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  I L G N E E H T F O { X - } Y C S

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  Y D U T S A A D N A G N

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  3 E M M A R G O R P Y D U T S S R E T T E L H S

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  I S E H T E T A U D A R G R E D N U N A R s t n e m e ri u q e e h t f o t n e m ll if l u F l a it r a P s a d e t n e s e r P D f o e e r g e e h t r o f

  I L G N E E H T F O { X - } Y C S

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  F r o “ y m , y m m o m d ev ol eb ,y d d a d e m os d n a h y M M b tn ai g y ,r eh to r ,y li m af g ib y M

  , sd n ei rf yl ev ol y M ” d n ei rf y ob y z a rc y m d n A

  

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

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I k n o w t h a t t h i s t h e s i s i s n o t a p e r f e c t w ir it n g , b u t t h i s i s t h e b e s t w ir it n g t h a t

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il k e t o e x p r e s s m y g r a t ti u d e t o D r . F r . B . A il p , M . P d , M . A . a s m y a d v i s o r , f o r h i s

p a it e n c e t o g u i d e m e i n w ir it n g t h i s t h e s i s . I a l s o t h a - n k m y c o a d v i s o ,r A n n a F ti ir a it , S . P d . , M . H u m . , f o r a l l h e r it m e , s u g g e s it o n s , a n d c o r r e c it o n s s o

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i m p r o v e m y w ir it n g . T h a n k y o u s o m u c h f o r a l l m y l e c t u r e r s a n d s t a f f s i n E n g il s h

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s t u d y i n g i n t h i s u n i v e r s ti y . S p e c i a l t h a n k s o g t o C i e L i n d a f o r g i v i n g m e u s e f u l

a d v i c e a n d s u g g e s it o n i n i m p r o v i n g m y t h e s i .s I a l s o w o u l d il k e t o s a y a v e r y b i g t h a n k y o u t o e v e r y b o d y a r o u n d m e .

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t h a n k m y w h o l e f a m li y w h o l o v e m e a n d g i v e m e t h e b i g g e s t s u p p o tr t o if n i s h m y

s t u d y . I t h a n k M b a k K a r il n a D e n i s it a o f r a l l h e r a w e s o m e s u g g e s it o n s . I t h a n k m y b e s t f ir e n d , S i s k a A m a il a , f o r a ll s h e h a s g i v e n t o m e , i n s p ri a it o n a n d it m e . I t h a n k

m y f ir e n d s , M u m u n , W e - e W e e , A g u n g , F a i s a l , a n d A n d r e a s w h o n e v e r s t o p t o

s a y “ if n i s h y o u r t h e s i s ! ” . A n d I w a n t t o s a y ‘ ç o k t e ş e k k ü r e d e ir m ’ t o M e h m e t

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L E M B A R P E R N Y A T A A N P E R S E T U J U A N

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b e s e tr a p e r a n g k a t y a n g d i p e lr u k a n ( b li a a d a ) . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n s a y a m e m b e ir k a n

k e p a d a P e r p u s t a k a a n U n i v e r s ti a s S a n a t a D h a r m a h a k u n t u k m e n y i m p a n ,

m e n g a il h k a n d a l a m b e n t u k m e d i a l a i n , m e n g e l o l a n y a d a l a m b e n t u k p a n g k a l a n

d a t a , m e n d i s t ir b u s i k a n s e c a r a t e r b a t a s , d a n m e m p u b il k a s i k a n n y a d i I n t e r n e t a t a u

m e d i a l a i n u n t u k k e p e n it n g a n a k a d e m i s t a n p a p e lr u m e m i n t a i ij n d a r i s a y a

m a u p u n m e m b e ir k a n r o y a tl i k e p a d a s a y a s e l a m a t e t a p m e n c a n t u m k a n n a m a s a y a

s e b a g a i p e n u il .s D e m i k i a n p e r n y a t a a n i n i y a n g s a y a b u a t d e n g a n s e b e n a r n y a . D i b u a t d i Y o g y a k a tr a P a d a t a n g g a l :

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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T

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  3 . A e h T { x if f u S e h t o t d e h c a tt A s e s a B - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

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  2

  2 Y G O L O D O H T E M

  I I

  I R E T P A H C .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 25 . A a t a D y d u t S e h t f o .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  25 S y d u t e h t f o h c a o r p p A . B .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  26 S y d u t e h t f o d o h t e M . C .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  27 .

