Bieby Voijant T., PhD
Technologies of
Remediation
Bieby Voijant T., PhD
Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
FTSP - ITS
2016
Type of technologies
Thermal
• Thermal Treatment,
In Situ
• Hot Gas
Decontamination, Ex
Situ
• Incineration, Ex Situ
• Pyrolysis, Ex Situ
• Thermal Desorption,
Ex Situ
Physical/
Chemical
• Chemical Oxidation,
In Situ
• Electrokinetic
Separation, In Situ
• Fracturing, In and Ex
Situ
• Soil Flushing, In Situ
• Soil Vapor
Extraction, In Situ
• Solidifcation/
Stabilization, In and
Ex Situ
• Chemical Extraction,
Ex Situ
Biological
• Bioventing, In Situ
• Enhanced
Bioremediation, In
Situ
• Phytoremediation, In
Situ
• Biopiles, Ex Situ
• Composting, Ex Situ
• Landfarming, Ex Situ
• Slurry Phase, Ex Situ
Thermal Treatment
HOT GAS DECONTAMINATION, EX SITU
Introduction
Hot gas decontamination is essentially a low temperature
thermal desorption process. The process raises the
temperature of the contaminated soil to approximately 260
°C for a specifed period of time by exposing it to hot gases (i.e.
heated air), volatilizing the contaminants, and destroying them
in an afterburner.
Advantage
v can be used to
decontaminate equipment
and structures that have
been contaminated with
explosive residues
v Contaminants are
completely destroyed
Disadvantage
v The largest concern is
atmospheric emissions from
the thermal oxidizer
v The furnace design must
take into consideration possible
explosions
v The cost of this method is
higher than open burning
Thermal Treatment
HOT GAS DECONTAMINATION, EX SITU
Technology Applicability
v For decontamination of explosives-contaminated masonry, TNT or metallic
structures.
v Mines & shells
v Scrap material contaminated with explosives
v Buildings associated with ammunition plants & arsenals
v Products from the manufacture & processing of pyrotechnics, explosives, and
propellants.
Thermal Treatment
THERMAL TREATMENT – HOT AIR INJECTION, IN SITU
Types of In
Situ Thermal
Introduction - Hot Air Injection
Air at about 700°F was introduced into three injection
Treatment
wells, two of which were slanted to address
contamination beneath a building. Two vapor
extraction wells eventually extracted a hydrocarboncontaminated air stream at about 200°F through a
thermal oxidizer, which operated at 1400°F to break
down the petroleum hydrocarbons.
Suitable for homogenous granular soil with a high
permeability and hydraulic conductivity
Advantage
1. Electrical Resistance
Heating
2. Radio Frequency /
Electromagnetic Heating
3. Hot Air Injection
4. Steam Injection
5. Conductive Heating
v creating an expanded
in situ bioreactor. Given
adequate oxygen, the
volatilized hydrocarbons
will biodegrade in these
surrounding
uncontaminated soils,
increasing the fraction of
contaminants biodegraded
compared with an air
extraction confguration.
v can also be used in
conjuction with other
Disadvantage
v has limited
applicability to dioxins,
furans and PCBs
v Requires a high
pressure multi-stage
compression
v Overheating and
burning may occur
Thermal Treatment
THERMAL TREATMENT – HOT AIR INJECTION, IN SITU
Technolog
y
Applicabili
ty
remove of volatile
and semi-volatile
organic
compounds
(solvents, certain
pesticides, and
certain petroleum
hydrocarbons)
present in the
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOIL FLUSHING, IN SITU
Introduction
Water, or water containing an additive to enhance contaminant
solubility, is applied to the soil or injected into the ground water to
raise the water table into the contaminated soil zone. Contaminants
are leached into the ground water, which is then extracted and
treated.
Disadvantage
Advantage
v when performed under ideal
conditions, can lead to a volume
reduction of approximately 90%
of the originally contaminated soil
v the large volume of soil that
is not contaminated after
washing can be reused as backfll
at the site
v pH level and temperature of
the soil being treated can be
controlled and closely
monitored
v saves money and time and
generally the process can be run
at a very high rate of around 100
v Flushing additives may leave small
residuals in the soil or groundwater, and they
should be evaluated on a site-specifc basis.
v Additives must be recovered from the
underlying aquifer and, when possible, should be
recycled.
v Treatment of the recovered fuids forms
residual sludges that must be treated or
disposed.
v Recovered groundwater may need
treatment to meet appropriate discharge
standards.
