Subordinations In Paulo Coelho’s Novel Brida Chapter III V
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE STUDY
3.1 Research Method
The method that used in analyzing the data of Paulo Coelho’s Brida is library
research and also descriptive qualitative research. Descriptive quantitative research is also
used to determine the numbers of more dominant type of sentence which contains dependent
clause, complex and compound – complex sentence.
Library research is an activity in collecting the data by visiting the library, collecting
the source data that related to the object of research, learning and quoting the data from
books, documents, and internet as well. In other words, this research is not a field of research.
There are four characteristics of this research according to Zed (2004:4): first, the researcher
dealing directly to the text; second, library or reference data is ready-made; third, library or
reference data generally a secondary source; fourth, library or reference data is not limited by
space and time.
Descriptive qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data
such as words, notes that related to the meaning, value and definition according to Bogdan
and Taylor (1975:5). This research does not need any calculation in the process. It does not
emphasize on the quantum or amount, so it more emphasis on quality in terms of natural
because it involves understanding, concepts, values and characteristics inherent to the object
of other research.
And to find the most dominant type between complex and compound – complex
sentence, descriptive quantitative method is used. In order to get the most dominant between
those two types of sentence, the following formula from Nawawi (1991; 150) will be used:
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X x 100% = N
Y
X = Numbers of of complex / compound - complex sentence
Y = Total number of all sentence
N = Percentage of complex / compound - complex sentence
3.2 Source of Data
The source of data of this study is from the novel,Brida which was written by Paulo
Coelho. This novel was published in 1990 which consists of 217 pages. The data of this
research are sentences which contain subordination elements in them.
3.3 Data Collecting Procedure
The colleting data is very important. In this analysis, the writer analyzes the forms and
functions of subordination, and complex and compound – complex sentences in a Paulo
Coelho’s Brida novel. Another books that used are Meaning – Centered Grammar: An
Introductory Text by Craig Hancock (2005), and Writing Academic English by Alice
Hoshima and Ann Houge (1999).
3.4 Data Analysis Procedure
The writer tries to analyze the data by collecting some references which are related
to this thesis. There are some steps that the writer has done to analyze the data:
1. Collect the data
First of all, the writer collects the data about compound sentence from some
references.
2. Select the data
Then, after collecting the data, the writer selects them.
3. After words, the writer identifies subordinations that found.
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4. Classify
Next, the writer classifies the data according to the forms of subordinate clause. 5. Finally,
the writer analyzes the functions of subordinations that can be found, and analyzing the type
of sentence by identifying numbers of independent clause and dependent clause contained in
each sentence to find the most dominant type of sentence between complex and compound –
complex sentence.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Analysis
It has already been mentioned in the previous chapter that subordination are found in
“Brida”. The sentences were collected randomly. In this chapter these mentioned sentences
from the novel consist all of three clauses, they are adverb clause, noun clause, and adjective
clause. Types of each sentence will be mentioned after the page where sentences can be
found in the novel. Complex sentence will be marked as “CS”, and compound - complex
sentence as “CCS”.
4.1.1 Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause which modifies a verb, an adjective, another
in the main clause, or an entire main clause. In an adverb clause, a special introductory word
is added to a full subject – predicate structure. This subordinator requires the clause that
should be attached to another full predication.
4.1.1.1 Forms
A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinators such as when, while,
after, since, until, as, although, though, because, now that, if, providing, seeing that, as…as,
more(er)…that, whether (or not), as much as, where, no matter if, so…that, and same as.
a) Adverb Clause of Time
A time clause is introduced by the subordinators when(ever), while, assoon as, after, since,
as, before, and until.
27
When(ever)
1.
When a soul divides, it always divides into a male part and a female part. (page 27,
CS)
2.
When male knowledge joins with female transformation, then the great magical union
is created, and its name is Wisdom. (page 57, CCS)
3.