1 n o it c e ll o C a t a D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  27 .

2 s i s y l a n A a t a D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  28 S

  I S Y L A N A

  V I R E T P A H C .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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  1 P s s e c o r c i m e n o h p o h p r o M e h t f o s e ir o e h T .

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1 s e s a B e v it c e j d A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

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  3 B s e s a n u o N . 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

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  3 B s e s a b r e V . 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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  4 { x if f u S e h t f o s g n i n a e M e h T . B - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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  4 B s e s a e v it c e j d A .

1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  4

  4 B s e s a n u o N . 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  49 B s e s a b r e V . 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 9

  8

  

I T .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . i

E G A P L A

  3 S y d u t e h t f o s e v it c e j b O . C .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  V O R P P A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ii E G A P E C N A T P E C C A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ii i E G A P N O

  I T A C

  I D E D .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . v

  E S R E P R A B M E L N A U J U T

  I S A K

  I L B U P .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . i v S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ii v T F O T S

  

I L S E L B A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. x i

T C A R T S B A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. x K A R T S B A

  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . xi N O

  I T C U D O R T N

  I I R E T P A H C .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  1 S y d u t e h t f o d n u o r g k c a B . A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  1 F n o it a l u m r o m e l b o r P . B .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  4 E s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  4 E

  I V E R L A C

  I T E R O E H T

  I I R E T P A H C W .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  7 S s e i d u t d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R . A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7 T s e ir o e h d e t a l e R f o w e i v e R . B

  .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 9 M s e m e h p r o f o s e ir o e h T .

  1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 { x if f u S e h t f o w e i v e R .

  2 - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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  1 A s h p r o m o ll f o s e ir o e h T .

  55 T e h . C c i m e n o h p o h p r o M { x if f u S e h t f o s e s s e c o r P - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  6

  5 S o it a x if f u e h t n i s e s s e c o r P c i m e n o h p o h p r o M .

  1 B s e s a f o n E h ti w g n i d n - e t a .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  58 B s e s a f o n o it a x if f u S e h t n i s e s s e c o r P c i m e n o h p o h p r o M .

  2 E h ti w g n i d n - t n a .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  62 B s e s a f o n o it a x if f u S e h t n i s e s s e c o r P c i m e n o h p o h p r o M .

  3 E h ti w g n i d n - t n e .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  65 B s e s a r e h t O f o n o it a x if f u S e h t n i s e s s e c o r P c i m e n o h p o h p r o M .

  4 .. .. .. 67 R E T P A H C

   V N O I S U L C N O C .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  75 Y H P A R G O

  I L B I B .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  77 I D N E P P A X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79

• } y c .. .. 1

  6 T 1 e l b a { + s e s a B n u o N f o g n i n a e M l a n o it i d d A - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. .. .. .. .

  4 .

  2 T 1 e l b a { + s e s a B e v it c e j d A f o g n i n a e M l a n o it i d d A - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. . 6

  4 .

  3 T 1 e l b a { + s e s a B e v it c e j d A f o s g n i n a e M r e h t O - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. .. .. .. .

  7

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  9

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  5 T 1 e l b a N f o M 2 g n i n a e l a r e n e G { + s e s a B n u o - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. .. .. .. ..

  5 .

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{ + e s a B e v it c e j d A f o

M 2 g n i n a e l a r e n e G - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - y c n e } .. .. .. ..

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  7 T 1 e l b a { + s e s a B n u o N f o s g n i n a e M r e h t O - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

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  5

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  9 T 1 e l b a { + s e s a B b r e V f o g n i n a e M l a n o it i d d A - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. .. .. .. ..

  55 .

