Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:J-a:Journal of Asian Earth Science:Vol18.Issue5.2000:
Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis as
biogeochemical indicators for copper deposits in ElazõgÏ, Turkey
Zeynep OÈzdemir a,*, Ahmet SagÏõrogÏlu b
a
Environmental Department, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
b
Geology Department, Firat university, ElazõgÏ, Turkey
Received in revised form 6 August 1999; accepted 15 September 1999
Abstract
The ¯ora of Maden C° ayõ valley grows in a soil medium which is heavily contaminated with Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and other metals
derived from waste discharges to the Maden C° ayõ (stream) from the Maden Cu Mining works. Soil, water and plant samples
were collected from 47 sites (mostly along the Maden C° ayõ valley) and analysed for copper. In all the plant species, Cu was
concentrated more in the twigs of the plants than in their leaves and ¯owers. Correlation coecients (r ) were calculated for the
correlation between the concentrations of Cu in the twigs of plants and those of the corresponding soil. Statistics of correlation
were as follows: Salix acmophylla r = 0.93 (n = 19, P < 0.01), Tamarix smyrnensis r = 0.93 (n = 20, P < 0.01) and Phragmites
australis r = 0.72 (n = 18, P < 0.01). Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis are therefore good
indicators of the copper concentrations in the soil and these species could be successfully used for biogeochemical prospecting.
These species are typical and common species of the semi-arid Anatolian climate. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
1. Introduction
Biogeochemical methods of prospecting involve the
chemical analysis of vegetation in order to detect mineralization in the underlying substrate (Go et al.,
1985). There are probably more plant indicators for
copper than for any other element and the reputation
of such indicators has, in some cases, been established
for over a century (Brooks, 1979). The literature on
this topic includes papers by Yates et al. (1974), Chaffee and Gale (1976), Brooks et al. (1978, 1995) and
Tiagi and Aery (1986).
The Maden C° ayõ valley is situated 70 km southeast
of ElazõgÏ and crosses the township of Maden (Fig. 1).
The area is mountainous and thinly-populated. Vegetation is sparse and only stream valleys are conducive
* Corresponding author. Fax: +0-324-3610-032.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. OÈzdemir).
to plant growth. The climate is typical semi-arid continental (hot and dry summers, cold and rainy winters).
This area is famous for its Cu and Cr deposits. The
copper mines of Maden Anayatak have been exploited
since 2000 B.C., and with modern methods since 1939.
Overburden, slags, ¯otation wastes and ground waters
from the mine are discharged into the Maden C° ayõ
(stream) without any treatment. Therefore, the plants
in the valley of the stream have grown in an environment heavily contaminated with metals. Plants that
grow in such an environment should be able to maximize metal content and from their analysis it should
be possible to determine the optimum plant species for
biogeochemical prospecting. The plants of the Maden
C° ayõ valley are a common species of Anatolia and a
promising species used extensively for prospecting
(OÈzdemir, 1996). This study investigates Cu concentrations in soil, water and dierent organs of plants of
the Maden C° ayõ valley. The aim was to determine the
plant species that concentrate high amounts of Cu in
their organs. The approach was to collect water, soil
1367-9120/00/$ - see front matter 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 3 6 7 - 9 1 2 0 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 6 5 - 6
596
Z. OÈzdemir, A. SagÏõrogÏlu / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
and plant samples from 47 sites and analyse them for
Cu. Analytical data were to be evaluated and the
species with high plant/soil correlation values determined.
2. Geology
The Maden area is situated in the Southeastern
Thrust Belt, a geotectonic unit aected by south±north
compression and characterised by many north-dipping
thrust zones (according to Aktas° and Robertson, 1984;
``imbricitic zone'').
The geology of the Maden area can be summarized
as follows: Two geological units cover most of the
area. These are: Guleman Ophiolites and Maden Complex (Fig. 2). Guleman Ophiolites are composed of
peridotites, gabbros, sheeted dykes and pillow lavas
and bear many alpine-type chromite bodies. Emplacement age of the ophiolites is estimated as Upper Cretaceous. The Eocene Maden Complex unconformably
overlies the ophiolites. The complex is composed of
rocks that are sedimentary (sandstone, marl, limestone,
mudstone), volcano±sedimentary and volcanic±subvolcanic (diabase, diabase breccia, andesite and basaltic
andesite). The main volcanic bodies are products of
submarine volcanism and hosts for Cyprus Type pyritic copper deposits (Bamba, 1976; Aktas and Robertson, 1984; UÈstuÈntas° and SagÏõrogÏlu, 1993).
The investigated area is situated across the Maden
township of ElazõgÏ province in Eastern Turkey (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Location map of the area studied.
Maden C° ayõ (stream) cuts across the whole Maden
area and therefore is the most important discharge
passage. The area has very rough morphology where
peaks around 1500 m high are separated by deep valleys with mainly seasonal streams. Having a semi-arid
inland climate, the area is poorly vegetated and the
vegetation is con®ned to stream valleys only.
3. Materials and methods
Samples were collected along the Maden C° ayõ valley
(Fig. 2) and at places with similar lithologies but without any pollution. Forty sites were selected: 36 along
the Maden C° ayõ valley (®ve sites before a discharge
point and 31 sites after the discharge), one at Sordar
C° ayõ valley, and three in Malatya provice (150 km
northwest of Maden town). During 1993 (sample numbers; 21, 22, 23), 1994 (31, 32, 33) and 1995 (41, 42,
43) more than 300 plant tissues (as twigs, leaves, ¯owers) of 42 species were collected at these sites. Plants
were identi®ed by reference to the work of Davis
(1965±1985). At each site, a soil sample was collected
from a depth of about 20±25 cm, soils were screened
and the 2 mm fractions taken. In order to eliminate
eects of metal enrichment from rotten leaves and
coarse slag particles, the water samples were ®ltered
and then placed in 1 l polyethylene bottles and 3 ml of
concentrated HNO3 was added to avoid precipitation
of dissolved ions.
Dried plant samples (2.00 g) were placed in porcelain crucibles and reduced to ash in a mue furnace
with a 508C/h increase rate over 10 h at a maximum
temperature of 5508C. Ashed samples were cooled and
weighed. Nitric acid (1:1) was added to the ash at 5 ml
per sample and then evaporated in an oven. The residue was redissolved in 5 ml of 6 M HCl and diluted to
25 ml by adding deionized water. The solution was
analyzed for Cu with a Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (324.5 nm; PU 9100X Philips). The
method used was as described by Benton and Jones
(1984) and Rose et al. (1979).
Dried soil samples (0.100 g) were placed in polyethylene crucibles and 10 ml of concentrated HF+HNO3
(1:1) mixture added and the sample heated in a water
bath until dry. After the evaporation 7 ml of HCl (1:1)
was added and the evaporation was repeated. The residue was dissolved in 7 ml of 6 M HCl and diluted to
25 ml by adding deionized water (Brooks et al., 1992;
Rose et al., 1979). At least four solutions were prepared and analyzed from the same sample and mean
values were taken. The solutions were analyzed as for
Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn with a Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (324.5; 279.5; 248.3 and 213.9 nm,
respectively). The water samples were analyzed for Cu
Z. OÈzdemir, A. SagÏõrogÏlu / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
directly by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Rand, 1975).
4. Results and discussion
The Cu concentrations of stream water were 0.01).
b
the discharge point (the Cu concentration in soil was
6643 mg/g site 32) were 590, 780 and 560 mg/g for
Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites
australis, respectively. The Cu concentration of these
plants in a similar geological environment in Malatya
province were 119, 36 and 27 mg/g for Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis,
respectively. These values are considered background
for the area.
In addition to the above mentioned species, there
were no signi®cant plant±soil correlations for Salix
alba L., Platanus orientalis L., Populus nigra L., Vitis
sylvestris Gmelin, Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Rubus
sanctus Schreber, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Artemisya
vulgaris L., Rumex crispus L., Salix armenorossica
A.Sky, Anchusa azurea Miller, Carex acuta L. and
Xantum strumoisa L.
In all the species, metal uptake decreases with the
increasing soil metal contents. Therefore, in this
work, plant/soil metal concentration quotients are
more important. Copper in the twigs of Tamarix
smyrnensis, Salix acmophylla and Phragmites australis showed a signi®cant plant/soil relationship.
Inspection of Fig. 7 shows Tamarix smyrnens more
sensitive to Cu than are Salix acmophylla and
Phragmites australis.
A study of interelemental relationships in vegetation,
was prompted by two main considerations. The ®rst
was to see if the signi®cance of any relationship found
for one element in a plant could be improved by
including its interaction with another element. The second was to examine the degree to which leaves and
twigs of a given species have similar amounts of a particular element and could, thereby, be mutually
exchangeable in the course of biogeochemical prospecting.
Interelemental relationships for pairs of elements in
plants and soil are shown in Table 2. The data for soil
show that although there is a signi®cant (or very
highly signi®cant) relationship between Cu in Salix
Fig. 5. The relationship between the concentration of copper in the
soil and in Tamarix smyrnensis twigs.
Fig. 6. The relationship between the concentration of copper in the
soil and in Phragmites australis twigs.
Fig. 7. The relationship between the concentration of copper in the
soil and three plant species.
Z. OÈzdemir, A. SagÏõrogÏlu / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis, and Fe in soil, there are non signi®cant (P >
0.05) relationships betwen Cu in three of these indicator plant and other elements (Zn and Mn) in soil.
It is concluded that the copper content in the twigs
of Tamarix smyrnensis, Phragmites australis and Salix
acmophylla is a good indicator of the copper content
of the soil and these species could be successfully used
for further biogeochemical prospecting. These species
are quite common in inland Anatolia as well as in
Eastern Anatolia.
Acknowledgements
.
We are grateful to Prof. Dr. B.yõldõz of õnonuÈ University (Turkey) for oering many suggestions and
improving the manuscript.
References
Aktas° , G., Robertson, H.F., 1984. The Maden Complex, SE Turkey:
Evolution of a Neotethyan active margin; The Geological
Evolution of the Eastern Mediteranean. Spec. Publ. of the Geol.
Soc. Edinburgh 17, 375±402.
Bamba, T., 1976. GuÈneydogÏu Anadolu Ergani Maden boÈlgesi
ofõyolit ve ilgili bakõr yatagÏõ. Bulletin of MTA 86, 35±49 (in
Turkish).
Benton, J., Jones, R., 1984. Developments in the measurument of
trace metal in foods, Anal. Food. Con. 12, 157±206.
Brooks, R.R., Wither, E.D., Westra, L.Y., 1978. Biogeochemical
601
copper anomalies on salajar Island Indonesia. Journal of
Geochemical Exploration 10, 181±188.
Brooks, R.R., 1979. Indicator plants for mineral prospecting Ð a
critique. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 12, 67±78.
Brooks, R.R., Baker, A.J.M., Malaõsse, F., 1992. Copper ¯owers.
National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 (3), 338±351.
Brooks, R.R., Dunn, C.E., Hall, G.E.M., 1995. Bological Systems in
Mineral Exploration and Processing. Ellis Horwood Limited, 538
pp.
Chaee, M.A., Gale III, C.W., 1976. The California poppy
(Eschscholtzia maxicana ) as a copper indicator plant Ð a new
example. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 5, 59±63.
Davis, P.H. (Ed.), 1965±1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean
Island, vol. 1. Univ. press, Edinburgh.
Go, S., Brooks, R.R., Naidu, S.D., Coppard, E., 1985. Delineation
of potentially auriferous quartz reefs by analysis of the bark of
Pinus radiata (Monterey Pine). Journal of Geochemical
Exploration 24, 273±280.
.
GuÈr, F., TuÈmen, F., Bildik, M., 1994. Ergani Fe õs° letmeleri ¯otasyon
atõklarõnõn Maden C° ayõ nõn kirlenmesindeki roluÈ. F.UÈ. Fen ve
MuÈh. Bilimleri Dergisi, ElazõgÏ 6 (1), 67±87.
OÈzdemir, Z. 1996. Maden C° ayõ (ElazõgÏ) boyunca biyojeokimyasal
anomalilerin incelenmesi, Ph.D. Thesis, Firat University, Turkey.
Rand, M.C., 1975. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 14th ed. APHA-AWWA-WPCF, Washington.
Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., Webb, J.S., 1979. Geochemistry in
Mineral Exploration, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York, p. 657.
Tiagi, Y.D., Aery, N.C., 1986. Biogeochemical studies at the Khetri
copper deposits of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Geochemical
Exploration 26, 267±274.
UÈstuÈntas° , A., SagÏõrogÏlu, A., 1993. Zahuran±Maden ElazõgÏ Pritik Cu
Cevherles° mesi. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 36, 179±189 (in
Turkish).