When they reached the bar, the Magus ordered two whiskies. (page 82, CS)
4.
Whenever Brida came home and saw the candle flame, she felt a strange, almost
sacred responsibility. (page 94, CCS)
While
5.
“We could have made the same trip by bus,” Brida grumbled to herself while she paid
the taxi. (page 44, CCS)
6.
They sat on a bench while she fumbled around in her bag in search of money. (page
153, CS)
7.
She heard a distant voice making invocations while the light around her gradually
faded, then vanished completely. (page 160, CCS)
As soon as
8.
However, as soon as the sky filled up with stars, the atmosphere changed completely.
(page 102, CS)
9.
She got out as soon as a mechanic came over to her. (page 135, CS)
10.
They made use of magical powers while still thinking that they were stronger than the
powers themselves, convinced that they’d be able to leave the Tradition as soon as boredom
set in. (page 147, CCS)
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After
11.
Then, after a brief delay, a slim, elegant, serious-looking woman opened the door.
(page 23, CS)
12.
After a brief silence, Wicca spoke. (page 102, CS)
13.
“…, and you will learn about that after the ceremony.” (page 113, CS)
Since
14.
Then she gave him a complete account of everything that had happened since her
meeting with the Magus in the forest. (page 72, CCS)
15.
Brida had to buy a new notebook and record in it any psychical experiences she’d had
since her first meeting with Wicca. (page 93, CCS)
16.
The Magus asked Brida to close the ritual since she had begun. (page 160, CS)
As
17.
As the light began to fade, so did the feeling of terror and respect that always gripped
her when she was with him. (page 115, CCS)
Before
18.
Before he actually asked the question, he felt afraid of what the girl’s reply might be.
(page 7, CCS)
19.
She lay for a long time in bed before deciding to get up and make breakfast. (page 37,
CS)
Until
29
20.
The woman would keep insisting until she told her what she wanted to know. (page
64, CCS)
21.
The Magus waited until Brida had gone down the stairs. (page 88, CS)
b) Adverb Clause of Place
When it talks about the location or position of something, adverb clause of place is used.
Adverb clause of place is introduced by subordinators as given below:
Where means a definite place
22.
Her father would carry her to the window and show her to the town where they lived.
(page 16, CS)
23.
They were the reason she was there and not at home, where she usually waited for
Talbo to return from battle. (page 54, CS)
Wherever means any place
24.
Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the Sun.
(page 198, CS)
c) Adverb Clause of Reason
An adverbial reason clause answer the question “why?”. The subordinator
used in the adverb clause of reason is given along with some examples:
Because
25.
They did all these things because they had known love. (page 8, CS)
30
26.
She didn’t feel like talking either, because she didn’t want to forget the dream. (page
52, CS)
As
27.
The candle was also important as a way of reminding her that she had a mission to
fulfill and that she was engaged on that mission. (page 94, CCS)
Now that
28.
She had all the time in the world, now that she had found her destiny again, and had
someone to help her. (page 205, CCS)
d) Adverb Clause of Condition
Adverb clause of condition tells about a possible situation and its consequence. The
subordinators which can be used is found in the following:
If
29.
He’d taken on several pupils and believed that the world would change if he could
change those around him. (page 4, CCS)
30.
Whatever he achieves will be incomplete if he fails to find his Soul Mate. (page 30,
CS)
Whether (or not)
31.
Brida felt an inexplicable tremor of jealousy but she wasn’t sure whether she felt
jealous of him or of Wicca. (page 143, CCS)
e) Adverb Clause of Result
31
Adverb clause of result is used to indicate the result of something. The most common
subordinators used in this case can be seen in the following:
So (that)
32.
Then she placed the bag near the trees, so that it couldn’t be seen from the clearing.
(page 45, CS)
33.
Then she would stand so that her own face was reflected in the water and the moon’s
reflection was right in the middle of her forehead. (page 96, CCS)
f) Adverb Clause of Concession
When making two contrastive statements in a sentence, adverb clause of concession is used.
