S KIM 1204560 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PERNYATAAN .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRAK ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................ 1
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... 4
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... 5
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ 6
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1. Latar Belakang .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2. Rumusan Masalah ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1. Teknologi Membran .................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.1. Jenis Membran Filtrasi .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.2. Material Membran ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.3. Metode Filtrasi Membran .................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4. Aplikasi Membran Filtrasi................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2. Fouling Membran Filtrasi ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.1. Jenis Fouling ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.2. Biofouling .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4. Iodin .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1. Iodin Komersial ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2. Iodin dalam Pengolahan Air .............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.3. Mekanisme Biosidal Iodin................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.4. Iodin dan Biofilm .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.5. Kitosan .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.6. PEG ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7. CNT..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7.1. Klasifikasi CNT ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7.2. Polimer komposit CNT ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7.3. Kitosan-Iodin ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2. Alat dan Bahan .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3. Metode Penelitian ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4. Prosedur Penelitian...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1. Sintesis Membran Komposit Kitosan-PEG-MWCNT-IodinError! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1. Preparasi ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.1.
Pembuatan Larutan Kitosan 3% ................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.2.
Pembuatan Larutan PEG 2%.....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.3. Pembuatan Larutan MWCNT (Dispersi MWCNT dalam larutan GO)Error!
Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.4.
Pembuatan Larutan NaOH 1 M.................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.2. Casting..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.3. Coating Iodin ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2. Karakterisasi Membran Kitosan-PEG-MWCNT-IodinError! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2.1. Karakterisasi FTIR ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2.2. Karakterisasi XRD ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2.3. Tensile strength ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.3. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Membran Kitosan-PEG-MWCNT-IodinError! Bookmark not
defined.
3.4.3.1. Metode cincin inhibisi ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.3.2. Total Plate Counting (TPC) .............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1. Membran Komposit/ Kitosan/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IodinError! Bookmark not defined.
4.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Metode Cincin Inhibisi)Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3. Bacterial Killing Ratio (%BKR) ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4. Karakterisasi FTIR ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5. Karakterisasi XRD ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.6. Tensile Strength........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1. Kesimpulan ..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Saran.........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 51
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
2.1.
Skema proses pemisahan menggunakan membran..........................5
2.2.
Klasifikasi membran filtrasi.............................................................5
2.3.
Ilustrasi proses filtrasi......................................................................9
2.4.
Prinsip filtrasi cross-flow.................................................................9
2.5.
Lima teknik desalinasi....................................................................10
2.6.
Struktur molekul unit ulang kitin dan kitosan................................20
2.7.
Rumus molekul polietilen glikol ...................................................21
2.8.
Struktur kopolimer PEG-Kitosan ..................................................22
2.9.
SWCNT, DWCNT, MWCNT .......................................................23
3.1.
Diagram Alir Metode Penelitian...................................................28
3.2
Diagram Alir Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri.........................................29
4.1.
Membran komposit kitosan/PEG/MWCNT/Iodin ........................35
4.2.
Uji antibakteri metode cincin inhibisi ...........................................36
4.3.
Perbandingan perlarut pada cincin inhibisi....................................37
4.4.
Grafik penurunan jumlah bakteri ..................................................38
4.5.
Bacteria Killing Ratio (%) ............................................................39
4.6.
Spektra FTIR .................................................................................40
4.7.
Difraktogram sinar-X ...................................................................42
4.8.
Perbandingan kekuatan mekanik membran...................................43
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
4.1.
Tabel pelabelan membran komposit iodin.................................................34
4.2.
