Slide TSP308 TSP 308 002 Metoda dan Peralatan Konstruksi

Lecture 2

PLANNING & EARTHMOVING
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
TSP-308 MPK

Ferdinand Fassa

OUTLINE
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PREPARATION WORK
INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

EARTHMOVING MATERIALS
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK
SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS
EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
MASS DIAGRAM
PROBLEMS
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PREPARATION WORK (1)
Objectives
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Prepare the site ready for construction activities

Scope of Works
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(Surface &) Sub-surface Exploration
Site Clearing
(Unhook utilities)
(Demolition)
Staking Out
Grading
Earth work

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PREPARATION WORK (2)
Surface & Subsurface Exploration
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Visual inspection
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identification of major obstacle, location of utilities, etc.)
(sometimes reliance to as built drawing just is not
adequate)
Rough measurement

Soil test
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Hand boring, test holes

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PREPARATION WORK (3)
Site Clearing
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Unhook utility lines (electricity, gas, water, telephone)

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Demolition of Existing Buildings
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Hand (manual) dismantling

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Tractor w/ grapple

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Dozing

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Explosive

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Wrecking balls

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Remove Tress

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Remove shrubs and vegetation
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PREPARATION WORK (4)
Surveying and Staking Out

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Temporary Post

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Board (fixed marks)

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Corner Excavation

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Theodolite Positioning

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Elevation Setting

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Elevation Setting

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Depth Control

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PREPARATION WORK (5)
Digital Geodetic Surveying, Mapping, and Planning:
mapping a vast area

Geo-Satellite

Coordinate Geometry
(COGO)

Digital Surveying
with GPS

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INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING (1)
Earthmoving process is the process of moving soil or rock from one
location to another and processing it so that it meets construction
requirements of location, elevation, density and moisture content.
Activities involved in this process include:
 Excavating
 Loading
 Hauling
 Placing (dumping and spreading)
 Compacting
 Grading and finishing

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INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING (2)
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GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK (1)
 Plan View
 Profile View (Potongan Memanjang)
 Cross Section View (Potongan Melintang)

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GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF EARTHWORK (2)

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SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS (1)
Three Principal Soil Conditions:
 Bank: Called “In –Place” Material in its natural state before disturbance unit
volume  Bank Cubic Yard (BCY) or Bank Cubic Meter (BCM)
 Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded  Loose Cubic Yard
(LCY) or Loose Cubic Meter (LCM)
 Compacted: Material after compaction  Compacted Cubic Yard (CCY) or
Compacted Cubic Meter (CCM)

Swell: Soil increase in volume when it is excavated (soil grains loose an air fills
the void spaces created)
Shrinkage
Load Factor is a conversion factor to simplify the conversion of loose volume to
bank volume
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Soil’s Volumetric Changes

BANK

SHRINK
SWELL

Swell (%) =

bank unit weight
( loose
- 1)
unit weight

x 100%

LOOSE

Swell Factor (SwF) =

COMPACTED

loose dry unit weight
bank dry unit weight

Shrinkage Factor (ShF) =

Shrinkage (%) =

compacted dry unit weight
bank dry unit weight

(compacted dry unit weight) – (bank unit weight)
compacted unit weight

Load Factor (LF) = Swell Factor (SwF)

x 100%

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Example

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Example

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Earth Work Calculation
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Excavate/dig or (back) fill actual ground level to
desired Level
Average End Method (ditch/trench excavation)
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Vol. = (A1 + A2) / 2 x L

Large Area
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Ave. Depth = [S depth x weight] / S weight
Volume
= Ave. Depth x Area

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Ditch / Trench Excavations
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Average End Method
Vol. = (A1 + A2)/2 x L
A2

A1
L

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Land Excavation /Filling (grid system)

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Find the volume of excavation required for the area shown in
figure below. The figure at each grid inter-section represents the
depth of cut at that location
AVE. DEPTH = [1xCP + 2xBP + 4xIP]/TP
VOL. = L x L x AVE. DEPTH

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Problem:

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