The subordinators used in the adverb clause of concession are found in the following:
Though
34.
“The people here may not understand me; they may despise my efforts, but I know
that I’m as brave as they are, because I seek God though I don’t believe in Him. (page 207,
CCS)
Even though
35.
The war will continue, but it is not an eternal war, because the Other God will be
defeated in the end, even though some of the angels have already been corrupted by him.
(page 56, CCS)
36.
The Magus needed to tell the truth, even though he wished the truth was different.
(page 86, CS)
Although
32
37.
“Let’s go this way,” she said, turning down a path that led into a wheat field, although
why she didn’t know. (page 154, CCS)
38.
Brida found herself quietly weeping, although she didn’t quite know why. (page 174,
CS)
g) Adverb Clause of Comparison
This kind adverb clause may be divided into two types:
1.
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree
2.
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree
This kind of adverb refers to compare between equal or unequal things in a sentence. Here is
a list of the most common subordinators used in adverb clause of comparison of degree
which are provided with some examples:
As…as
39.
However, as soon as the sky filled up with stars, the atmosphere changed completely.
(page 102, CS)
40.
Now I’ve discovered that the search can be as interesting as actually finding what
you’re looking for. (page 114, CS)
The verb or the dependent clause above is omitted. The comparison is not stated; rather, it is
implied.
More(er)…than
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41.
He understood that the forces he thought he could control and use were far more
powerful than he was. (page 150, CCS)
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner
This kind of adverb clause talks about someone’s behavior or the way something is done. The
subordinators used in this kind of adverb clause are given with their respective examples as
follows:
As
42.
As the old treatises crowding his shelves predicted, things were finally beginning to
return to the place from whence they came. (page 23, CCS)
As if
43.
And suddenly, when she gazed up at him, Loni noticed that the night had a magical
glow to it, as if it were a sunny day. (page 63, CCS)
44.
She felt full, complete, as if the whole landscape were seeping into her soul. (page
130, CS)
The numbers of complex sentences (CS) found with adverb clause are twenty three
sentences, and the numbers of compound – complex sentences (CCS) are twenty one
sentences in total.
4.1.1.2 Functions
Like adverbial prepositional phrases, adverbial subordinate clauses can convey a
number of adverbial meanings. There are some functions of adverbial clause according to
Hancock (2005):
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1.
Clause of time has function depending in large part on the subordinator, the time of
the matrix clause may be previous to that of the adverbial clause (with subordinator
until), simultaneous with it or establish two events as happening simultaneously
(with subordinator while), or subsequent to it (subordinator after).
Examples:
a. The Magus waited until Brida had gone down the stairs. (page 88)
b. They sat on a bench while she fumbled around in her bag in search of money. (page 153)
c. After a brief silence, Wicca spoke. (page 102)
2.
Clause of place has function to indicate position and direction.
Examples:
a. Her father would carry her to the window and show her to the town where they lived. (page
16)
b. Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the Sun.
(page 198)
3. Clause of reason has function to convey a direct relationship with the matrix clause.
Example:
a. They did all these things because they had known love. (page 8)
b. The candle was also important as a way of reminding her that she had a mission to fulfill
and that she was engaged on that mission. (page 94)
4.
Clause of condition conveys a direct condition in that the situation in the matrix
clause is directly contingent on the situation in the conditional clause.
Example:
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a. Whatever he achieves will be incomplete if he fails to find his Soul Mate. (page 30)
b. Brida felt an inexplicable tremor of jealousy but she wasn’t sure whether she felt jealous of
him or of Wicca. (page 143)
5.
Clause of result are used for purposes clauses. But, because the subordinators (so
that and so) are putative rather than factual, purpose clauses require a modal
auxiliary.