  T 2 e l b a s e s s e c o r P c i m e n o h p o h p r o M { x if f u S e h t o t d e h c a tt A s e s a B f o - } y c .. . 7

  5

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  S E L B A T F O T S

  8

  I L . T 1 e l b a { x if f u S e h t o t d e h c a tt A s e s a B - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  1

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  T 2 e l b a { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b e v it c e j d a e t a n it a L - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2

  3 .

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  I - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

  5

  3 T . 4 e l b a { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b e v it c e j d a h s i n a p S - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6

  3 .

  

T 5 e l b a { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b n u o n n it a L - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

  3 .

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{ + s e s a B e v it c e j d A f o

M 1 g n i n a e l a r e n e G - { / } y c - { / } y c n a - } y c n e .. .. .. 4

  T 6 e l b a { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b n u o n n a e p o r u E o d n

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  4 .

  

T 7 e l b a { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b n u o n k e e r G - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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  { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b n u o n c it l e C , h c n e r F , h

  4 .

  T 9 e l b a { x if f u s o t d e h c a tt a s e s a b b r e v n it a L - } y c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

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  I T A M A H A R A N I ( 12 .)

2 A S t u d y o f t h e M e a n i n g a n d A ll o m o r p h s o f

  

t h e E n g il s h S u f if x { - y c }. Y o g y a k a tr a : D e p a tr m e n t o f E n g il s h L e tt e r s , F a c u tl y o f

L e tt e r s , S a n a t a D h a r m a U n i v e r s ti y .

  A l l il v i n g l a n g u a g e s a l w a y s e x p e ir e n c e a d d i it o n o f n e w w o r d s , w h i c h

p e o p l e u s e t o c o m m u n i c a t e . A f if x a it o n , a p r o c e s s o f a d d i n g a n a f if x t o a b a s e t o

f o r m a n e w w o r d , i s o n e o f t h e m o s t p r o d u c it v e p r o c e s s e s t o c r e a t e n e w w o r d s i n

t h e E n g il s h l a n g u a g e . T h i s s t u d y e x a m i n e s o n e o f t h e c o m m o n s u f if x e s i n

E n g il s h - , { c y } . T h e o b j e c it v e s o f t h i s s t u d y a r e t o i d e n t fi y t h e b a s e i n w o r d s t h a t

r e c e i v e t h e - s u f if x { c y } , t o d i s c o v e r t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e s u f if - x { c y } i n E n g il s h

w o r d s , a n d t o i d e n t fi y t h e a ll o m o r p h s o f t - h e s u f if x { c y } a n d t h e

m o r p h o p h o n e m i c p r o c e s s e s u n d e r g o n e i n t h e a f if x a it o n o f t h e - s u f if x { c y } .

  S e v e r a l t h e o ir e s a r e u s e d t o s u p p o tr t h i s s t u d y . T h e y i n c l u d e t h e t h e o ir e s o f

m o r p h e m e s i n g e n e r a l f r o m G l e a s o n , O ' G r a d y , B a u e r , a n d K a t a m b a ; t h e t h e o ir e s

o - f t h e s u f if x - { c y } , { a n c y - } , { e n c y } f r o m P l a g , S z y m a n e k , a s w e l l a s a n u m b e r

o f d i c it o n a ir e s ; t h e t h e o ir e s o f a ll o m o r p h s f r o m R a d f o r d , P l a g , a n d K a t a m b a ; a n d

t h e t h e o ir e s o f m o r p h o p h o n e m i c p r o c e s s e s f r o m K a t a m b a , W o fl r a m a n d J o h n s o n .

  T h i s s t u d y e m p l o y s t h e il b r a r y r e s e a r c h m e t h o d a n d u s e s t h e c o m b i n a it o n

o f m o r p h o l o g i c a l a n d p h o n o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h . T h e d a t a a n a l y z e d i n t h i s s t u d y

c o n s i s t o f E n g il s h w o r d s e n d i n g w ti - h t h e s u f if x { c y } . A t o t a l o f

  7 7 d a t a w e r e c o ll e c t e d i n t h i s s t u d y f r o m L o n g m a n D i c it o n a r y o f C o n t e m p o r a r y E n g l si h ( 2 9 ) a n d W e b s t e r ’ s N e w W o r l d C o ll e g e D i c it o n a r y (

