USAHA PERCOBAAN INDUKSI PEMBENTUKAN SOLASODINA PADA KALUS SOLANUM INDICUM L

  S K R I P S I

AN I K SULFI YAH

USAHA PERCOBAAN

  

INDUK SI PEMBENT UK AN SOLASODINA

PADA K ALUS SOLANUM

  INDICUM L FAKULTAS FARMASli UNIVER6ITAS AIRLANGGA S U R A B A Y A

  

1 8 8 9 U S A H A P E R C O B A A N

  I N D U K S I P E M B E N T U K A N S O L A S O D I N A P A D A K A L U S S O L A N U M I N D I C U M L S K R I P S I D I B U A T U N T U K M E M E N U H I T U G A S A K H I R M E N C A P A I G E L A R S A R J A N A F A R M A S I P A D A F A K U L T A S F A R M A S I U N I V E R S I T A S A I R L A N G G A

  1 9 8 9

  O l e h A N I K S U L F I Y A H

  0 5 8 4 1 0 6 7 7

  D is c t u j u i o l e h p e m b im b in g : \

  P e r s e mb a h a n u n t u k I b u B a p a k , K a k a k d a n A d i k t e r c i n t a . K A T A P E N GA N T AH S e g a l a p u j i d a n r a s a s y u k u r k e h a d h i r a t A l l a h S . U. T . a t a s r a h ma t , t a u f i k d a n h i d a y a h n y a s e h i n g g a t u g a s s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t s e l e s a i .

  S k r i p s i i n i d i b u a t u n t u k me me n u h i s a l a h s a t u p e r s y a - r a t a n g u n a me n c a p a i g e l a r S a r j a n a F a r ma s i p a d a F a k u l t a s F a r ma s i Un i v / e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a .

  S a y a y a k i n , s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t r a r n p u n g b e r k a t b a n t u a n d a n b i mb i n g a n y a n g t e l a h s a y a t e r i ma s e l a ma me n g i k u t i k u l i a h ma u p u n p a d a s a a t p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n ’i , k a r e n a i - t u s u d a h s e l a y a k n y a l a h k a l a u p a d a k e s e mp a t a n i n i s a y a me - n y a mp a i k a n t e r i ma k a s i h y a n g t a k t e r h i n g g a k e p a d a :

• I b u Dr a . L e s t a r i Ra h a y u MS d a n B a p a k DR. Gu n a u a n I n - d r a y a n t o y a n g t e l a h me l u a n g k a n wa k t u u n t u k me mb e r i - k a n b i mb i n g a n , s a r a n d a n d o r o n g a n mo r i l y a n g s a n g a t b e r h a r g a d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n h i n g g a p e n y e l e s a i a n d a r i s k r i p s i i n i .
• B a p a k DR. No o r Ch o l i z . Z. s e l a k u k e t u a j u r u s a n Bi o - l o g i F a r ma s i F a k u l t a s F a r ma s i Un i u e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k a n k e s e mp a t a n d a n f a s i l i t a s u n t u k me l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n d i l a b o r a t o r i u m 0 i o t e k n o l o g i .
• B a p a k Do s e n p e n g u j i y a n g t e l a h b e r k e n a n me me r i k ' s a d a n me n e r i ma s k r i p s i i n i .
• S t a f Do s e n F a k u l t a s F a r ma s i Un i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k a n b e k a l p e n g e t a h u a n s e l a ma b e l a - j a r d i k a mp u s UNA I R t e r c i n t a .
• B a p a k , I b u d a n s e l u r u h k e l u a r g a y a n g b a n y a k me mb e r i -

k a n b a n t u a n d a n d o r o n g a n s e r t a d o ’ a r e s t u n y a h i n g g a s e l e s a i n y a s k r i p s i i n i .

• S e mu a p i h a k y a n g t i d a k d a p a t s a y a s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r - s a t u y a n g t e l a h me mb a n t u d e mi k e l a n c a r a n s k r i p s i i n i , S e mo g a Al l a h S. U. T . me mb e r i k a n b a l a s a n y a n g me l i mp a h a t a s s e mu a b a n t u a n y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n . Ami n .

  S u r a b a y a , De s e mb e r 1 9 8 9 i i DA F T A R

  I SI Ha l a ma n

  KAT A P E NG ANT AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i DA F T A R

  I SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i DA F T A R T A B E L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v DA F T A R CA NB A R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i DA F T A R L A MP I RA N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i DA F T A R S I N GK A T A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i i B AB I : P E NDA HUL UA N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  1. L a t a r b e l a k a n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 . T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 BAB I I : T I NJ A UA N P US T A K A . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . .

  1. K u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 . F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i p e r t u mb u h a n d a n p r o d u k s i me t a b o - l i t s e k u n d e r p a d a k u l t u r j a r i ­ n g a n t a n a ma n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  6

  6 2 . 1 . P e n g a r u h l i n g k u n g a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  2 . 2 . P e n g a r u h k o mp o n e n me d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

  8 2 . 2 . 1 . S u k r o s a * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  2 . 3 . P e n g a r u h b i o l o g i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  8

  3. S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

  4. S t e r o i d . • » * • • • • • • • • » » • • • • • • • • * •

  10 4 . 1 . P e n g g o l o n g a n s e n y a u a s t e r o i d .

  11 4 . 2 . K e g u n a a n s t e r o i d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4 . 3 . S o l a s o d i n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

  5. K l o r o f i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 . 1 . T i n j a u a n t e n t a n g k l o r o f i l . . . . 1 2 5 . 2 . F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u ­ h i p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l p a d a k u l t u r k a l u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 i i i

  5 . 3 . Ca r a p e n e t a p a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l .

  16

  6 . K r o ma t o g r a f i l a p i s a n t i p i s . . . . . . . . . . . 17 S A B I I I : B A HAN, A L A T DAN' NE T ODE P E NE L I T I A N . .

  1. B a h a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 1 . 1 * K a l u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 1 . 2 . B a h a n k i mi a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 1 . 3 . Ag a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9

  1 . 4 . Me d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9

  2. A l a t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

  3. Me t o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3 . 1 . P e mb u a t a n l a r u t a n s t o k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 3 . 2 . P e mb u a t a n me d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3 . 3 . P e mi n d a h a n d a n p e n a n a ma n k a l u s

  21 3 . 4 . P e me r i k s a a n ma k r o s k o p i s k a l u s . 2 2 3 . 5 . P e me r i k s a a n p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s . 2 2 3 . 6 . P e n e t a p a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

  3 . 7 . E k s t r a k s i s o l a s o d i n a d a r i k a ­ l u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 3 . 8 . I d e n t i f i k a s i s o l a s o d i n a d e n g a n

  KL T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 3 . 9 . I d e n t i f i k a s i s t e r o i d l a i n n y a - d e n g a n KL T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 B A B I y ; H A S H P E NE L I T I AN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  1. P e me r i k s a a n ma k r o s k o p i s k a l u s • • 2 5

  2. P e n g a ma t a n p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s . . . 2 6

  3. P e n e t a p a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l t o t a l . 2 8

  4. P e me r i k s a a n e k s t r a k d e n g a n KL T . . 2 8 BAN U : P E MB A HA S A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

  B A B VI : K E 5 I MP UL A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 B AB VI I : S A RA N- S A RA N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 RI NGK A S A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 DA F T A R P US T A K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B

  DA F T A R T A B E L Ha l a ma n

  1. P e me r i k s a a n ma k r o s k o p i s k a l u s So l a r i u m i n d i - c u m L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 . I n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s d a r i ma - s i n g - ma s i n g me d i a p a d a t i a p - t i a p p a s a s i . . . 2 6 3 . Ka d a r k l o r o f i l t o t a l k a l u s d a r i ma s i n g - ma - s i n g me d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 . Ha s i l k r o ma t o g r a f i l a p i s a n t i p i s d e n g a n f a - s e g e r a k k l o r o f o r m- me t a n o l = 1 9 : 1 d a n p e - n a mp a k n o d a d r a g e n d o r f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9

  5. Ha s i l k r o ma t o g r a f i l a p i s a n t i p i s d e n g a n f a -

  2

  s e g e r a k n - h e k s a n a - e t i l a s e t a t * B : d a n p e n a mp a k n o d a a n i s a l d e h i d a - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 v/

  DA F T A R GA HB A R Ha l a ma n 1. K u r v a p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  9 2 . S t r u k t u r mo l e K u l i n t i s t e r o i d . . . . . . . . . ✓ 11 • 3. S t r u k t u r s o l a s o d i n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  12 A. K a l u s S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L y a n g d i t u mb u h k a n p a d a me d i a A, B d a n C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 5 . Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s d a r i me d i a A p a d a t i a p - t i a p p a s a s i . . . . . . 2 7

  6 . Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s

  d a r i me d i a B p a d a t i a p - t i a p p a s a s i . . . . . . . 2 7 7 . Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s d a r i me d i a C p a d a t i a p - t i a p p a s a s i . . . . . . . ^ 2 7

  8 . Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s

  d a r i ma s i n g - ma s i n g me d i a p a d a p a s a s i I . . * 2 7

  9. Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s d a r i ma s i n g - ma s i n g me d i a p a d a p a s a s i I I . . * 2 7 1 0 . Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s d a r i ma s i n g - ma s i n g me d i a p a d a p a s a s i I I I . 2 7 1 1 * Gr a f i k i n d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n r a t a - r a t a k a l u s d a r i ma s i n g - ma s i n g me d i a p a d a p a s a s i I V • 2 7 1 2 . Gr a f i k k a d a r k l o r o f i l t o t a l k a l u s y a n g d i t u mb u h k a n p a d a ma s i n g - ma s i n g me d i a . . . . . . . 2 8 1 3 . Ga mb a r s k e ma t i s h a s i l KL T d e n g a n f a s e g e ­ r a k k l o r o f o r m- me t a n o l = 1 9 : 1 d a n p e n a m- p a k n o d a d r a g e n d o r f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 1 4 . Ga mb a r s k e ma t i s h a s i l KL T d e n g a n f a s e g e ­ r a k n - h e k s a n a - e t i l a s e t a t =

  8 : 2 ; f a s e

  g e r a k k l o r o f o r m- e t i l a s e t a t = 9 : 1 d a n p e n a mp a k n o d a a n i s a l d e h i d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 v i

  UAf " TAF< L A MP I RAN H a 1 a m a n K o mp o s i s i k i mi n u i modi ; . MS* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  41 S k e ma e k s t r a k s i s o l a s o d i n a d a r i k a l u s S o - l a n u m i n d i c u m L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  43 K o mp o s i s i p e n a mp a k n o d a a n i s a l d e h i d a . . . . . 4 4

  Ha s i l p e r h i t u n g a n " A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e " . . 4 5 B i o s i n t e s a s o l a s o d i n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 P e n e n t u a n p a n j a n g g e l o mb a n g ma k s i mu m . . . . . 4 7 v i i

  DA F T A R S I NGK A T A N MS : Mu r a s h i g e a n d S k o o g 2 , 4 D : 2, 4 f - Di c h l o r o p h e n o x y a c e t i c A c i d GA ^ : Gi b e r e l l i c A c i d p . a . : Pr a a n a l i s a

  I P : I n d e k s P e r t u mb u h a n KL T : K r o ma t o g r a f i L a p i s a n T i p i s v i i i

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  I P E NDA HUL UA N

  1 • L a t a r b e l a k a n q

  S a t u d i a n t a r a b e b e r a p a b e n t u k me t a b o l i t s e k u n d e r a d a l a h s t e r o i d . S t e r o i d me mi l i k i p e r a n a n p e n t i n g s e - b a ' g a i b a h a n b a k u o b a t k o n t r a s e p s i , s e l a i n b e r p e r a n a n s e b a g a i b a h a n b a k u o b a t - o b a t v i t a mi n , h o r mo n , s t e r o i d j a n t u n g ( k a r d e n o l i d a ) , d a n l a i n - l a i n , S t e r o i d i n i u - mu mn y a d i i s o l a s i d a r i t a n a ma n S o l a n u m s p , Di o s c o r e a s p d a n Co s t u s s p ( 1 ) .

  K e b u t u h a n a k a n h o r mo n s t e r o i d ma k i n me n i n g k a t s e - j a l a n d e n g a n b e r t a mb a h n y a j u ml a h p e n d u d u k , s e h i n g g a d a l a m b e b e r a p a t a h u n me n d a t a n g , k e mu n g k i n a n a k a n k e k u r a - n g a n b a h a n u n t u k s u mb e r b a h a n b a k u h o r mo n s t e r o i d .

  K e s u l i t a n - k e s u l i t a n d a l a m me mp r o d u k s i s e n y a u a s t e r o i d d a r i t a n a ma n , a n t a r a l a i n d i s e b a b k a n o l e h s e - ma k i n b e r k u r a n g n y a s u mb e r a l a mt k e s u l i t a n me l a k u k a n k u l t i v a s i , u a k t u k u l t i v a s i y a n g l a ma s e r t a b i a y a p r o - d u k s i y a n g ma h a l . P e n e r a p a n me t o d e • - k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n d a r i b i d a n g d i o t e k n o l o g i a n t a r a l a i n b e r t u j u a n u n t u k me n g a t a s i k e s u l i t a n - k e s u l i t a n t e r s e b u t ,

  B e r b e d a d e n g a n me t o d e k o n v e n s i o n a l , me t o d e k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n i n i me mp u n y a i b e b e r a p a k e u n t u n g a n a n ­ t a r a l . i i n : k o n d i s i d a p a t d i k e n d a l i k a n s e h i n g g a d a p a t d i h a s i l k a n p r o d u k t e r t e n t u s e s u a i d e n g a n y a n g d i i n g i n - k a n , b e b a s d a r i p e n g a r u h mi k r o b a d a n i n s e k t a , d a n d a ­ p a t d i t a n a m d i ma n a s a j a t a n p a h a r u s t e r g a n t u n g p a d a

• 1 -

  

2

  i k l i m d a n l e t a k g e o g r a f i s ( 2 ) .

  B a n y a k s e k a l i p u b l i k a s i - p u b l i k a s i y a n g me l a p o r k a n t e n t a n g p r o d u k s i d a n k a n d u n g a n me t a b o l i t s e k u n d e r d a r i ' k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n , d a n b e b e r a p a me t a b o l i t s e k u n ­ d e r y an. g b e r h a s i l d i p r o d u k s i d e n g a n me t o d e k u l t u r j a ­ r i n g a n t a n a ma n i n i a n t a r a l a i n : s t e r o i d , a l k a l o i d , p o l i f e n o l d a n p i g me n - p i g me n t e r t e n t u ( 3 ) .

  S o l a s o d i n a s e b a g a i b a h a n b a k u o b a t k o n t r a s e p s i , s u d a h b e r h a s i l p u l a d i p r o d u k s i d a l a m k u l t u r k a l u s S o ­ l a r i u m l a c i n i a t u m Ai t , S o l a n u m e l e a q n i f o l i u m C a v , d a n S o l a n u m d u l c a ma r a L, n a mu n t i d a k ma mp u d i p r o d u k s i o l e h k u l t u r k a l u s S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L.

  Ch a n d l e r d a n Do d d s ( 4 ) , me l a p o r k a n b a h u a p a d a k u l t u r k a l u s S o l a n u m l a c i n i a t u m A i t ma mp u d i p r o d u k s i s o l a s o d i n a s e b a n y a k , 5 - 1 , 0 mg / g b e r a t k e r i n g d a n t e r - n y a t a d e n g a n me n g i n d u k s i t e r j a d i n y a d i f e r e n s i a s i * ' i s el ma k a p r o d u k s i s o l a s o d i n a d a p a t d i t i n g k a t k a n ,

  E mk e d a n E i l e r t ( 5 ) , me l a p o r k a n b a h u a d a l a m p r o ­ s e s b i o s i n t e s a s o l a s o d i n a t e r n y a t a a d a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a k a d a r s o l a s o d i n a d e n g a n d i f e r e n s i a s i s e l d a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l , s e p e r t i y a n g d i l a p o r k a n p a d a p e r c o b a a n k u l ­ t u r k a l u s S o l a n u m d u l c a ma r a L. S e ma k i n b a n y a k k a d a r k l o r o f i l , s e ma k i n me n i n g k a t k a d a r s o l a s o d i n a y a n g d i - d a p a t k a n . P a d a k u l t u r k a l u s S o l a n u m d u l c a ma r a L y a n g me n g a n d u n g k l o r o f i l s e b a n y a k 1 , 0 2 + 0 , 1 ; 0 , 3 B + 0 , 0 5 ; o , 1 ♦ 0 , 0 2 mg / g b e r a t k e r i n g , d i d a p a . t k a n s o l a s o d i n a s e b a n y a k 2 2 0 + 4 0 ; 1 3 0 + 3 0 ; 5 6 + 1 2 u g / g b e r a t k e ­ r i n g , d a n k a d a r s o l a s o d i n a i n i d i d a p a t k a n l e b i h b a n y a k

• 2 -

l a g i p a d a k u l t u r k a l u s y a n g me n g a l a mi d i f e r e n s i a s i s e l y a i t u s a mp a i 0 , 3 5 +_ 0 , 0 7 mg / g b e r a t k e r i n g .

  He mp e r h a t i k a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n - p e n e l i t i a n t e r s e - b u t , ma k a d i d u g a k e t i d a k ma mp u a n k u l t u r k a l u s S o l a n u m- i n d i c u m L d a l a m me mb e n t u k s o l a s o d i n a k a r e n a g e n - g e n y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g j a u a b t e r h a d a p p e mb e n t u k a n s o l a s o d i n a t i d a k t e r e k s p r e s i k a n , d a n e k s p r e s i g e n - g e n i n i d i p e - n g a r u h i o l e h a d a n y a d i f e r e n s i a s i s e l , k l o r o f i l d a n l a - i n - l a i n . A t a u k e mu n g k i n a n l a i n s o l a s o d i n a t e l a h t e r - b e n t u k , n a mu n k a r e n a t i d a k a d a n y a s e l - s e l k h u s u s s e b a - g a i t e mp a t a k u mu l a s i , ma k a s o l a s o d i n a t e r s e b u t s e g e r a d i u r a i k a n (

  6 ) ,

  Me n i mb a n g h a l - h a l t e r s e b u t d i - a t a s d a n h a s i l p e n e - l i t i a n p e n d a h u l u a n u n t u k p e mb e n t u k a n k a l u s d a r i e k s - p l a n S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L o l e h P u r u a n t o , S ( 7) y a n g me n g - h a s i l k a n k a l u s b e r u a r n a h i j a u , s e r t a a p a y a n g d i k a t a - k a n o l e h He i n s t e i n (

  8 ) b a h u a s e t e l a h me n d a p a t k a n k u l ­

  t u r k a l u s d e n g a n p e r t u mb u h a n y a n g c e p a t , l a n g k a h y a n g b a i k s e l a n j u t n y a a d a l a h me n c o b a me n g i n d u k s i a t a u me l i - h a t p r o d u k t i v i t a s k a n d u n g a n s e n y a u a k i mi a a l a mi k a l u s t e r s e b u t , ma k a p a d a p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i c o b a u n t u k me n g ­ i n d u k s i p e mb e n t u k a n s o l a s o d i n a p a d a k u l t u r k a l u s S o l a ­ n u m i n d i c u m L d e n g a n c a r a me n u r u n k a n k a d a r s u k r o s a p a ­ d a me d i a p e r t u mb u h a n n y a , d a l a m h a l i n i me d i a Mu r a s h i g e d a n S k o o g y a n g d i mo d i f i k a s i d e n g a n h o r mo n k i n e t i n

  2 p p m, 2 , 4 D 0 , 5 p p m d a n GA- j 0 , 5 p p m, k a r e n a d e n g a n me ­ d i a i n i d i d a p a t k a n k a l u s S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L d e n g a n i n - d e k s p e r t u mb u h a n y a n g t e r b a i k ( 7 ) .

• 3 -

P e n u r u n a n k a d a r s u k r o s a i n i d i ma k s u d k a n u n t u k me - ( ma c u s e l - s e l k a l u s « g a r me l a k u k a n p r o s e s ' f o t o s i n t e s a d a l a m u s a h a n y a u n t u k me me n u h i k e b u t u h a n i a k a n s u mb e r k a r b o n , d i ma n a i n i b e r a r t i s e l - s e l k a l u s a k a n me mb e n - t u k k l o r o f i l l e b i h b a n y a k a g a r p r o s e s f o t o s i n t e s a d a - p a t b e r l a n g s u n g , l * a r e n a k l o r o f i l me r u p a k a n k a t a l i s a t o r y a n g p e n t i n g p a d a p r o s e s f o t o s i n t e s a , d a n s e p e r t i ? d i - k e t a h u i b a h u a a d a k o r e l a s i a n t a r a k a d a r k l o r o f i l d e ­ n g a n s o l a s o d i n a ( 9 ) .

  2 . T u j u a n p e n e l i t i a n P e n e l i t i a n i n i b e r t u j u a n u n t u k me n g i n d u k s i per j i - b e n t u k a n s o l a s o d i n a p a d a k u l t u r k a l u s S o l a n u m i n d i c u m

  L, d e n g a n c a r a me r u b a h - r u b a h k a d a r s u k r o s a y a n g d i t a m- b a h k a n p a d a me d i a Nu r a s h i g e d a n S k o o g y a n g d i mo d i f i k a - s i d e n g a n h o r mo n k i n e t i n 2 p p m, 2 , 4 D 0 , 5 p p m d a n GA^ 0 , 5 p p m .

• 4 -

B A B I I T I NJ A UA N P US T A K A 1• K u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n

  K u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n d a p a t d i d e f i n i s i k a n s e b a - g a i b a g i a n / j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n y a n g t e l a h d i p i s a h k a n d a r i t a n a ma n a s a l n y a d a n d i t u mb u h k a n d a l a m k e a d a a n s t e r i l p a d a s u a t u me d i a b u a t a n s e h i n g g a s e l - s e l n y a ma mp u t u m- b u h d a n me n g a d a k a n p e mb e l a h a n - p e mb e l a h a n (

  2 ) .

  Me t o d e k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n d i d a s a r i - ol ' eh t e o - r i s e l d a r i S c h u a n d a n S c h l e i d e n y a n g me n y a t a k a n b a h u a s e l h e u a n d a n s e l t a n a ma n me r u p a k a n s a t u a n b i o l o g i s t e r k e c i l y a n g ma mp u me l a k u k a n a k t i v i t a s h i d u p s e p e r t i me t a b o l i s me , r e p r o d u k s i d a n t u mb u h ; t e o r i d a r i T . H. Mo r g a n y a n g me n g e mu k a k a n s i f a t t o t i p o t e n s i d a r i s u a t u s e l d i ma n a s e l ma mp u b e r k e mb a n g me n j a Qi o r g a n i s me (

  10 , 1 1 ) .

  Di b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n me t o d e k o n v e n s i o n a l , me t o d e k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n i n i me mp u n y a i b e b e r a p a k e u n t u - n g a n a n t a r a l a i n (

  2 ) : k o n d i s i d a p a t d i k e n d a l i k a n s e ­

  h i n g g a d a p a t d i h a s i l k a n p r o d u k t e r t e n t u s e s u a i d e n g a n y a n g d i i n g i n k a n , b e b a s d a r i p e n g a r u h mi k r o b a d a n i n - s e k t a , d a n d a p a t d i t a n a m d i ma n a s a j a t a n p a i h a r u s t e r - g a n t u n g p a d a i k l i m d s n l e t a k g e o g r a f i s .

  De n g a n a d a n y a k e u n t u n g a n - k e u n t u n g a n t e r s e b u t ma k a t e h n i k k u l t u r j a r i n g a n d a p a t d i k e mb a n g k a n u n t u k t u j u a n a n t a r a l a i n (

  2 ) :

• We mp r o d u k s i s e n y a u a - s e n y a u a t e r t e n t u y a n g b e r g u n a
• 5 -

p a d a b i d a n g f a r ma s i / me d i s .

• B i o t r a n s f a r ma s i s e n y a u a - s e n y a u a t e r t e n t u me n j a d i s e n y a u a y a n g d a p a t d i g u n a k a n d a l a m b i d a n g f a r ma - s i / me d i s .
• Me mp r o d u k s i s e n y a u a s p e s i f i k ( s e p e r t i e n z i m, b i o - s i n t e s a i n f c e r me d i e t , d a n l a i n - l a i n ) .
• S e l e k s i s t r a i n - s t r a i n t a n a ma n u n g g u l u n t u k d i p a - k a i p a d a b i d a n g p e r t a n i a n d a n h o r t i k u l t u r a ( t e r - ma s u k f u s i s e l , ma n i p u l a s i g e n e t i k a ) .
• Mu l t i p l i k a s i t a n a ma n s e c a r a c e p a t d a n s e r a g a m. F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n q a r u h i p e r t u mb u h a n d a n p r o - d u k s i me t a b o l i t s e k u n d e r p a d a k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n .

  B e b e r a p a f a k t o r y a n g d a p a t me mp e n g a r u h i p e r t u mb u ­ h a n d a n p r o d u k s i me t a b o l i t s e k u n d e r p a d a me t o d e k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n a n t a r a l a i n : 2 . 1 * P e n o a r u h l i n q k u n q a n

  L i n g k u n g a n y a n g b e r p e n g a r u h i t u a n t a r a l a i n : a . C a h a y a .

  Ca h a y a d a p a t me mp e n g a r u h i k e c e p a t a n p e r ­ t u mb u h a n , u a r n a d a n b e n t u k k a l u s . S e b e g a i c o n - t o h k u l t u r s u s p e n s i Ha p l o p a p p u s g r a v i s ( s e p e r ­ t i y a n g d i l a p o r k a n o l e h B l e k e r l y d a n S t e u a r t ) d e n g a n p e n c a h a y a a n d i h a s i l k a n k a l u s y a n g k o m- p a k s e d a n g k a n d a l a m k e a d a a n g e l a p d i h a s i l k a n k a l u s y a n g r a p u h ( 3 ) . b . T e mp e r a t u r .

  P e r t u mb y h a n k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n me - me r l u k a n t e mp e r a t u r t e r t e n t u . P a d a t e mp e r a t u r y a n g t e r l a l u t i n g g i a k a n me n g a k i b a t k a n p e n g u a - p a n d a r i me d i a s e h i n g g a me n g g a n g g u p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s . S e c a r a u mu m k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n a - k a n t u mb u h b a i k p a d a t e mp e r a t u r 2 0 - 3 0 ° C, d e ­ n g a n t e mp e r a t u r o p t i ma l 2 6 - 2 7 ° C ( 3 ) , c * E H

  P a d a u mu mn y a u n t u k p e r t u mb u h a n k u l t u r j a ­ r i n g a n t a n a ma n , p H d i a t u r a n t a r a 5 , 0 - 6 , 5 . T u l e c k e , a t a l ( 3 ) , me l a p o r k a n h a s i l - p e n e l i t i - a n n y a p a d a e mp a t k u l t u r d e n g a n me n g g u n a k a n e m- p a t ma c a m me d i a , t e r n y a t a p H y a n g o p t i ma l u n ­ t u k p e r t u mb u h a n k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n a n t a r a

  5 , 5 - 5 , 6 . 2 . 2 . P e n g a r u h k o mp o n e n me d i a *

  K u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n d a p a t ' d i t u mb u h k a n p a d a me d i a p a d a t , me d i a c a i r a t a u f e r me n t o r / b i - o r e a k t o r , d e n g a n p e r s y a r a t a n t e r t e n t u u n t u k me d i a y a n g d i p a k a i n y a . K o mp o s i s i n o r ma l me d i a y a n g d i - p a k a i p a d a d a s a r n y a t e r d i r i d a r i (

  2 ) :

• s u mb e r k a r b o n : s u k r o s a , g l u k o s a , l a k - t o s a , d a n f r u k t o s a .
• ma k r o e l e me n a n o r g a n i k : NO^ r NH^ , P0 ^ , K, Ca , Ng , s o 4 .
• mi k r o e l e me n a n o r g a n i k : b e r ma c a m- ma c a m l o g a m b e r a t s e p e r t i Co , Cu , _.

  f Oo

• v i t a mi n - v i t a mi n : t h i a mi n , p i r i d o k s i n , n i k o t i n a mi d , m- i n o s i -
• 7 -

  1 t o .

• f i t o h o r mo n : g o l o n g a n s i t o k i n i n , a - u k s i n d a n g i b e r e l i n .

  2 . 2 . 1. S u k r o s a S e mu a me d i a me me r l u k a n g u l a s e b a g a i s u mb e r k a r b o n d a n e n e r g i , Da r i b e b e r a p a p e r c o b a a n d a p a t d i k e t a h u i t e r n y a t a s u k r o s a me r u p a k a n k a r b o h i d r a t y a n g t e r b a i k u n t u k s e l t a n a ma n , d a n h a mp i r s e mu a k u l t u r j a r i ­ n g a n t a n a ma n me n u n j u k k a n p e r t u mb u h a n y a n g o p t i ma l p a d a p e n g g u n a a n d i s a k a r i d a i n i . P e n a mb a h a n k a r b o h i d r a t y a n g s e s u a i d a l a m me d i a k u l t u r j a r i n g a n ’ t a n a ma n me . n y e b a b k a n p e r t u mb u h a n s e l k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n .

  K a d a r g u l a y a n g b e r l e b i h a n a k a n me n g h a mb a t p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l , s e d a n g k a n p e mb e n t u ­ k a n k l o r o f i l me n i n g k a t p a d a k e a d a a n k e k u - r a n g a n g u l a . Me k a n i s me h a mb a t a n i n i ma s i h b e l u m d i me n g e r t i d e n g a n j e l a s ( 9 ) . 2 . 3 . P e n q a r u h b i o l o q i s

  A k t i v i t a s b i o l o g i s , t e r ma s u k b i o s i n t e s a o l e h k u l t u r j a r i n g a n t a n a ma n p a d a u mu mn y a b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n k e c e p a t a n p e r t u mb u h a n s e l , k a r e n a a d a n y a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a p r o d u k me t a b o l i t d e n g a n u mu r s e l .

  Da l a m k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p r o d u k s i me t a b o l i t d a l a m s e l d e n g a n p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s , k u r v a y a n g d i ­ h a s i l k a n md n g i k u t i s a l a h s a t u d a r i t i g a ma c a m p o - l a b e r i k u t (

  6 ) :

• 8

  1 . p e mb e n t u k a n me t a b o l i t p a r a l e l d e n g a n p e r ­ t u mb u h a n s e l . 2 . p e mb e n t u k a n me t a b o l i t d i p e r l a mb a t h i n g g a p e r t u mb u h a n s e l b e r h e n t i .

  3. p e mb e n t u k a n me t a b o l i t t e r j a d i s e t e l a h l a g p h a s e . K a l u s t u mb u h s e l a ma p e r i o d e u a k t u t e r t e n t u , b i a s a n y a s e l a ma d u a mi n g g u s a mp a i k i r a - k i r a t i g a b u l a n . P a d a a k h i r n y a a k a n d i c a p a i u k u r a n o p t i mu m d a n p e r t u mb u h a n a k a n me n u r u n . Ha l t e r s e b u t d i s e - b a b k a n ma k i n b e r k u r a n g n y a n u t r i s i a t a u d e h i d r a s i me d i a , t e r b e n t u k n y a me t a b o l i t b e r a c u n , h a b i s n y a o k s i g e n s e l i n t i j a r i n g a n ( 1 2 ) . K u r v a p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s s e l a l u me n g h a s i l k a n b e n t u k " S" . K e c e p a t a n p e r t u mb u h a n me n c a p a i ma k s i ma l s e t e l a h f a s e l i n i e r d a n me n j a d i k o n s t a n p a d a f a s e s t a s i o n e r ( Ga mb a r l )

  | -.s t a s i o n e r

  r v /

  p. on - i n g k a t a n k e c e p a t a n

• * a

  / / l i n i e r

  . c

  i

  t u a k t u Ga mb a r 1. K u r v a p e r t u mb u h a n k a l u s

  3. S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L 9 -

  S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L He r u p a k a n t a n a ma n y a n g b a n y a k d i t a n a m u n t u k d i a m- b i l b u a h n y a d a n b a n y a k t e r d a p a t d i p u l a u Da v a o , (vU n d a -

• n a u , Ro c k y b l u f f s , I n d i a s e r t a Ch i n a d a n Me l a y u ( 1 3 ) T a n a ma n i n i d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a ma u mu m t a l o n g p i p i t , t a - l o n g n a - p u t i ( t a g ) , d a n i n d i a n n i g h t s h a d e ( En g ) ( 1 3 ) , s e r t a d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a ma d a e r a h t e r o n g n g o r , t e r o n g p e u h e u r ( j a u a ) d a n t e r o n g s i a m ( me l a y u ) ( 1 4 ) .

  S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L me n g a n d u n g s o l a s o d i n a p a d a b a - g i a n a k a r , b u a h d a n d a u n n y a , y a i t u 0 , 3 2 % b e r a t k e r i n g p a d a b a g i a n d a u n d a n ,

  

2

- 1 , Q% b e r a t k e r i n g p a d a b a g i a n

  b u a h n y a ( 1 5 ) . S e l a i n me n g a n d u n g s o l a s o d i n a t a n a ma n i n i j u g a me n g a n d u n g d i o s g e n i n y a n g t e r d a p a t p a d a d a u n , b u ­ a h d a n s t e n i s d a r i t a n a ma n ( 1 5 ) .

  P u n t a mb e k a r d a n K r i s h n a ( 1 3 ) , me l a p o r k a n b a h u a p a d a t a n a ma n S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L j u g a me n g a n d u n g s i t o ­ s t e r o l d a n k a mp e s t e r o l .

  S i s t e ma t i k a S o l a n u m i n d i c u m L me n u r u t E n g l e r ( 1 6 ) a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : Di v i s i : S p e r ma t o p h y t a A n a k d i v i s i ; A n g i o s p e r ma e

  Ke l a s : Di c o t y l e d o n a e B a n g s a : S o l a n a l e s

  S u k u : S o l a n a c e a e Ma r g a : S o l a n u m

  J e n i s : S o l a n u m i n d i c u m S t e r o i d

  S t e r o i d me r u p a k a n t u r u n a n d a r i p e r h i d r o s i k l o p e n - t a n o f e n a n t r e n , s u a t u mo l e k u l y a n g me r u p o k a n f u s i d a r i t i g a s i k l o h e k s a n a d a n s a t u s i k l o p e n t a n a , d e n g a n 1 7 b u - a h a t o m k a r b o n ( 1 7 ) . S t r u k t u r mo l e k u l i n t i s t e r o i d j e - n u h , y a n g d i s e b u t g o n a n i n i d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a g a mb a r

  2 .

  Ga mb a r 2. S t r u k t u r mo l e k u l i n t i s t e r o i d . 4 . 1 . P e n q q o l o n q a n s e n y a u a s t e r o i d

  B e r d a s a r k a n s t r u k t u r n y a , s e n y a u a s t e r o i d d i - b a g i me n j a d i d u a g o l o n g a n y a i t u ( 1 8 ) : a. s e n y a u a s t e r o i d d e n g a n j u ml a h a t o m C t i d a k l e b i h d a r i 2 1 , d i s e b u t s t e r o i d s e d e r h a n a .

  b. s e n y a u a s t e r o i d y a n g me mp u n y a i a t o m C l e b i h d a r i 2 1 , mi s a l n y a : s t e r o l , a s a m- a s a m e mp e d u , v i t a mi n D, g l i k o s i d a j a n t u n g , a a p o g e n i n . d a n a l k a l o i d s t e r o i d . 4 . 2 . K e q u n a a n s t e r o i d

  P e n g g u n a a n s t e r o i d s a n g a t l u a s , mi s a l n y a s e - b a g a i b a h a n b a k u o b a t k o n t r a s e p s i , a n t i i n f l a ma s i ( k o r t i k o s t e r o i d ) , a n t i a l e r g i , i mp o t e n s i , d a n I a ­ i n - l a i n ( 1 9 ) . B a h a n b a k u t e r s e b u t s e b a g i a n b e s a r b e r s s a l d a r i t a n a ma n y a i t u b e r u p a d i o s g e n i n d a n s o l a s o d i n a . 4 . 3 . S o l a s o d i n a .

  11 -

  4 . 3 . S o l a s o d i n a S o l a s o d i n a a d a l a h s e n y a u a s t e r o i d a l k a l o i d , y a n g me mi l i k i s t r u k t u r mo l e k u l y a n g s a me d e n g a n d i o s g e n i n , k e c u a l i s a t u a t o m N d a l a m s o l a s o d i n a d i g a n t i o l e h a t o m 0 p a d a d i o s g e n i n .

  2 7

  3

  2 Ru mu s mo l e k u l s o l a s o d i n a a d a l a h ^ ^ ^ ^ d e n g a n b e r a t mo l e k u l 4 1 3 , 6 2 .

  S o l a s o d i n a l a r u t b e b a s d a l a m b e n z e n a , p i r i - d i n a , k l o r o f o r m, l a r u t d a l a m a l k o h o l d a n a s e t o n , d a n s e d i k i t l a r u t d a l a m a i r s e r t a ' p r a k t i s t i d a k l a r u t o a l a m e t e r ( 2 0 ) .

  S o l a s o d i n a y a n g me r u p a k a n b a h a n b a k u o b a t - o - b a t k o n t r a s e p s i , b a n y a k t n r d a p a t p a d a t a n a ma n So - l a n u m s p .

  B i o s i n t e s a s o l a s o d i n a p a d a t a n a ma n d a p a t d i - l i h a t p a d a l a mp i r a n 5, s e d a n g k a n s t r u k t u r d a r i s o l a s o d i n a d a j b a t d i l i h a t p a d a g a mb a r b e r i k u t . ti 5 . K l o r o f i l

  5 . 1 . Ti n . j a u a n t e n t a n q k l o r o f i l S i f a t f i s i o l o g i y a n g h a n y a d i mi l i k i o l e h t a ­ n a ma n i a l a h k e ma mp u a n n y a u n t u k me n g g u n a k a n z a t k a r b o n

  12 - d a r i u d a r a u n t u k d i u b a h me n j a d i b a h a n o r g a n i k - d a n d i a s i mi l a s i d i d a l a m t u b u h t a n a ma n , y a n g p r o s e s n y a d a p a t d i j e l a s k a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : mu l a - mu l a z a t - z a t a n o r g a n i k H 2 0 d a n C O

  2 o l e h k l o r o f i l d i u b a h

  me n j a d i z a t o r g a n i k k a r b o h i d r a t d e n g a n p e r t o l o - n g a n s i n a r . P e n g u b a h a n e n e r g i s i n a r me n j a d i e n e r - g i k i mi a ( k a r b o h i d r a t ) d a n k e mu d i a n p e n g u b a h a n e - n e r g i k i mi a i n i me n j a d i e n e r g i k e r j a p a d a p e r i s ­ t i u a p e r n a f a s a n d a l a m t u b y h t a n a ma n , d a n l a i n - l a - i n r, me r u p a k a n r a n g k a i a n p r o s e s y a n g d i n a ma k a n f o ­ t o s i n t e s a d a n p e r i s t i u a i n i t i d a k a k a n b e r l a n g - s u n g t a n p a a d a n y a k l o r o f i l d a n d a r i s i n i t e r l i h a t b a h u a k l o r o f i l me r u p a k a n z a t a n t a r a y a n g p e n t i n g d a l a m p r o s e s f o t o s i n t e s a ( 2 1 ) .

  P e r i s t i u a f o t o s i n t e s a d a p a t d i n y a t a k a n d e ­ n g a n p e r s a ma a n r e a k s i k i mi a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t ( 2 1 ) :

  2 H 2 0 + C 0

  2 + c a h a y a ( CH 2 0 ) + H 2 0 + 0

  2 K l o r o f i l t e r d a p a t s e b a g a i b u t i r - b u t i r h i j a u d i d a l a m k l o r o p l a s y a n g u mu mn y a b e r b e n t u k o v a l .

  Ru mu s b a n g u n n y a b e r u p a s u a t u c i n c i n y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i e mp a t p i r o l ( t e t r a p y r o l s ) d e n g a n Mg s e b a g a i i n t i .