Examples:
a. Then she placed the bag near the trees, so that it couldn’t be seen from the
clearing. (page 45)
b. Then she would stand so that her own face was reflected in the water and the moon’s
reflection was right in the middle of her forehead. (page 96)
6.
Clause of concession has function to indicate the situation in the matrix clause is
contrary to what one might expect in view of the situation in the concessive clause.
Examples:
a. “The people here may not understand me; they may despise my efforts, but I know that I’m
as brave as they are, because I seek God though I don’t believe in Him. (page 207)
b. The Magus needed to tell the truth, even though he wished the truth was different. (page
86)
c. Brida found herself quietly weeping, although she didn’t quite know why.(page 174)
7.
Clause of comparison with subordinators as, as if, and as though can introduce
nonfinite and verbless clauses.
Examples:
a. However, as soon as the sky filled up with stars, the atmosphere changed completely. (page
102)
b. Now I’ve discovered that the search can be as interesting as actually finding what you’re
looking for. (page 114).
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4.1.2 Noun Clause
Noun clause is a dependent clause (subordinate clause) used as a noun. It can be a subject,
object, or subject complement. When a subordinate clause assumes the grammatical function
of a noun in a sentence, it is said to be anominal clause, like noun phrase, nominal clause can
function as subject andcomplement as in 45 to 47:
45.
What you meant was ‘the most recent time I was here’. (page 78, CS)
The position of the nominal clause of the sentence above is to show subject.
46.
He spoke without really listening to what he was saying. (page 117, CS)
The position of the nominal clause of the sentence above is to show object.
47.
She felt at peace, immersed in one ofthose moments in life when the only possible
alternative is to lose all control. (page 121, CS)
The position of the nominal clause of the sentence above is to show complement.
4.1.2.1 Forms
Subordinators which introduce noun clause can be interrogative words plus word “ever” and
particles or connectors as : what, when, where, whom, why,that, and whether.
a. Question Words (‘Wh-Questions’)
Subordinators in their question words form are used to connect dependent clause and
independent clause. Noun clause with this form of subordinator could be seen from Brida,
such as the following:
What
48.
The man standing before her, she thought, would never understand what went on in
people’s hearts. (page 9, CCS)
49.
He spoke without really listening to what he was saying. (page 117, CS)
The position of noun clause in the sentence above is to show object of a preposition.
50.
She knew what the Tradition of the Sun was. (page 122, CS)
37
The position of noun clause in the sentence above is to show direct object of a verb.
When
51.
There was a time when he’d been a Teacher who wasknown and respected by the
Tradition. (page 4, CCS)
52.
But there comes a moment when those two things can no longer coexist, and you have
to choose. (page 7, CCS)
Where
53.
Conversations at the other tables stopped, too, everyone eager to find out where the
sound was coming from, …. (page 35, CCS)
54.
She was on a path where valuable contacts were very hard to find. (page 38, CS)
Whom
55.
She was privileged to be there with that man whom other people either loved or
feared. (page 13, CS)
56.
Brida told him that it was the Magus whom she went to visit in the mountains, and
Lorens gave the matter no further thought. (page 178, CCS)
Why
57.
She clearly possessed a Gift, but she needed to know why the Magus of Folk had been
so interested in her. (page 24, CCS)
58.
The Magus understood why she had come that afternoon. (page 118, CS)
That
59.
He’d taken on several pupilsand believed that the world would change if he could
changethose around him. (page 4, CCS)
60.
He was so very attractive, with eyes that revealed a soul full of answers, and he would
once again be disappointed by the feelings of ordinary human beings. (page 9, CCS)
38
b.Question Words + Word “ever”
Only who, whoever, what, whatever, which, and whichever can be used as the subject of the
verb in the noun clause.Question words + “ever” can also be subordinators that introduce
noun clause as in the following:
Whoever
61.
They werepeople whom solitude had made into the judges of the world,whose
verdicts were scattered to the four winds for whoever caredto listen. (page 14, CCS)
Wherever
62.