  2 5 ) . T h e s t e p s o f t h i s s t u d y w e r e

c o ll e c it n g d a t a , c a t e g o ir z i n g a n d e x a m i n i n g d a t a b a s e d o n w o r d c l a s s e s , o ir g i n s ,

m e a n i n g s , a n d c o m p a ir n g t h e u n d e lr y i n g f o r m s a n d p h o n e it c f o r m s t o i d e n t fi y t h e

m o r p h o p h o n e m i c p r o c e s s e s a n d a ll o m o r p h s .

  A s a r e s u l t o f t h e a n a l y s i s , t h e s u f - if x { c y } i s a d e ir v a - it o n a l , n o u n

p r o d u c i n g s u f if x w h i c h m o s lt y a tt a c h e s t o a d j e c it v e b a s e ,s a tl h o u g h i t a l s o

a tt a c h e s t o n o u n a n d v e r b b a s e s . I t a tt a c h e s m o s lt y t o L a it n a t e b a s e s , a tl h o u g h i t s o m e it m e s a tt a c h e s t o - n o n L a it n a t - e (

  I n d o E u r o p e a n , G r e e k , S p a n i s h , C e l it c ,

F r e n c h , a n d E n g il s h ) b a s e s . T h e m o s t c o m m o n m e a n i n g s o b t a i n e d i n t h e

s u f if x a it o n a r e “ q u a l ti y , c o n d i it o n , s t a t e , o r f a c t o f b e i n g ” a n d “ p o s i it o n , r a n k , o r

o f if c e ” , a s w e l l a s o t h e r l e s s c o m m o n m e a n i n g s “ t h e a c t o r p r o c e s s o f ” , “ p e o p l e

w h o a r e X ” , a n d “ m o v e m e n t i n t h e m a n n e r o f X ” . T h o s e p r o c e s s e s a r e v o w e l a n d

s c h w a i n s e r it o n ; v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t d e l e it o n ; v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t c h a n g e ;

v o w e l r e d u c it o n ; s rt e s s s h i tf . M a n y o f t h e b a s e s e n d w ti h t h e s e g m e n t s - t a n a n d

• - t e n , w h i c h a r e s i m li a r i n s o u n d b u t d fi f e r e n t i n s p e l il n - g . A b o u t o n e t h ri d o f t h e m

  

c a + n b e d i v i d e d i n t o v e r b r o o t - t a /- n n e t + - y c a n d c a n a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d a s

t a k i n g t h e a ll o m o - r p h s { a n c y - } o r { e n c y } , w - h li e t w o t h ri d s c a n n o ,t t h u s t a k i n g t h e

o ir g i n a - l f o r m { c y } . T h e r e m a i n i n g b a s e s e n d w ti h t h e s e g m e n t - e a t a s w e l l a s

o t h e r m i s c e ll a n e o u s s e g m e n t s . T h e y a l l u s e t - h e o ir g i n a l f o r m { c y } .

  

A B S T R A K

P U S P

  I T A M A H A R A N I (

  2

  1 2 ) . A S t u d y o f t h e M e a n i n g a n d A ll o m o r p h s o f

t h e E n g il s h S u f if x { - y c } . Y o g y a k a tr a : D e p a tr m e n t o f E n g il s h L e tt e r s , F a c u tl y o f

L e tt e r s , S a n a t a D h a r m a U n i v e r s ti y .

  S e m u a b a h a s a p a s t i m e n g a l a m i p e n a m b a h a n k o s a k a t a b a r u y a n g

d i g u n a k a n o l e h m a n u s i a u n t u k b e r k o m u n i k a s i . A if k s a s i , s e b u a h p r o s e s

m e n a m b a h k a n i m b u h a n k e k a t a d a s a r , m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u p r o s e s y a n g p a il n g

p r o d u k it f m e n g h a s li k a n k a t a k a t a b r u d - a a l a m b a h a s a

  I n g g ir s . S t u d i i n i m e n e l ti i s a l a h s a t u a k h ri a n y a n g p a il n g u m u m d a l a m b a h a s a I n g g ir s , y a ti u - { c y } . S t u d i i n i

b e tr u j u a n u n t u k m e n g i d e n it if k a s i k a t a d a s a r d - a r i k a t a k a t a y a n g m e n e ir m a

i m b u h a n - a k h ri a n { c y } , m e n e m u k a n m a k n a a k h ri a { - n c y } , s e tr a m e n g i d e n it if k a s i

a l - o m o r f a l o m o r f d a r - i a k h ri a n { c y } d a n p r o s e s - o p r s e s m o r f o f o n e m i k y a n g d i a l a m i

d a l a m p r o s e s a if k s a s i a k h ri a { c - n y } .

  A d a b e b e r a p a t e o r i y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n d u k u n g s t u d i i - n i . T e o ir t e o r i

t e r s e b u t a d a l a h t e o r i m o r f e m s e c a r a u m u m o l e h G l e a s o n , O ' G r a d y , B a u e r , d a n

K a t a m b a ; t e o ir t e n t a n g a k h ri a n - { c y } , { -a n c y } - , { e n c y } o l e h P l a g d a n S z y m a n e k ,

d a n d i d u k u n g s e j u m l a h k a m u s ; t e o r i t e n t a n g a l o m o r f o l e h R a d f o r d , P l a g , d a n

K a t a m b a ; s e tr a t e o r i p - r o s e s p r o s e s m o r f o f o n e m i k o l e h K a t a m b a , W o fl r a m d a n

J o h n s o n .

  M e t o d e y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m s t u d i i n i i a l a h s t u d i p u s t a k a , d a n

p e n d e k a t a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n i a l a h k o m b i n a s i p e n d e k a t a n m o r f o l o g i d a n f o n o l o g i .

D a t a y a n g d i a n a il s i s t e r d ri i d a r i k a t - a k a t a b a h a s a I n g g ir s y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n a k h ri - a n { c y } . T o t a l t e r d a p a t

  7 7 d a t a y a n g d i k u m p u l k a n d a r i k a m u s L o n g m a n D i c it o n a r y o f C o n t e m p o r a r y E n g il s h (

  

2

9 ) d a n W e b s t e r ’ s N e w W o r l d C o ll e g e D i c it o n a r y (

  2 5 ) . L a n - g k a h l a n g k a h d a l a m s t u d i i n i i a l a h m e n g u m p u l k a n d a t a ,

m e n g e l o m p o k k a n d a n m e n e l ti i d a t a b e r d a s a r k a n j e n i s k a t a , a s a l m u l a k a t a d a n

m a k n a k a t a , l a l u m e m b a n d i n g k a n b e n t u k d a s a r d a n b e n t u k f o n e it k u n t u k

m e n g i d e n it if k a s i p r o - s e s p r o s e s m o r f o f o n e m i k d a n a l - o m o r f a l o m o fr n y a .

  B e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l a n a il s i s y a n g s u d a h d li a k u k a - n , a k h ri a n { c y } a d a l a h

i m b u h a n d e ir v a s i y a n g m e n g h a s li k a n k a t a k e jr a , d a n s e b a g i a n b e s a r k a t a d a s a r n y a

m e r u p a k a n k a t a s fi a t , w a l a u p u n a d a j u g a k a t a b e n d a d a n k a t a k e jr a . A k h ri a n i n i

u m u m n y a d ti a m b a h k a n p a d a k a t a d a s a r y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i b a h a s a L a it n , w a l a u p u n

a d a b e b e r a p a k a t a d a s a r d a r i b a h a s a l a i n ( b a h - a s a I n d o E r o p a , Y u n a n i , S p a n y o l , C e tl , P r a n c i s , d a n