v If used to extract volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), air emissions should be
treated.
v Low permeability soils, such as clays, are
difcult to treat with this method.
v Surfactants may reduce soil porosity, and
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOIL FLUSHING, IN SITU
Technology Applicability
Inorganics including radioactive contaminants. The technology
can be used to treat VOCs, SVOCs, fuels, and pesticides
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION, IN SITU AND EX SITU
Introduction
Solidifcation/stabilization (S/S) treatment is used to treat hazardous wastes
for disposal and in the remediation/site restoration of contaminated
land. S/S is also an increasingly popular technology for brownfelds (industrial
property) redevelopment, since treated wastes can often be left on-site and to
improve the soil for subsequent construction.
Though S/S are used both in situ and ex situ, but their ex situ is most common
Advantage
v Low cost because the
reagents are widely
available and inexpensive
v Can be used on a large
variety of contaminants
v Can be applied to
diferent types of soils
v Equipment is widely
available and simple
v High throughput rates
Disadvantage
v Contaminants are still in the soil, not destroyed
or removed
v Volume of the treated wastes usually increases
signifcantly
v Volatile organic compounds and some
particulates may come out during treatment
process
v Delivering reagents deep into the wastes and
mixing them evenly is difcult
v In situ S/S site may not be redeveloped
v Long-term efciency of S/S is still uncertain
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION, IN SITU AND EX SITU
Technology Applicability
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION, IN SITU AND EX SITU
Stabilization/Solidifcation of soil using in-situ
single auger mixing
Biological Treatment
BIOVENTING, IN SITU
Introduction
remediation technology that uses microorganisms to biodegrade organic
constituents adsorbed on soils in the unsaturated zone. Bioventing
enhances the activity of indigenous bacteria and simulates the natural in
situ biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil by inducing air or oxygen fow
into the unsaturated zone and, if necessary, by adding nutrients.
Advantage
v Uses readily available equipment;
easy to install.
v Creates minimal disturbance to
site operations. Can be used to address
inaccessible areas (e.g., under buildings).
v Requires short treatment times:
usually 6 months to 2 years under
optimal conditions.
v Is cost competitive: $45-140/ton of
contaminated soil.
v Easily combinable with other
technologies (e.g., air sparging,
groundwater extraction).
v May not require costly ofgas
Disadvantage
v High constituent concentrations may
initially be toxic to microorganisms.
v Not applicable for certain site
conditions (e.g., low soil permeabilities,
high clay content, insufcient delineation
of subsurface conditions).
v Cannot always achieve very low
cleanup standards.
v Permits generally required for nutrient
injection wells (if used). (A few states
also require permits for air injection.)
Biological Treatment
BIOVENTING, IN SITU
Technology Applicability
remediates soils contaminated with fuel, non-chlorinated
solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives, and other
organic chemicals
Biological Treatment
SLURRY PHASE, EX SITU
Introduction
Slurry phase biological treatment comprises of the treatment of excavated soil in a
bioreactor.
The soil is initially processed to separate out any stones and rubble that may be present.
The soil is then mixed with water to a predetermined concentration depending on the
concentration of the contaminants present, the rate of biodegradation, and the physical
nature of the soils. Some processes pre-wash the soil to concentrate the contaminants.
Clean sand can then be discharged; thus leaving just contaminated fnes and washwater
that requires treating. Normally, a slurry contains 10 to 30% solids by weight.
Advantage
v Good temperature control.
v Good heat recovery.
v Constant overall catalytic
activity maintained easily by
addition of small amount of catalyst.
v Useful for catalysts that can't
be pelletized.
v Large heat capacity of
reactor acts as a safety feature
Disadvantage
v Reactor may plug up.
v Uncertainties in design
process.
v Finding suitable liquids
may be difcult.
v ratio of liquid to catalyst
than in other reactors.
Biological Treatment
SLURRY PHASE, EX SITU
Technology Applicability
used mainly to treat non-halogenated SVOCs and VOCs in excavated soils or dredged
sediments. Sequential anaerobic/aerobic slurry-phase bioreactors are exploited to treat
PCBs, halogenated SVOCs, pesticides, and ordnance compounds.
Bioreactors are preferred over in situ biological techniques for low permeability
soils - areas where underlying ground water may be hard to capture, or when faster
treatment times are essential.