“You can hear it wherever you are,” she said. (page 94, CS)
63.
Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the Sun.
(page 198, CS)
Whichever
64.
We can treat it in whichever waywe want, but once someone has experienced this
force, he or shewill never be able to forget it. (page 111, CS)
Whatever
65.
Live everything as intensely as you can and keep whatever you felt as a gift from God.
(page 67, CS)
66.
And whatever you bring to it, your fears, your desires, your sensibility, will remain.
(page 124, CS)
Whenever
67.
Whenever the conversation turned to personal topics, Wicca would respond vaguely
or evasively, but she spoke with great verve about trivial matters. (page 137, CCS)
39
68.
Whenever she went in search of that man, she was looking for something; whenever
she found that something, all she did was leave, often without even saying good-bye. (page
141, CCS)
69.
Whenever she was about to say something to him, the images would vanish to be
replaced by others. (page 158, CS)
c. Whether / If
Whether / if – clause is dependent noun clause that is formed from yes/noquestions and
introduced by the subordinator whether or if.
70.
Brida wasn’t sure whether he was referring to her or not. (page 22, CS)
71.
It doesn’t matter whether you’re seeking wisdom or pleasure through the force of sex,
it will always be a total experience, because it’s the only experience that touches—or should
touch—all five senses at once. (page 121, CCS)
72.
The owner interrupted her and went to serve another customer, who wanted to know
if the book he’d ordered had come in, an almanac containing the planetary positions for the
next hundred years. (page 21, CCS)
The numbers of complex sentences (CS) found with noun clause are fifteen sentences, and
the numbers of compound – complex sentences (CCS) are thirteen sentences in total.
4.1.2.2Functions
Like noun phrase, noun clause (nominal clause) may function as subject, object, complement,
appositive, and prepositional complement. But the occurrence of noun clauses is more limited
than that of noun phrases, because semantically the clauses are normally abstract; they refer
to such abstractions asevents, facts, and ideas.
The one exception is the nominal relative clause, which may refer to persons and things and
may in fact be alternatively analyzed as noun phrase. Since indirect objects normally refer to
persons, we can see why only the nominal relative clause can function as indirect object.
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The functions of noun clauses found in Brida are:
1. Direct Object of Transitive Verb
A noun clause can be used as direct object of transitive verb as the next sentences mentioned:
a. She knew what the Tradition of the Sun was. (page 122)
b. The Magus understood why she had come that afternoon. (page 118)
c. Brida wasn’t sure whether he was referring to her or not. (page 22)
2. Object of a Preposition
Besides being an object of a transitive verb, a noun clause can also be functioned as the
object of a preposition. The sentence can be found below:
a. He spoke without really listening to what he was saying. (page 117)
b. They were people whom solitude had made into the judges of the world, whose
verdicts were scattered to the four winds for whoever cared to listen. (page 14)
3. Subjective Complement
A noun clause can function as the complement of a verb of incomplete predication. It is
commonly called subjective complement as reflected in the following sentences:
a.
It doesn’t matter whether you’re seeking wisdom or pleasure through the force of
sex, it will always be a total experience, because it’s the only experience that
touches—or should touch—all five senses at once. (page 121)
4.
Objective Complement
A noun clause may serve a function as the complement of an object. It iscommonly called
objective complement as illustrated in the next example:
a. She was on a path where valuable contacts were very hard to find. (page 38)
b. She was privileged to be there with that man whom other people either loved or
feared. (page 13)
c. He was so very attractive, with eyes that revealed a soul full of answers, and he
would once again be disappointed by the feelings of ordinary human beings. (page
9)
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5.
Appositions to a noun or pronoun
A noun clause can be used as appositions to a noun or pronoun. This will be illustrated in the
next example:
a. Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the
Sun. (page 198)
4.1.3 Adjective Clause
Adjective clause is one of the three kinds of dependent clauses in English. It is also called
“Relative Clause”. Adjective clause connects idea by using pronoun that is related to
something previously mentioned
Adjective clause is usually introduced by relative pronoun and subordinate conjunction also
known as marker such as who,whom, whose, which, that, when, where, and why.