  I n g g ir s ) . M a k n a p a il n g u m u m y a n g d ti a m b a h k a n o l e h i m b u h a n

i n i i a l a h “ k u a l ti a s , k e a d a a n , a t a u f a k t a ” d a n “ k e d u d u k a n , j a b a t a n , a t a u k a n t o r ” , d i

s a m p i n g m a k n a m a k n a l a i n n y a s e p e tr i “ it n d a - k a n a t a u p r o s e s ” , “ o r a n g y a n g

m e r u p a k a n ” , s e tr a “ p e r g e r a k a n m e n y e r u p a i ” . P r - o s e s p r o s e s t e r s e b u t i a l a h

p e n a m b a h a n v o k a l d a n s c h w a ; p e n g u r a n g a n v o k a l d a n k o n s o n a n ; p e r u b a h a n

v o k a l d a n k o n s o n a n ; p e r u b a h a n p e n e k a n a n k a t a . B a n y a k k a t a d a s a r y a n g b e r a k h i r

d e n g a n s e g m e n – t a n d a n – t e n , y a n g p e n g u c a p a n n y a s a m a n a m u n e j a a n n y a

b e r b e d a . S e k ti a r s e p e r it g a d a r i k a t a -k a t a t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i b a g i m e n j a d i k a t a k e jr a

d + a s a r - t a /- t n e n + - c y d a n d a p a t d i a n g g a p m e n g g u n a k a n a l o m - o r f { a n c y } a t a u

  

{- e n c y } . S e d a n g k a n d u a p e it g a k a t a - r k a t a s i s a n y a it d a k m e n g a l a m i f e n o m e n a

t e r s e b u t , s e h i n g g a m e n g g u n a k a n b e n t u k - a s a l { c y } . K a t a- k a t a d a s a r l a i n n y a

b e r a k h i r d e n g a n s e g m e n – e a t m a u p u n b e r a g a m s e g m e n l a i n n y a . S e l u r u h k a t a

t e r s e b u t m e n g g u n a k a n b e n t u k - a s a l { c y } .

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study As living creatures, humans need to communicate with each other. They

  communicate by means of language. Language as the system of communication has an important role in people‘s daily life. Language is used as the medium of thought. In addition, it can be used as the media to share what people have in their mind.

  The usage of languages is also learned in a formal field of study. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of particular languages. Linguistics discusses all aspects of language, such as word structures, sentence structures, word meanings, sentence meanings, speech sounds, intonation, syllable stresses, and many others. Those aspects are important in linguistics, because they are closely related to each other and necessary to form good communication skills.

  One of the topics that are predominantly learned in all branches of linguistics is words. The choice of words is important in forming a good sentence.

  Although many laypeople might consider a word as the smallest unit of their language, a word actually has an internal structure which consists of smaller meaningful units called morphemes. A morpheme is the

  ―minimal linguistic sign‖, or ―a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and meaning that cannot be further analyzed

  ‖ (Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams, 2003: 67). In a more simple way, we can define a morpheme as the smallest unit of language that has a meaning and a function.

  There are two different kinds of morphemes, namely free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone, for instance book, stand, and work. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone and has to be combined with one or more free morphemes to form a word ( O‘Grady, Wiliam, Michael Dobrovolsky, and Francis Katamba, 1997: 134). The bound morpheme is classified into two kinds, namely the inflectional morpheme and the derivational morpheme. An inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that will not change the class of the resulting word if combined with a base, while a derivational morpheme is a morpheme that will change the class of the resulting word if combined with a base.

  When a bound morpheme is attached to the base of a word to create a new word, that bound morpheme is known as an affix, and the process is known as affixation. Affixes can be divided into four categories based on their position related to the base; prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and circumfixes. Prefixes are attached to the beginning of the base, infixes are attached in the middle of the base, suffixes are attached to the end of the base, and circumfixes are attached around the base. Affixation is an important topic which is worth discussing, because according to Bauer, affixation is the most frequent process to form words (Bauer, 1988: 19).

  In this thesis, the writer discusses one of the English derivational suffixes is one of the popular and productive suffixes in English which can be found in many common words, such as accuracy, agency, frequency, and vacancy. Even Indonesian speakers with medium or low English abilitiy might still recognize some English words containing the suffix {-cy} because they have been adopted in Indonesian words such as akurasi, agensi, dan frekuensi.

  This study aims to attain a deeper understanding of the words containing the suffix {-cy}. Besides the bases, the meanings and the allomorphs of the suffix {-cy}, the morphophonemic changes occurring in the affixation process will also be discussed in this study. This study will also benefit all people who use the English langauge to communicate, especially learners of English as a foreign language, because it helps learners to identify every aspect of the nouns that result from the addition of the suffix {-cy}. Therefore, people who communicate in English and those who learn English can identify the proper usage of words containing the suffix {-cy} and apply it in their everyday life.

B. Problem Formulation

  There are three main problems in this study of the suffix {-cy}, which can be formulated as follows.

1. What are the bases that receive the suffix {-cy}? 2.

  What are the meanings of the suffix {-cy}? 3. What are the allomorphs of the suffix {-cy} and what morphophonemic processes occur in the affixation?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  This thesis has three objectives. The first objective is to identify the base in words that receive the suffix {-cy}. The second objective is to discover the meaning of the suffix {-cy} in English words. The final objective is to identify the allomorphs of the suffix {-cy} and the morphophonemic processes undergone in the affixation of the suffix {-cy}.

  D. Definition of Terms

  To avoid misunderstanding, the writer lists the definition of several morphologically-related terms which are frequently used throughout this study.

  1. Morphology

  Morphology is one of the fields of linguistics. According to the book titled

  Linguistics: An Introduction , morpholog

  y is a field that ―examines the internal structure of words and processes of word formation ‖ (Radford, Andrew, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen, and Andrew Spencer, 2003: 162).

  2. Morpheme

  A morpheme is ―the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure

  ‖ (Katamba, 1993: 24). In other words, a morpheme is the smallest meaningful recurrent unit of language.

  3. Morphophonemic Process

  The term ―morphophonemic process‖ is defined as the rule that ―accounts for the realization of phonologically conditioned allomorphs of morphemes ‖ (Katamba, 1993: 34).

  4. Affix and Affixation

  An affix is a bound morpheme that is attached to another morpheme or several other morphemes which consist of a free morpheme. Affixation, which is one of the most common processes to form words, is

  ―a process of adding an affix to a base to form a new word ‖ (Bauer, 1988: 19).

  5. Suffix

  A suffix is an affix ―which follows the root with which they are most closely associated

  ‖ (Gleason, 1961: 59). Some examples of suffixes in English are /-iz/ in suffixes, /- iŋ/ in going, and /iš/ in boyish.

  6. Base

  A base is any unit to which any kind of affixes can be added. The affixes attached to a base may be either inflectional affixes, which are used for syntactic or grammatical reasons, or derivational affixes, which alter the meaning or the word class of the base (Katamba, 1993: 45). In other words, all roots and stems are also bases.

  7. Stem

  A stem is the part of a word that receives any inflectional affixes, namely the affixes whose presence is required by the syntax, such as the singular and plural markers in nouns, tenses in verb, and so on (Katamba, 1993: 45). The examples of stems are cat in the word cats, and worker in the word workers.

  8. Root

  A root or a ―bare root‖ is the ―irreducible core of the word‖ (Katamba, 1993: 45). The examples of roots are cat in the word cats and work in the word workers .

  9. Nomina Actionis (NA)

  As in Sz ymanek‘s book, he said that ―there exist in many languages more or less productive derivational affixes used precisely for turning lexical verbs into abstract nouns. The noun those derived, often called as a category Nomina Actionis (NA)‖ (Szymanek, 1989:120). In a simple way we can say that NA is a noun word that derived from a verb.

  10. Nomina Essendi (NE)

  According to Szymanek‘s explanation in his book ―Another commonly recognized transpositional category of word-formation are so called Nomina Essendi i.e. abstract deadjectival nouns‖ (Szymanek, 1989:124). So NE is a noun word that derived from an adjective.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter consists of two types of reviews, namely review of related

  studies and review of related theories. The last part of this chapter is the theoretical framework, which is used to show how the theories work to answer the problem formulations.