Yates, T.E., Brooks, R.R., Boswell, C.R., 1974. Biochemical exploration at Coppermine Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal
of Science 17, 151±159.
Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis as
biogeochemical indicators for copper deposits in ElazõgÏ, Turkey
Zeynep OÈzdemir a,*, Ahmet SagÏõrogÏlu b
a
Environmental Department, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
b
Geology Department, Firat university, ElazõgÏ, Turkey
Received in revised form 6 August 1999; accepted 15 September 1999
Abstract
The ¯ora of Maden C° ayõ valley grows in a soil medium which is heavily contaminated with Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and other metals
derived from waste discharges to the Maden C° ayõ (stream) from the Maden Cu Mining works. Soil, water and plant samples
were collected from 47 sites (mostly along the Maden C° ayõ valley) and analysed for copper. In all the plant species, Cu was
concentrated more in the twigs of the plants than in their leaves and ¯owers. Correlation coecients (r ) were calculated for the
correlation between the concentrations of Cu in the twigs of plants and those of the corresponding soil. Statistics of correlation
were as follows: Salix acmophylla r = 0.93 (n = 19, P < 0.01), Tamarix smyrnensis r = 0.93 (n = 20, P < 0.01) and Phragmites
australis r = 0.72 (n = 18, P < 0.01). Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis are therefore good
indicators of the copper concentrations in the soil and these species could be successfully used for biogeochemical prospecting.
These species are typical and common species of the semi-arid Anatolian climate. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
1. Introduction
Biogeochemical methods of prospecting involve the
chemical analysis of vegetation in order to detect mineralization in the underlying substrate (Go et al.,
1985). There are probably more plant indicators for
copper than for any other element and the reputation
of such indicators has, in some cases, been established
for over a century (Brooks, 1979). The literature on
this topic includes papers by Yates et al. (1974), Chaffee and Gale (1976), Brooks et al. (1978, 1995) and
Tiagi and Aery (1986).
The Maden C° ayõ valley is situated 70 km southeast
of ElazõgÏ and crosses the township of Maden (Fig. 1).
The area is mountainous and thinly-populated. Vegetation is sparse and only stream valleys are conducive
* Corresponding author. Fax: +0-324-3610-032.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. OÈzdemir).
to plant growth. The climate is typical semi-arid continental (hot and dry summers, cold and rainy winters).
This area is famous for its Cu and Cr deposits. The
copper mines of Maden Anayatak have been exploited
since 2000 B.C., and with modern methods since 1939.
Overburden, slags, ¯otation wastes and ground waters
from the mine are discharged into the Maden C° ayõ
(stream) without any treatment. Therefore, the plants
in the valley of the stream have grown in an environment heavily contaminated with metals. Plants that
grow in such an environment should be able to maximize metal content and from their analysis it should
be possible to determine the optimum plant species for
biogeochemical prospecting. The plants of the Maden
C° ayõ valley are a common species of Anatolia and a
promising species used extensively for prospecting
(OÈzdemir, 1996). This study investigates Cu concentrations in soil, water and dierent organs of plants of
the Maden C° ayõ valley. The aim was to determine the
plant species that concentrate high amounts of Cu in
their organs. The approach was to collect water, soil
1367-9120/00/$ - see front matter 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 3 6 7 - 9 1 2 0 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 6 5 - 6
596
Z. OÈzdemir, A. SagÏõrogÏlu / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
and plant samples from 47 sites and analyse them for
Cu. Analytical data were to be evaluated and the
species with high plant/soil correlation values determined.
2. Geology
The Maden area is situated in the Southeastern
Thrust Belt, a geotectonic unit aected by south±north
compression and characterised by many north-dipping
thrust zones (according to Aktas° and Robertson, 1984;
``imbricitic zone'').
The geology of the Maden area can be summarized
as follows: Two geological units cover most of the
area. These are: Guleman Ophiolites and Maden Complex (Fig. 2). Guleman Ophiolites are composed of
peridotites, gabbros, sheeted dykes and pillow lavas
and bear many alpine-type chromite bodies. Emplacement age of the ophiolites is estimated as Upper Cretaceous. The Eocene Maden Complex unconformably
overlies the ophiolites. The complex is composed of
rocks that are sedimentary (sandstone, marl, limestone,
mudstone), volcano±sedimentary and volcanic±subvolcanic (diabase, diabase breccia, andesite and basaltic
andesite). The main volcanic bodies are products of
submarine volcanism and hosts for Cyprus Type pyritic copper deposits (Bamba, 1976; Aktas and Robertson, 1984; UÈstuÈntas° and SagÏõrogÏlu, 1993).