4.1.3.1 Forms
a) Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns have a different function. It may be a subject or an object in its own
clause, or it may replace a possessive word.
Relative Pronouns as Subjects
Relative pronouns as subject for human as reflected in the following sentence
in Brida are:
73.
Perhaps there werepeople who wanted to be alone. (page 6, CS)
74.
And Brida hoped against hope that this young man who knewso much about the light
from the stars contained a little of theperson she had once been. (page 36, CCS)
75.
She wished the person who keptcalling to her would stop, because the dream was now
fast disappearingbefore she had managed to grasp its meaning. (page 52, CCS)
Relative Pronouns as subject for things / nonhumans are:
42
76.
Loni triedto concentrate on the music coming from belowwhich wassomehow making
dying easier. (page 61, CS)
77.
She looked at the clothes which she felt contained “bad vibrations”. (page 107, CS)
78.
They were sitting in the only pubin the village, which is where she had first noticed
the strange lightin his eyes. (page 142, CS)
b) Relative Adverbs
Adjective clause (relative clause) may also be introduced by the relative adverbs when and
where. Relative adverbs refer to a time or a place.
When
79.
Nevertheless, they surrenderedto their love, leaving life in charge of separating them
when thetime came. (page 148, CCS)
80.
Half an hour later, whenalmost a hundred people were gathered in the clearing,
talkingquietly, Wicca called for silence. (page 179, CCS)
81.
That is how it had been in the past—a party, a huge popular festival, ajoyful
celebration of spring and hope, in an age when being happywas a challenge to the Law,
because no one could enjoy themselvesin a world made only to tempt the weak. (page 180,
CCS)
Where
82.
She’dhad to get up early, travel for three hours, ask the people in thevillage where she
might find him, and explain what she wantedwith such a strange man. (page 5, CCS)
83.
Thatbuilding was exactly as she’d imagined it would be; it was just thekind of place
where the type of person who visited the bookshopshould live. (page 23, CCS)
43
The numbers of complex sentences (CS) found with adjective clause are four sentences, and
the numbers of compound – complex sentences (CCS) are seven sentences in total.
4.1.3.2 Functions
There are two functions of adjective clause according to the meaning namely restrictive
relative clause and non- restrictive relative clause.
1.
Restrictive Relative Clause
Restrictive relative clause is a clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence to keep its
original meaning. Restrictive means necessary. Therefore, the restrictive relative clause has
no commas around it. The subordinator is optionally used in creating restrictive relative
clause and it is often omitted if it functions as an object as illustrated in this example:
a.
And Brida hoped against hope that this young man who knew so much about
the light from the stars contained a little of the person she had once been.
(page 36)
b.
She looked at the clothes which she felt contained “bad vibrations”. (page
107)
c.
That building was exactly as she’d imagined it would be; it was just the kind
of place where the type of person who visited the bookshop should live. (page
23)
2. Non-Restrictive Relative Clause
Non-restrictive relative clause is a clause that contains additional information which is not
required to give the meaning of the sentence. Non-restrictive relative clause means
unnecessary. Therefore, a non-restrictive relative clause is set off from the other clauses by
commas. The subordinator is obligatory used in forming non-restrictive relative clause when
the subordinator functions as the subject of the clauses as reflected in the following sentence:
a.
Nevertheless, they surrendered to their love, leaving life in charge of
separating them when the time came. (page 148)
44
b.
Loni tried to concentrate on the music coming from below which was
somehow making dying easier. (page 61)
c.
Half an hour later, whenalmost a hundred people were gathered in the
clearing, talkingquietly, Wicca called for silence. (page 179)
4.2 Findings
From data description and analysis above, the writer will describe the findings as
follows :
1. The author, Paulo Coelho, uses all forms of subordinate clause, they are Adverb
Clause, Noun Clause, and Adjective Clause.
2. From data analysis, the writer found 83 sentences in total that using subordinate
clause.
Forms
Data
Percentage
Adverb Clause
44 sentences
53%
Noun Clause
28 sentences
34%
Adjective Clause
11 sentences
13%
45
3. The most dominant form of subordinate clause found in the novel is Adverb Clause,
with 44 out of 83 sentences in total, with 53% percentage.
4. The writer found 42 complex sentences and 41 compound - complex sentences.
Complex Sentence is the most dominant type of sentence with subordinate clause,
with 51% percentage.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
From previous explanation and the analysis, the writer can draw several conclusions that:
1. The novel has three forms of subordinate clause, which are adverb clause, noun clause and
adjective clause.
2. There are eighty three sentences with subordinate clauses found in the novel which are
representing the others in the whole novel. There are forty four sentences contain adverb
clause, twenty eight sentences contain noun clause, and eleven sentences contain adjective
clause. The most dominant form of subordinate clause that used in the novel is Adverb
Clause with 53% percentage.
3. Type of sentence with subordinate clause that is the more dominant type used in the novel
is Complex Sentence with 42 sentences.
4. Paulo Coelho in his novel Brida use subordinate clauses to express larger variety of
relationship between events and ideas. It makes the novel looks more mature for he doesn’t
use just simple and compound sentences.
5.2 Suggestions
Having analyzed the topic of this study, the writer suggests that subordination can be
analyzed by looking for subordinating conjunctions (subordinator) in a sentence. And then if
a sentence has just one independent and dependent clause, then it belongs to be a complex
sentence.
But if a sentence has two or more independent clauses, then the sentence itself is a compound
– complex sentence.
Finally the writer suggests that the readers should know how to apply subordinators in
47
various usage to make the writing flow more smoothly and to clarify the relationships
between the main clause and the subordinate clause.
48
METHOD OF THE STUDY
3.1 Research Method
The method that used in analyzing the data of Paulo Coelho’s Brida is library
research and also descriptive qualitative research. Descriptive quantitative research is also
used to determine the numbers of more dominant type of sentence which contains dependent
clause, complex and compound – complex sentence.
Library research is an activity in collecting the data by visiting the library, collecting
the source data that related to the object of research, learning and quoting the data from
books, documents, and internet as well. In other words, this research is not a field of research.
There are four characteristics of this research according to Zed (2004:4): first, the researcher
dealing directly to the text; second, library or reference data is ready-made; third, library or
reference data generally a secondary source; fourth, library or reference data is not limited by
space and time.
Descriptive qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data
such as words, notes that related to the meaning, value and definition according to Bogdan
and Taylor (1975:5). This research does not need any calculation in the process. It does not
emphasize on the quantum or amount, so it more emphasis on quality in terms of natural
because it involves understanding, concepts, values and characteristics inherent to the object
of other research.
And to find the most dominant type between complex and compound – complex
sentence, descriptive quantitative method is used. In order to get the most dominant between
those two types of sentence, the following formula from Nawawi (1991; 150) will be used:
24
X x 100% = N
Y
X = Numbers of of complex / compound - complex sentence
Y = Total number of all sentence
N = Percentage of complex / compound - complex sentence
3.2 Source of Data
The source of data of this study is from the novel,Brida which was written by Paulo
Coelho. This novel was published in 1990 which consists of 217 pages. The data of this
research are sentences which contain subordination elements in them.
3.3 Data Collecting Procedure
The colleting data is very important. In this analysis, the writer analyzes the forms and
functions of subordination, and complex and compound – complex sentences in a Paulo
Coelho’s Brida novel. Another books that used are Meaning – Centered Grammar: An
Introductory Text by Craig Hancock (2005), and Writing Academic English by Alice
Hoshima and Ann Houge (1999).