Tabel bilangan gelombang pita serapan IR membran komposit................41
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Lampiran 1 Foto Pengamatan ...............................................................................51
Lampiran 2 Prosedur Uji Metode Total Plate Counting (TPC).............................59
Lampiran 3 Tabel Jumlah Koloni Bakteri..............................................................60
Lampiran 4 Spektra FTIR......................................................................................62
Lampiran 5 Difraktogram XRD.............................................................................64
Lampiran 6 Tabel Tensile Strength dan Kurva Force/Elongation.........................66
1. Tabel Tensile Strength.........................................................................66
2. Kurva Force/Elongation.......................................................................66
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
PERNYATAAN .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRAK ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................ 1
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... 4
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... 5
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ 6
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1. Latar Belakang .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2. Rumusan Masalah ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1. Teknologi Membran .................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.1. Jenis Membran Filtrasi .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.2. Material Membran ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.3. Metode Filtrasi Membran .................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.4. Aplikasi Membran Filtrasi................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2. Fouling Membran Filtrasi ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.1. Jenis Fouling ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2.2. Biofouling .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4. Iodin .........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.1. Iodin Komersial ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.2. Iodin dalam Pengolahan Air .............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.3. Mekanisme Biosidal Iodin................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4.4. Iodin dan Biofilm .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.5. Kitosan .....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.6. PEG ..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7. CNT..........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7.1. Klasifikasi CNT ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7.2. Polimer komposit CNT ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.7.3. Kitosan-Iodin ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2. Alat dan Bahan .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3. Metode Penelitian ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4. Prosedur Penelitian...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1. Sintesis Membran Komposit Kitosan-PEG-MWCNT-IodinError! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1. Preparasi ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.1.
Pembuatan Larutan Kitosan 3% ................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.2.
Pembuatan Larutan PEG 2%.....................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.3. Pembuatan Larutan MWCNT (Dispersi MWCNT dalam larutan GO)Error!
Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.1.4.
Pembuatan Larutan NaOH 1 M.................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.2. Casting..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.1.3. Coating Iodin ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2. Karakterisasi Membran Kitosan-PEG-MWCNT-IodinError! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2.1. Karakterisasi FTIR ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2.2. Karakterisasi XRD ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.2.3. Tensile strength ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.3. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Membran Kitosan-PEG-MWCNT-IodinError! Bookmark not
defined.
3.4.3.1. Metode cincin inhibisi ......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.4.3.2. Total Plate Counting (TPC) .............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1. Membran Komposit/ Kitosan/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IodinError! Bookmark not defined.
4.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Metode Cincin Inhibisi)Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3. Bacterial Killing Ratio (%BKR) ..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4. Karakterisasi FTIR ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5. Karakterisasi XRD ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.6. Tensile Strength........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1. Kesimpulan ..............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Saran.........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................... 51
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
2.1.
Skema proses pemisahan menggunakan membran..........................5
2.2.
Klasifikasi membran filtrasi.............................................................5
2.3.
Ilustrasi proses filtrasi......................................................................9
2.4.
Prinsip filtrasi cross-flow.................................................................9
2.5.
Lima teknik desalinasi....................................................................10
2.6.
Struktur molekul unit ulang kitin dan kitosan................................20
2.7.
Rumus molekul polietilen glikol ...................................................21
2.8.
Struktur kopolimer PEG-Kitosan ..................................................22
2.9.
SWCNT, DWCNT, MWCNT .......................................................23
3.1.
Diagram Alir Metode Penelitian...................................................28
3.2
Diagram Alir Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri.........................................29
4.1.
Membran komposit kitosan/PEG/MWCNT/Iodin ........................35
4.2.
Uji antibakteri metode cincin inhibisi ...........................................36
4.3.
Perbandingan perlarut pada cincin inhibisi....................................37
4.4.
Grafik penurunan jumlah bakteri ..................................................38
4.5.
Bacteria Killing Ratio (%) ............................................................39
4.6.
Spektra FTIR .................................................................................40
4.7.
Difraktogram sinar-X ...................................................................42
4.8.
Perbandingan kekuatan mekanik membran...................................43
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
4.1.
Tabel pelabelan membran komposit iodin.................................................34
4.2.
Tabel bilangan gelombang pita serapan IR membran komposit................41
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Lampiran 1 Foto Pengamatan ...............................................................................51
Lampiran 2 Prosedur Uji Metode Total Plate Counting (TPC).............................59
Lampiran 3 Tabel Jumlah Koloni Bakteri..............................................................60
Lampiran 4 Spektra FTIR......................................................................................62
Lampiran 5 Difraktogram XRD.............................................................................64
Lampiran 6 Tabel Tensile Strength dan Kurva Force/Elongation.........................66
1. Tabel Tensile Strength.........................................................................66
2. Kurva Force/Elongation.......................................................................66
Widda Rahmah, 2016
AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN KARAKTERISTIK MEMBRAN FILTRASI BERBASIS KITOSAN/ PEG/ MWCNT/ IODIN
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu