Antioxidant icthyotoxicity and brine shr
Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 443 – 445
www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote
Short report
Antioxidant, icthyotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality
tests of Magonia glabrata
Telma L. G. Lemos ⁎, Luciana L. Machado, João S.N. Souza, Aluisio M. Fonseca,
Juliana L. Maia, Otilia D.L. Pessoa
Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12200, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
Received 3 August 2004; accepted 3 April 2006
Available online 24 May 2006
Abstract
The ethanolic extract of the fruit bark from Magonia glabrata yielded shikimic acid, scopoletin, sitosterol glycoside and 2-Omethyl-L-inositol. Antioxidant, icthyotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality activities were observed in this extract. The major
constituent, 2-O-methyl-L-inositol, was found to be inactive in two assays but showed moderate activity as a radical scavenger.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Magonia glabrata; 2-O-Methyl-L-inositol; Ichthyotoxicity; Radical scavengers
1. Plant
Magonia glabrata St. Hill (Sapindaceae), fruit barks collected in Iraucuba, Ceará, Brazil, in January 2003, was
identified by Dr. Afrânio G. Fernandes, Botanist of Universidade Federal do Ceara. A voucher specimen (N.15.198)
has been deposited in the Herbarium Prisco Bezerra.
2. Uses in traditional medicine
Infusions of trunk barks are used as antiseptic. The plant in general is considered toxic, can cause death to cow when
ingested, and infusions of fruits or roots are used by rural people to aid fishery by causing fish dizziness [1,2].
3. Previously isolated classes of constituents
2-O-Methyl-L-inositol and proanthocyanidins [3].
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tlemos@ufc.br (T.L.G. Lemos).
0367-326X/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.04.008
444
T.L.G. Lemos et al. / Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 443–445
Table 1
Ichthyotoxicity activity and brine shrimp lethality (BST) of the M. glabrata ethanol extract and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol
Extract/
compounds
Ichthyotoxicity a
Conc. (ppm)
% mortality
Conc. (ppm)
% mortality
EtOH extract
10
50
100
500
nt
nt
0
50
100
0
nt
nt
1
10
100
500
10
100
25
75
100
0
25
50
1
Umbelliferone
BST a
nt = not tested.
a
Values (mean of three replicates).
4. New-isolated constituents
Shikimic acid (0.014%), scopoletin (0.007%), sitosterol glucoside (0.004%) and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol [L-quebrachitol
(1, 0.73%)] (Fig. 1).
5. Tested materials
Dried fruit barks (1.8 kg) ethanol extract (yield: 95 g). 2-O-Methyl-L-inositol (1) was obtained by precipitation from
the extract.
6. Studied activity
6.1. Ichthyotoxicity [4] and brine shrimp lethality test
Tested material was suspended in water (200 ml) at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ppm, placed in a beaker with
Mollinesia latipinna of 2.0–3.0 cm size, identified in the Fishing Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Ceará,
and placed in each dish (5 per dish). Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Tap water was used as positive control. Tests were
done in triplicate.
Brine shrimp lethality was tested using umbelliferone as positive reference [5].
6.2. Free radical scavenging activity
The antioxidant activity of EtOH extract and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol were assessed on the basis of the radical scavenging
effect of the stable DPPH free radical. One milliliter of a 60 μM DPPH ethanol solution was added to sample solutions of
different concentrations and allowed to react at r.t. After 30 min the absorbance values were measured at 517 nm and the
antioxidant activity was determined [6,7].
Fig. 1. Structure of compound 1.
445
T.L.G. Lemos et al. / Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 443–445
Table 2
DPPH free radical scavenging activity of M. glabrata ethanol extract and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol (1)
Treatment
Concentration (mg ml− 1)
1.00
Control
Trolox
BHT
EtOH extract
1
0.50
0.25
Activity
%
Activity
%
Activity
%
0.3550 ± 0.00005
0.0500 ± 0.00004
0.0670 ± 0.00005
0.0690 ± 0.00005
0.1720 ± 0.00005
00.00
86.00
81.10
80.60
41.46
0.3550 ± 0.00005
0.0870 ± 0.00005
0.1620 ± 0.00005
0.2260 ± 0.00003
0.1278 ± 0.00001
00.00
75.51
54.40
36.31
37.80
0.3550 ± 0.00005
0.0920 ± 0.00005
0.1680 ± 0.00005
0.2500 ± 0.00005
0.1937 ± 0.000025
00.00
74.12
52.72
29.63
34.60
Results are expressed as mean ± S.D., **P < 0.01 vs control.