  P a d a t a n a ma n t i n g g i t e r d a p a t 2 ma c a m k l o r o - f i l y a i t u : k l o r o f i l - a , C ^ ^ H ^

  2 ^

  5 N^ r n g , y a n g b e r -

  u a r n a h i j a u t u a d a n k l o r o f i l - b , C

  55 H 7 0 D6 N 4 r i Q V an9

  b e r u a r n a h i j a u mu d a . K e d u a n y a me mp u n y a i s t r u k t u r y a n g h a mp i r s e r u p a , h a n y a b e r b e d a p a d a g u g u s a n a -

• 13

l i f a t i s y a n g me l e k a t p a d a r a n t a i s a mp i n g t e t r a p y - r o l e .

  K l o r o f i l t i d a k l a r u t d a l a m a i r , t e t a p i l a r u t d a l a m e t a n o l , me t a n o l , e t e r , a s e t o n d a n k l o r o f o r m. F a k t o r - f a k t o r y a n g me mp e n g a r u h i p e mb e n t u k a n k l o ­ r o f i l p a d a k u l t u r k a l u s .

  P e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l p a d a k a l u s d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h b e r b a g a i k o n d i s i d a n n u t r i s i k a l u s , a n t a r a l a i n : a • I n t e n s i t a s d a n k u a l i t a s c a h a y a .

  K l o r o f i l d i r a n g s a n g p e mb e n t u k a n n y a o l e h c a h a y a d e n g a n i n t e n s i t a s l e b i h d a r i 10 . 0 0 0 l x . S e b a g a i c o n t o h : p e n i n g k a t a n i n t e n s i t a s c a h a y a d a r i 6 0 0 l x me n j a d i 6 . 0 0 0 l x d a p a t me n i r i g k a t - k a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l k a l u s t e mb a k a u d a r i 3 0 g me n j a d i 6 0 g k l o r o f i l p e r g r a m b e r a t . b a s a h

  ( 2 0 ) . K u a l i t a s c a h a y a me r u p a k a n f a k t o r p e n t i n g l a i n d a l a m p e r k e mb a n g a n k l o r o p l a s d a r i k u l t u r s e l t a n a ma n . P a d a t a n a ma n , s i s t i m p i g me n y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g j a u a b t e r h a d a p d i f e r e n s i a s i k l o r o p ­ l a s , me mb e r i k a n r e s p o n t e r h a d a p c a h a y a b i r u d a n me r a h . P a d a k u l t u r s e l d a r i t a n a ma n t i n g g i p e r k e mb a n g a n k l o r o p l a s d a n p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o ­ f i l t e r j a d i p a d a c a h a y a b i r u . ( 2 0 ) b . K a r b o h i d r a t

  P e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l d i h a mb a t p a d a k e a d a - a n d i ma n a k a d a r g u l a p a d a me d i a k u l t u r b e r l e - b i h a n , s e d a n g k a n p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l me n i n g * k a t p a d a k e a d a a n k e k u r a n g c n g u l a . Na mu n ■ me k a - n i s me d a r i e f e k i n i ma s i h b e l u m d i me n g e r t i d e ­

  n g a n j e l a s ( 2 0 ) .

  c . F i t o h o r mo n .

  F i t o h o r mo n p e n t i n g u n t u k p e r t u mb u h a n d i ­ f e r e n s i a s i s e l . S i t o k i n i n me r u p a k a n h o r mo n p e n t i n g u n t u k s i n t e s a k l o r o f i l p a d a k u l t u r s e l t e mb a k a u ( 2 0 ) . K i n e t i n me mp u n y a i e f e k y a n g me - n g u n t u n g k a n t e r h a d a p d i f e r e n s i a s i s e l , k a r e n a d a p a t me n s t i mu l a s i r e p l i k a s i d a n ma t u r a s i k l o - r o f o r m t a n p a me n g i n d u k s i p e mb e l a h a n s e l ( 2 0 ) .

  d. K o mp o s i s i g a s d a l a m t e mp a t k u l t u r .

  K o mp o s i s i g a s d a l a m t e mp a t k u l t u r me mp e ­ n g a r u h i p e r t u mb u h a n s e l d a n p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o ­ f i l . E t i l e n d i l a p o r k a n me n g h a mb a t p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l p a d a s u s p e n s i s e l s p i n a c , n a mu n e f e k i n i d a p a t d i h i l a n g k a n d e n g a n me n a mb a h k a n g a s k a r b o n d i o k s i d a d a l a m a t mo s f i r k u l t u r ( 2 0 ) . e . Nu t r i s i k u l t u r

  Me d i a Mu r a s h i g e d a n S k o o g t e r n y a t a me r u ­ p a k a n me d i a y a n g p a l i n g s e s u a i u n t u k p e r t u mb u ­ h a n d a n p e mb e n t u k a n k l o r o f i l k a l u s y a n g b e r a - s a l d a r i b e r b a g a i j e n i s t a n a ma n ( 2 0 ) . P e mb e n ­ t u k a n k l o r o f i l me n u r u n p a d a k e a d a a n k e k u r a n g a n n i t r o g e n , s e d a n g k a n p a d a p e n i n g k a t a k a d a r f o s - f a t d a l a m me d i a k u l t u r me mp u n y a i e f e k me n g u n - t u n g k a n u n t u k p e r t u mb u h a n d a n p e mb e n t u k a n k l o ­ r o f i l b e r b a g a i k u l t u r s e l ( 2 0 ) .

• 15 -

  5 . 3 * Ca r a p e n e t a p a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l Ad a b e b e r a p a c a r a p e n e t a p a n k a d a r k l o r o f i l a n t a r a l a i n :

  1 . 2 g r a m b a h a n d i e k s t r a s i d u a k a l i d e n g a n a s e t o n

  8 0 % s a mp a i d i d a p a t k a n . v o l u me

  10 ' ml , d e n g a n me n g g u n a k a n h o mo g e n i s e r ( u l t r a - t u r r a x ) .