A. Review of Related Studies

  This part consists of a review of two previous studies from the field of morphology that discuss the topic of English suffixes. Those studies are A

  

Synchronic Study on the Form of English suffix -ion by Bibit Nur Handono and A

Morphological Analysis of the Suffix

• –ic by Vivin Andhika Yuwono.

  In the first study, Handono analyzed the English noun suffix {-ion}. He formulated two problems; the first problem is about the allomorphs of suffix {-ion} and their distribution based on the stems, while the second problem is about the morphophonemic processes that occur in the attachment of suffix {-ion} to the stems. As the result of the study, Handono found that the suffix {-ion} has nine allomorphs, namely {-ion}, {-tion}, {-ition}, {-ation}, {-iation}, {-cation}, {-action}, {-sion}, and {-ution}. From those allomorphs, {-ation} is the most productive one. The morphophonemic processes that occur in the suffix {-ion} are stress shift, vowel change, consonant change, schwa epenthesis, deletion, and

  In the second study, Yuwono analyzed another English suffix, namely the suffix {-ic}. She formulated two problems in her study; the first problem is about the process of the affixation of the suffix {

• –ic}, and the second problem is about the morphophonemic processes that occur after the affixation of the suffix { –ic}.

  As a result of the study, she found that the suffix {-ic} functions to form new words with a change in grammatical category, namely creating adjectives from nouns, but without any major change in meaning semantically. The suffix {-ic} has some allomorphs, namely {-tic}, {-itic}, and {-atic}, which are found in the stems that are borrowed directly from Greek and Latin, such as the words end in the segments

• –sis, -ma, -x, -ite, -it is, and –m. However, Yuwono did not find any

  definite answer on whether the variants {-tic}, {-itic}, and {-atic} are the allomorphs of the suffix {

• –ic} because they are not in complementary distribution, and it is difficult to determine the stem after the suffixation. The morphophonemic processes that occur in the suffix {-tic} are stress shift, consonant and vowel changes.

  In the two related studies above, both researchers discuss an English suffix. The first related study is about the noun suffix {-ion}, while the second study is about the adjectival suffix {-ic}. The first study is related to this study because both studies discuss a noun suffix, but this study discusses the suffix {-cy}, which is different from the one discussed in the first study. The second study also has the same object as this study, namely about the suffix. Furthermore, the second study used many similar theories which are now used to analyze the object of this study. However, this study discusses a noun suffix, while the second related study discusses an adjectival suffix.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Morphemes

  In the book titled An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, Gleason described a morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit in the structure of the language. The morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit means that a morpheme is a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning (Gleason, 1961: 53). There are two important traits to keep in mind about morphemes; a morpheme is a recurrent phoneme or sequence of phonemes, and a morpheme is not identical to a syllable or a word.

  Firstly, a morpheme is generally a short, recurrent sequence of phonemes, and it may even consist of only a single phoneme (Gleason, 1961: 52-53). For example, the morpheme -s consists of only one phoneme, but it is still meaningful. The morpheme -s has a big role in the word that it is combined with. When we combine the morpheme -s with the word mango, it will result in the new word

  

mangoes . The new word produced this process is not *mangos, but mangoes, and

  the morpheme -s serves an important function to change the word from a singular noun into plural noun. On the other hand, not all recurrent sequences are morphemes (1961: 53).

  Secondly, although some short morphemes resemble a syllable, a unit of sound and does not have any meaning, but a morpheme is a unit of meaning and thus should be meaningful. For example, the word unpredictable has five syllables; un, pre, dic, ta, and ble, but if we talk about the morpheme, it only has three morphemes; un-, predict, and -able. The morpheme un- happens to resemble the syllable un-, but the other morphemes are not identical to the syllables.

  Similarly, although some morphemes resemble a word, a morpheme is not necessarily a word. A word is a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of a language, while a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a word (Finch, 2000: 104). In English, a word may consist of several morphemes or just one morpheme. For example, the word polite consists of only one morpheme. When combined with the noun suffix {-ness}, the result is politeness, which is still one word but now consists of two morphemes, namely polite and -ness. When further combined with the prefix {im-}, the result is impoliteness, which is still one word but now consists of three morphemes, namely im-, polite, and -ness.