The investigated area is situated across the Maden
township of ElazõgÏ province in Eastern Turkey (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Location map of the area studied.
Maden C° ayõ (stream) cuts across the whole Maden
area and therefore is the most important discharge
passage. The area has very rough morphology where
peaks around 1500 m high are separated by deep valleys with mainly seasonal streams. Having a semi-arid
inland climate, the area is poorly vegetated and the
vegetation is con®ned to stream valleys only.
3. Materials and methods
Samples were collected along the Maden C° ayõ valley
(Fig. 2) and at places with similar lithologies but without any pollution. Forty sites were selected: 36 along
the Maden C° ayõ valley (®ve sites before a discharge
point and 31 sites after the discharge), one at Sordar
C° ayõ valley, and three in Malatya provice (150 km
northwest of Maden town). During 1993 (sample numbers; 21, 22, 23), 1994 (31, 32, 33) and 1995 (41, 42,
43) more than 300 plant tissues (as twigs, leaves, ¯owers) of 42 species were collected at these sites. Plants
were identi®ed by reference to the work of Davis
(1965±1985). At each site, a soil sample was collected
from a depth of about 20±25 cm, soils were screened
and the 2 mm fractions taken. In order to eliminate
eects of metal enrichment from rotten leaves and
coarse slag particles, the water samples were ®ltered
and then placed in 1 l polyethylene bottles and 3 ml of
concentrated HNO3 was added to avoid precipitation
of dissolved ions.
Dried plant samples (2.00 g) were placed in porcelain crucibles and reduced to ash in a mue furnace
with a 508C/h increase rate over 10 h at a maximum
temperature of 5508C. Ashed samples were cooled and
weighed. Nitric acid (1:1) was added to the ash at 5 ml
per sample and then evaporated in an oven. The residue was redissolved in 5 ml of 6 M HCl and diluted to
25 ml by adding deionized water. The solution was
analyzed for Cu with a Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (324.5 nm; PU 9100X Philips). The
method used was as described by Benton and Jones
(1984) and Rose et al. (1979).
Dried soil samples (0.100 g) were placed in polyethylene crucibles and 10 ml of concentrated HF+HNO3
(1:1) mixture added and the sample heated in a water
bath until dry. After the evaporation 7 ml of HCl (1:1)
was added and the evaporation was repeated. The residue was dissolved in 7 ml of 6 M HCl and diluted to
25 ml by adding deionized water (Brooks et al., 1992;
Rose et al., 1979). At least four solutions were prepared and analyzed from the same sample and mean
values were taken. The solutions were analyzed as for
Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn with a Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (324.5; 279.5; 248.3 and 213.9 nm,
respectively). The water samples were analyzed for Cu
Z. OÈzdemir, A. SagÏõrogÏlu / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
directly by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Rand, 1975).
4. Results and discussion
The Cu concentrations of stream water were 0.01).
b
the discharge point (the Cu concentration in soil was
6643 mg/g site 32) were 590, 780 and 560 mg/g for
Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites
australis, respectively. The Cu concentration of these
plants in a similar geological environment in Malatya
province were 119, 36 and 27 mg/g for Salix acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis,
respectively. These values are considered background
for the area.
In addition to the above mentioned species, there
were no signi®cant plant±soil correlations for Salix
alba L., Platanus orientalis L., Populus nigra L., Vitis
sylvestris Gmelin, Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Rubus
sanctus Schreber, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Artemisya
vulgaris L., Rumex crispus L., Salix armenorossica
A.Sky, Anchusa azurea Miller, Carex acuta L. and
Xantum strumoisa L.
In all the species, metal uptake decreases with the
increasing soil metal contents. Therefore, in this
work, plant/soil metal concentration quotients are
more important. Copper in the twigs of Tamarix
smyrnensis, Salix acmophylla and Phragmites australis showed a signi®cant plant/soil relationship.
Inspection of Fig. 7 shows Tamarix smyrnens more
sensitive to Cu than are Salix acmophylla and
Phragmites australis.
