadatan Penduduk Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................63
Tabel 4.8
Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Jenis Pekerjaan Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................65
Tabel 4.9
Penggunaan Lahan Di Kecamatan Panumbangan Tahun 2012 .....67
Tabel 4.10
Hasil Survey Lokasi 1 (ALL TG) ..................................................69
Tabel 4.11
Hasil Survey Lokasi 2 (ALL KB) ..................................................70
Tabel 4.12
Hasil Survey Lokasi 3 (ALL ST) ...................................................71
iv
Tabel 4.13
Hasil Survey Lokasi 4 (AND KB) .................................................71
Tabel 4.14
Hasil Survey Lokasi 5 (AND ST) ..................................................72
Tabel 4.15
Hasil Survey Lokasi 6 (AND TG) .................................................73
Tabel 4.16
Hasil Survey Lokasi 7 (AND SB)..................................................74
Tabel 4.17
Hasil Survey Lokasi 8 (LAT ST) ...................................................74
Tabel 4.18
Hasil Survey Lokasi 9 (ALL SI) ....................................................75
Tabel 4.19
Hasil Survey Lokasi 10 (LAT SI) ..................................................76
Tabel 4.20
Hasil Survey Lokasi 11 (LAT SB) ................................................76
Tabel 4.21
Hasil Survey Lokasi 12 (LAT KB) ................................................77
Tabel 4.22
Hasil Survey Lokasi 13 (LAT TG) ................................................78
Tabel 4.23
Hasil Survey Lokasi 14 (ALL SB) ................................................78
Tabel 4.24
Hasil Survey Lokasi 15 (AND HT) ...............................................79
Tabel 4.25
Hasil Survey Lokasi 16 (LAT HT) ................................................80
Tabel 4.26
Data Curah Hujan Rata-Rata Bulanan ...........................................81
Tabel 4.27
Data Hari Hujan Bulanan ...............................................................82
Tabel 4.28
Data Curah Hujan Maksimal Bulanan ...........................................82
Tabel 4.29
Perhitungan Erosivitas (R) .............................................................83
Tabel 4.30
Perhitungan Erodibilitas (K) ..........................................................86
Tabel 4.31
Perhitungan Faktor Lereng (LS) ....................................................88
Tabel 4.32
Perhitungan Nilai C .......................................................................89
Tabel 4.33
Perhitungan Nilai P ........................................................................91
Tabel 4.34
Perhitungan Besar Erosi Potensial Per Satuan Lahan Di
Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............................................................92
Tabel 4.35
Perhitungan Besar Erosi Aktual Per Satuan Lahan Di
Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............................................................93
Tabel 4.36
Kelas Bahaya Erosi ........................................................................95
Tabel 4.37
Kelas Bahaya Erosi Per Satuan Lahan Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................96
Tabel 4.38
Perhitungan Tingkat Bahaya Erosi Di Kecamatan Panumbangan.97
Tabel 4.39
Sebaran Tingkat Bahaya Erosi Tiap Desa Di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................98
Anggi Nurdiansyah, 2015
ZONASI TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI KECAMATAN PANUMBANGAN, KABUPATEN CIAMIS
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Skema proses terjadinya erosi tanah ..............................................10
Gambar 2.2 Hubungan antara kecuraman lereng dengan aliran permukaan
dan erosi .........................................................................................14
Gambar 2.3 Diagram segitiga tekstur tanah dan nama 12 kelas tekstur ............16
Gambar 3.1 Peta administratif Kecamatan Panumbangan ................................33
Gambar 3.2 Peta satuan lahan Kecamatan Panumbangan .................................37
Gambar 3.3 Peta titik lokasi penelitian Kecamatan Panumbangan ...................39
Gambar 3.4 Bagan alur penelitian .....................................................................45
Gambar 4.1 Diagram perbandingan luas wilayah Desa di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................47
Gambar 4.2 Diagram curah hujan bulan basah, bulan kering dan bulan
Lembap ..........................................................................................52
Gambar 4.3 Diagram lingkaran luas lahan geologi Kecamatan Panumbangan.54
Gambar 4.4 Peta geologi Kecamatan Panumbangan .........................................55
Gambar 4.5 Peta kontur Kecamatan Panumbangan ..........................................57
Gambar 4.6 Peta kelas kemiringan lereng Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............58
Gambar 4.7 Diagram lingkaran luas jenis tanah Kecamatan Panumbangan .....59
Gambar 4.8 Peta jenis tanah Kecamatan Panumbangan ....................................60
Gambar 4.9 Peta aliran sungai Kecamatan Panumbangan ................................62
Gambar 4.10 Diagram kepadatan penduduk tiap desa di Kecamatan
Panumbangan .................................................................................64
Gambar 4.11 Diagram jumlah penduduk menurut jenis pekerjaan di
Kecamatan Panumbangan ..............................................................66
Gambar 4.12 Peta penggunaan lahan Kecamatan Panumbangan ........................68
Gambar 4.13 Diagram perbandingan besar erosi potensial dengan besar erosi
aktual per satuan lahan di Kecamatan Panumbangan ....................94
Gambar 4.14 Diagram perbandingan besar erosi potensial dengan besar erosi
aktual keseluruhan di Kecamatan Panumbangan...........................94
Gambar 4.15 Peta tingkat bahaya erosi Kecamatan Panumbangan .....................100
6