Daftar Pustaka
• http://
www.eugris.info/FurtherDescription.asp?Ca=2&Cy
=0&T=Ex%20situ%20treatment%20technologies
&e=25
• https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee110/node/
556
Remediation
Bieby Voijant T., PhD
Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
FTSP - ITS
2016
Type of technologies
Thermal
• Thermal Treatment,
In Situ
• Hot Gas
Decontamination, Ex
Situ
• Incineration, Ex Situ
• Pyrolysis, Ex Situ
• Thermal Desorption,
Ex Situ
Physical/
Chemical
• Chemical Oxidation,
In Situ
• Electrokinetic
Separation, In Situ
• Fracturing, In and Ex
Situ
• Soil Flushing, In Situ
• Soil Vapor
Extraction, In Situ
• Solidifcation/
Stabilization, In and
Ex Situ
• Chemical Extraction,
Ex Situ
Biological
• Bioventing, In Situ
• Enhanced
Bioremediation, In
Situ
• Phytoremediation, In
Situ
• Biopiles, Ex Situ
• Composting, Ex Situ
• Landfarming, Ex Situ
• Slurry Phase, Ex Situ
Thermal Treatment
HOT GAS DECONTAMINATION, EX SITU
Introduction
Hot gas decontamination is essentially a low temperature
thermal desorption process. The process raises the
temperature of the contaminated soil to approximately 260
°C for a specifed period of time by exposing it to hot gases (i.e.
heated air), volatilizing the contaminants, and destroying them
in an afterburner.
Advantage
v can be used to
decontaminate equipment
and structures that have
been contaminated with
explosive residues
v Contaminants are
completely destroyed
Disadvantage
v The largest concern is
atmospheric emissions from
the thermal oxidizer
v The furnace design must
take into consideration possible
explosions
v The cost of this method is
higher than open burning
Thermal Treatment
HOT GAS DECONTAMINATION, EX SITU
Technology Applicability
v For decontamination of explosives-contaminated masonry, TNT or metallic
structures.
v Mines & shells
v Scrap material contaminated with explosives
v Buildings associated with ammunition plants & arsenals
v Products from the manufacture & processing of pyrotechnics, explosives, and
propellants.
Thermal Treatment
THERMAL TREATMENT – HOT AIR INJECTION, IN SITU
Types of In
Situ Thermal
Introduction - Hot Air Injection
Air at about 700°F was introduced into three injection
Treatment
wells, two of which were slanted to address
contamination beneath a building. Two vapor
extraction wells eventually extracted a hydrocarboncontaminated air stream at about 200°F through a
thermal oxidizer, which operated at 1400°F to break
down the petroleum hydrocarbons.
Suitable for homogenous granular soil with a high
permeability and hydraulic conductivity
Advantage
1. Electrical Resistance
Heating
2. Radio Frequency /
Electromagnetic Heating
3. Hot Air Injection
4. Steam Injection
5. Conductive Heating
v creating an expanded
in situ bioreactor. Given
adequate oxygen, the
volatilized hydrocarbons
will biodegrade in these
surrounding
uncontaminated soils,
increasing the fraction of
contaminants biodegraded
compared with an air
extraction confguration.
v can also be used in
conjuction with other
Disadvantage
v has limited
applicability to dioxins,
furans and PCBs
v Requires a high
pressure multi-stage
compression
v Overheating and
burning may occur
Thermal Treatment
THERMAL TREATMENT – HOT AIR INJECTION, IN SITU
Technolog
y
Applicabili
ty
remove of volatile
and semi-volatile
organic
compounds
(solvents, certain
pesticides, and
certain petroleum
hydrocarbons)
present in the
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOIL FLUSHING, IN SITU
Introduction
Water, or water containing an additive to enhance contaminant
solubility, is applied to the soil or injected into the ground water to
raise the water table into the contaminated soil zone. Contaminants
are leached into the ground water, which is then extracted and
treated.
Disadvantage
Advantage
v when performed under ideal
conditions, can lead to a volume
reduction of approximately 90%
of the originally contaminated soil
v the large volume of soil that
is not contaminated after
washing can be reused as backfll
at the site
v pH level and temperature of
the soil being treated can be
controlled and closely
monitored
v saves money and time and
generally the process can be run
at a very high rate of around 100
v Flushing additives may leave small
residuals in the soil or groundwater, and they
should be evaluated on a site-specifc basis.
v Additives must be recovered from the
underlying aquifer and, when possible, should be
recycled.
v Treatment of the recovered fuids forms
residual sludges that must be treated or
disposed.
v Recovered groundwater may need
treatment to meet appropriate discharge
standards.
v If used to extract volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), air emissions should be
treated.
v Low permeability soils, such as clays, are
difcult to treat with this method.
v Surfactants may reduce soil porosity, and
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOIL FLUSHING, IN SITU
Technology Applicability
Inorganics including radioactive contaminants. The technology
can be used to treat VOCs, SVOCs, fuels, and pesticides
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION, IN SITU AND EX SITU
Introduction
Solidifcation/stabilization (S/S) treatment is used to treat hazardous wastes
for disposal and in the remediation/site restoration of contaminated
land. S/S is also an increasingly popular technology for brownfelds (industrial
property) redevelopment, since treated wastes can often be left on-site and to
improve the soil for subsequent construction.
Though S/S are used both in situ and ex situ, but their ex situ is most common
Advantage
v Low cost because the
reagents are widely
available and inexpensive
v Can be used on a large
variety of contaminants
v Can be applied to
diferent types of soils
v Equipment is widely
available and simple
v High throughput rates
Disadvantage
v Contaminants are still in the soil, not destroyed
or removed
v Volume of the treated wastes usually increases
signifcantly
v Volatile organic compounds and some
particulates may come out during treatment
process
v Delivering reagents deep into the wastes and
mixing them evenly is difcult
v In situ S/S site may not be redeveloped
v Long-term efciency of S/S is still uncertain
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION, IN SITU AND EX SITU
Technology Applicability
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION, IN SITU AND EX SITU
Stabilization/Solidifcation of soil using in-situ
single auger mixing
Biological Treatment
BIOVENTING, IN SITU
Introduction
remediation technology that uses microorganisms to biodegrade organic
constituents adsorbed on soils in the unsaturated zone. Bioventing
enhances the activity of indigenous bacteria and simulates the natural in
situ biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil by inducing air or oxygen fow
into the unsaturated zone and, if necessary, by adding nutrients.
Advantage
v Uses readily available equipment;
easy to install.
v Creates minimal disturbance to
site operations. Can be used to address
inaccessible areas (e.g., under buildings).
v Requires short treatment times:
usually 6 months to 2 years under
optimal conditions.
v Is cost competitive: $45-140/ton of
contaminated soil.
v Easily combinable with other
technologies (e.g., air sparging,
groundwater extraction).
v May not require costly ofgas
Disadvantage
v High constituent concentrations may
initially be toxic to microorganisms.
v Not applicable for certain site
conditions (e.g., low soil permeabilities,
high clay content, insufcient delineation
of subsurface conditions).
v Cannot always achieve very low
cleanup standards.
v Permits generally required for nutrient
injection wells (if used). (A few states
also require permits for air injection.)
Biological Treatment
BIOVENTING, IN SITU
Technology Applicability
remediates soils contaminated with fuel, non-chlorinated
solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives, and other
organic chemicals
Biological Treatment
SLURRY PHASE, EX SITU
Introduction
Slurry phase biological treatment comprises of the treatment of excavated soil in a
bioreactor.
The soil is initially processed to separate out any stones and rubble that may be present.
The soil is then mixed with water to a predetermined concentration depending on the
concentration of the contaminants present, the rate of biodegradation, and the physical
nature of the soils. Some processes pre-wash the soil to concentrate the contaminants.
Clean sand can then be discharged; thus leaving just contaminated fnes and washwater
that requires treating. Normally, a slurry contains 10 to 30% solids by weight.
Advantage
v Good temperature control.
v Good heat recovery.
v Constant overall catalytic
activity maintained easily by
addition of small amount of catalyst.
v Useful for catalysts that can't
be pelletized.
v Large heat capacity of
reactor acts as a safety feature
Disadvantage
v Reactor may plug up.
v Uncertainties in design
process.
v Finding suitable liquids
may be difcult.
v ratio of liquid to catalyst
than in other reactors.
Biological Treatment
SLURRY PHASE, EX SITU
Technology Applicability
used mainly to treat non-halogenated SVOCs and VOCs in excavated soils or dredged
sediments. Sequential anaerobic/aerobic slurry-phase bioreactors are exploited to treat
PCBs, halogenated SVOCs, pesticides, and ordnance compounds.
Bioreactors are preferred over in situ biological techniques for low permeability
soils - areas where underlying ground water may be hard to capture, or when faster
treatment times are essential.
Daftar Pustaka
• http://
www.eugris.info/FurtherDescription.asp?Ca=2&Cy
=0&T=Ex%20situ%20treatment%20technologies
&e=25
• https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee110/node/
556