7. Results
Reported in Tables 1 and 2.
8. Conclusions
Ichthyotoxicity activity was observed in EtOH extracts of fruit barks with 100% mortality at the concentration up to
100 ppm and can justify the popular use of infusion of this plant by rural people of Brazil to aid fishery. A very
significant brine shrimp toxicity, highest than that of umbelliferone, was observed. 2-O-methyl-L-inositol (1), the major
constituent of the extract, was inactive for both assays. A high antioxidant activity was observed with 80.60% radical
scavenging activity at a concentration of 1.00 mg while it was 29.63% at concentration of 0.25 mg. Moderate activity
41.46% was observed for 2-O-methyl-L-inositol at concentration of 1.00 mg. Based on these results M. glabrata can be
exploited for its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties [8,9].
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Brazilian Agencies CAPES, CNPq, PRONEX, and FUNCAP for fellowships and
financial support.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Correia MP. Dicionário de Plantas Úteis do Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura. Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal 1984;VI:231.
Braga R. Plantas do Nordeste Especialmente do Ceara. Natal: Editora Universitaria UFRN; 1960.
Araujo FWL, Lemos TLG, Militão JSLT, Braz-Filho R. Quím Nova 1994;17:128.
Yamada K, Ryu K, Miyamoto T, Higuchi R. J Nat Prod 1997;60:798.
McLaughlin JL. Methods in plant biochemistry, vol. 6. London: Academic Press; 1991.
Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK. Z Naturforsch 2002;57c:395.
Usia T, Banskota AH, Tezuka Y, Midorikawa K, Matsushige K, Kadota S. J Nat Prod 2002;65:673.
Pimenta LPP, Pinto GB, Takahashi JÁ, Fé Silva LG, Boaventura M. Phytomedicine 2003;10:209.
Hou WC, Lin RD, Cheng KT, Hung YT, Cho CH, Chen CH. Phytomedicine 2003;10:170.
www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote
Short report
Antioxidant, icthyotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality
tests of Magonia glabrata
Telma L. G. Lemos ⁎, Luciana L. Machado, João S.N. Souza, Aluisio M. Fonseca,
Juliana L. Maia, Otilia D.L. Pessoa
Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12200, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
Received 3 August 2004; accepted 3 April 2006
Available online 24 May 2006
Abstract
The ethanolic extract of the fruit bark from Magonia glabrata yielded shikimic acid, scopoletin, sitosterol glycoside and 2-Omethyl-L-inositol. Antioxidant, icthyotoxicity and brine shrimp lethality activities were observed in this extract. The major
constituent, 2-O-methyl-L-inositol, was found to be inactive in two assays but showed moderate activity as a radical scavenger.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Magonia glabrata; 2-O-Methyl-L-inositol; Ichthyotoxicity; Radical scavengers
1. Plant
Magonia glabrata St. Hill (Sapindaceae), fruit barks collected in Iraucuba, Ceará, Brazil, in January 2003, was
identified by Dr. Afrânio G. Fernandes, Botanist of Universidade Federal do Ceara. A voucher specimen (N.15.198)
has been deposited in the Herbarium Prisco Bezerra.
2. Uses in traditional medicine
Infusions of trunk barks are used as antiseptic. The plant in general is considered toxic, can cause death to cow when
ingested, and infusions of fruits or roots are used by rural people to aid fishery by causing fish dizziness [1,2].
3. Previously isolated classes of constituents
2-O-Methyl-L-inositol and proanthocyanidins [3].
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tlemos@ufc.br (T.L.G. Lemos).
0367-326X/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.04.008
444
T.L.G. Lemos et al. / Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 443–445
Table 1
Ichthyotoxicity activity and brine shrimp lethality (BST) of the M. glabrata ethanol extract and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol
Extract/
compounds
Ichthyotoxicity a
Conc. (ppm)
% mortality
Conc. (ppm)
% mortality
EtOH extract
10
50
100
500
nt
nt
0
50
100
0
nt
nt
1
10
100
500
10
100
25
75
100
0
25
50
1
Umbelliferone
BST a
nt = not tested.
a
Values (mean of three replicates).
4. New-isolated constituents
Shikimic acid (0.014%), scopoletin (0.007%), sitosterol glucoside (0.004%) and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol [L-quebrachitol
(1, 0.73%)] (Fig. 1).
5. Tested materials
Dried fruit barks (1.8 kg) ethanol extract (yield: 95 g). 2-O-Methyl-L-inositol (1) was obtained by precipitation from
the extract.
6. Studied activity
6.1. Ichthyotoxicity [4] and brine shrimp lethality test
Tested material was suspended in water (200 ml) at concentrations ranging from 10 to 500 ppm, placed in a beaker with
Mollinesia latipinna of 2.0–3.0 cm size, identified in the Fishing Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Ceará,
and placed in each dish (5 per dish). Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Tap water was used as positive control. Tests were
done in triplicate.
Brine shrimp lethality was tested using umbelliferone as positive reference [5].
6.2. Free radical scavenging activity
The antioxidant activity of EtOH extract and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol were assessed on the basis of the radical scavenging
effect of the stable DPPH free radical. One milliliter of a 60 μM DPPH ethanol solution was added to sample solutions of
different concentrations and allowed to react at r.t. After 30 min the absorbance values were measured at 517 nm and the
antioxidant activity was determined [6,7].
Fig. 1. Structure of compound 1.
445
T.L.G. Lemos et al. / Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 443–445
Table 2
DPPH free radical scavenging activity of M. glabrata ethanol extract and 2-O-methyl-L-inositol (1)
Treatment
Concentration (mg ml− 1)
1.00
Control
Trolox
BHT
EtOH extract
1
0.50
0.25
Activity
%
Activity
%
Activity
%
0.3550 ± 0.00005
0.0500 ± 0.00004
0.0670 ± 0.00005
0.0690 ± 0.00005
0.1720 ± 0.00005
00.00
86.00
81.10
80.60
41.46
0.3550 ± 0.00005
0.0870 ± 0.00005
0.1620 ± 0.00005
0.2260 ± 0.00003
0.1278 ± 0.00001
00.00
75.51
54.40
36.31
37.80
0.3550 ± 0.00005
0.0920 ± 0.00005
0.1680 ± 0.00005
0.2500 ± 0.00005
0.1937 ± 0.000025
00.00
74.12
52.72
29.63
34.60
Results are expressed as mean ± S.D., **P < 0.01 vs control.
7. Results
Reported in Tables 1 and 2.
8. Conclusions
Ichthyotoxicity activity was observed in EtOH extracts of fruit barks with 100% mortality at the concentration up to
100 ppm and can justify the popular use of infusion of this plant by rural people of Brazil to aid fishery. A very
significant brine shrimp toxicity, highest than that of umbelliferone, was observed. 2-O-methyl-L-inositol (1), the major
constituent of the extract, was inactive for both assays. A high antioxidant activity was observed with 80.60% radical
scavenging activity at a concentration of 1.00 mg while it was 29.63% at concentration of 0.25 mg. Moderate activity
41.46% was observed for 2-O-methyl-L-inositol at concentration of 1.00 mg. Based on these results M. glabrata can be
exploited for its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties [8,9].
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Brazilian Agencies CAPES, CNPq, PRONEX, and FUNCAP for fellowships and
financial support.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Correia MP. Dicionário de Plantas Úteis do Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura. Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal 1984;VI:231.
Braga R. Plantas do Nordeste Especialmente do Ceara. Natal: Editora Universitaria UFRN; 1960.
Araujo FWL, Lemos TLG, Militão JSLT, Braz-Filho R. Quím Nova 1994;17:128.
Yamada K, Ryu K, Miyamoto T, Higuchi R. J Nat Prod 1997;60:798.
McLaughlin JL. Methods in plant biochemistry, vol. 6. London: Academic Press; 1991.
Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK. Z Naturforsch 2002;57c:395.
Usia T, Banskota AH, Tezuka Y, Midorikawa K, Matsushige K, Kadota S. J Nat Prod 2002;65:673.
Pimenta LPP, Pinto GB, Takahashi JÁ, Fé Silva LG, Boaventura M. Phytomedicine 2003;10:209.
Hou WC, Lin RD, Cheng KT, Hung YT, Cho CH, Chen CH. Phytomedicine 2003;10:170.