A study of interelemental relationships in vegetation,
was prompted by two main considerations. The ®rst
was to see if the signi®cance of any relationship found
for one element in a plant could be improved by
including its interaction with another element. The second was to examine the degree to which leaves and
twigs of a given species have similar amounts of a particular element and could, thereby, be mutually
exchangeable in the course of biogeochemical prospecting.
Interelemental relationships for pairs of elements in
plants and soil are shown in Table 2. The data for soil
show that although there is a signi®cant (or very
highly signi®cant) relationship between Cu in Salix
Fig. 5. The relationship between the concentration of copper in the
soil and in Tamarix smyrnensis twigs.
Fig. 6. The relationship between the concentration of copper in the
soil and in Phragmites australis twigs.
Fig. 7. The relationship between the concentration of copper in the
soil and three plant species.
Z. OÈzdemir, A. SagÏõrogÏlu / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 18 (2000) 595±601
acmophylla, Tamarix smyrnensis and Phragmites australis, and Fe in soil, there are non signi®cant (P >
0.05) relationships betwen Cu in three of these indicator plant and other elements (Zn and Mn) in soil.
It is concluded that the copper content in the twigs
of Tamarix smyrnensis, Phragmites australis and Salix
acmophylla is a good indicator of the copper content
of the soil and these species could be successfully used
for further biogeochemical prospecting. These species
are quite common in inland Anatolia as well as in
Eastern Anatolia.
Acknowledgements
.
We are grateful to Prof. Dr. B.yõldõz of õnonuÈ University (Turkey) for oering many suggestions and
improving the manuscript.
References
Aktas° , G., Robertson, H.F., 1984. The Maden Complex, SE Turkey:
Evolution of a Neotethyan active margin; The Geological
Evolution of the Eastern Mediteranean. Spec. Publ. of the Geol.
Soc. Edinburgh 17, 375±402.
Bamba, T., 1976. GuÈneydogÏu Anadolu Ergani Maden boÈlgesi
ofõyolit ve ilgili bakõr yatagÏõ. Bulletin of MTA 86, 35±49 (in
Turkish).
Benton, J., Jones, R., 1984. Developments in the measurument of
trace metal in foods, Anal. Food. Con. 12, 157±206.
Brooks, R.R., Wither, E.D., Westra, L.Y., 1978. Biogeochemical
601
copper anomalies on salajar Island Indonesia. Journal of
Geochemical Exploration 10, 181±188.
Brooks, R.R., 1979. Indicator plants for mineral prospecting Ð a
critique. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 12, 67±78.
Brooks, R.R., Baker, A.J.M., Malaõsse, F., 1992. Copper ¯owers.
National Geographic Research and Exploration 8 (3), 338±351.
Brooks, R.R., Dunn, C.E., Hall, G.E.M., 1995. Bological Systems in
Mineral Exploration and Processing. Ellis Horwood Limited, 538
pp.
Chaee, M.A., Gale III, C.W., 1976. The California poppy
(Eschscholtzia maxicana ) as a copper indicator plant Ð a new
example. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 5, 59±63.
Davis, P.H. (Ed.), 1965±1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean
Island, vol. 1. Univ. press, Edinburgh.
Go, S., Brooks, R.R., Naidu, S.D., Coppard, E., 1985. Delineation
of potentially auriferous quartz reefs by analysis of the bark of
Pinus radiata (Monterey Pine). Journal of Geochemical
Exploration 24, 273±280.
.
GuÈr, F., TuÈmen, F., Bildik, M., 1994. Ergani Fe õs° letmeleri ¯otasyon
atõklarõnõn Maden C° ayõ nõn kirlenmesindeki roluÈ. F.UÈ. Fen ve
MuÈh. Bilimleri Dergisi, ElazõgÏ 6 (1), 67±87.
OÈzdemir, Z. 1996. Maden C° ayõ (ElazõgÏ) boyunca biyojeokimyasal
anomalilerin incelenmesi, Ph.D. Thesis, Firat University, Turkey.
Rand, M.C., 1975. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 14th ed. APHA-AWWA-WPCF, Washington.
Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., Webb, J.S., 1979. Geochemistry in
Mineral Exploration, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York, p. 657.
Tiagi, Y.D., Aery, N.C., 1986. Biogeochemical studies at the Khetri
copper deposits of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Geochemical
Exploration 26, 267±274.
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