3.4 Data Analysis Procedure
The writer tries to analyze the data by collecting some references which are related
to this thesis. There are some steps that the writer has done to analyze the data:
1. Collect the data
First of all, the writer collects the data about compound sentence from some
references.
2. Select the data
Then, after collecting the data, the writer selects them.
3. After words, the writer identifies subordinations that found.
25
4. Classify
Next, the writer classifies the data according to the forms of subordinate clause. 5. Finally,
the writer analyzes the functions of subordinations that can be found, and analyzing the type
of sentence by identifying numbers of independent clause and dependent clause contained in
each sentence to find the most dominant type of sentence between complex and compound –
complex sentence.
26
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Analysis
It has already been mentioned in the previous chapter that subordination are found in
“Brida”. The sentences were collected randomly. In this chapter these mentioned sentences
from the novel consist all of three clauses, they are adverb clause, noun clause, and adjective
clause. Types of each sentence will be mentioned after the page where sentences can be
found in the novel. Complex sentence will be marked as “CS”, and compound - complex
sentence as “CCS”.
4.1.1 Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause which modifies a verb, an adjective, another
in the main clause, or an entire main clause. In an adverb clause, a special introductory word
is added to a full subject – predicate structure. This subordinator requires the clause that
should be attached to another full predication.
4.1.1.1 Forms
A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinators such as when, while,
after, since, until, as, although, though, because, now that, if, providing, seeing that, as…as,
more(er)…that, whether (or not), as much as, where, no matter if, so…that, and same as.
a) Adverb Clause of Time
A time clause is introduced by the subordinators when(ever), while, assoon as, after, since,
as, before, and until.
27
When(ever)
1.
When a soul divides, it always divides into a male part and a female part. (page 27,
CS)
2.
When male knowledge joins with female transformation, then the great magical union
is created, and its name is Wisdom. (page 57, CCS)
3.
When they reached the bar, the Magus ordered two whiskies. (page 82, CS)
4.
Whenever Brida came home and saw the candle flame, she felt a strange, almost
sacred responsibility. (page 94, CCS)
While
5.
“We could have made the same trip by bus,” Brida grumbled to herself while she paid
the taxi. (page 44, CCS)
6.
They sat on a bench while she fumbled around in her bag in search of money. (page
153, CS)
7.
She heard a distant voice making invocations while the light around her gradually
faded, then vanished completely. (page 160, CCS)
As soon as
8.
However, as soon as the sky filled up with stars, the atmosphere changed completely.
(page 102, CS)
9.
She got out as soon as a mechanic came over to her. (page 135, CS)
10.
They made use of magical powers while still thinking that they were stronger than the
powers themselves, convinced that they’d be able to leave the Tradition as soon as boredom
set in. (page 147, CCS)
28
After
11.
Then, after a brief delay, a slim, elegant, serious-looking woman opened the door.
(page 23, CS)
12.
After a brief silence, Wicca spoke. (page 102, CS)
13.
“…, and you will learn about that after the ceremony.” (page 113, CS)
Since
14.
Then she gave him a complete account of everything that had happened since her
meeting with the Magus in the forest. (page 72, CCS)
15.
Brida had to buy a new notebook and record in it any psychical experiences she’d had
since her first meeting with Wicca. (page 93, CCS)
16.
The Magus asked Brida to close the ritual since she had begun. (page 160, CS)
As
17.
As the light began to fade, so did the feeling of terror and respect that always gripped
her when she was with him. (page 115, CCS)
Before
18.
Before he actually asked the question, he felt afraid of what the girl’s reply might be.
(page 7, CCS)
19.
She lay for a long time in bed before deciding to get up and make breakfast. (page 37,
CS)
Until
29
20.
The woman would keep insisting until she told her what she wanted to know. (page
64, CCS)
21.
The Magus waited until Brida had gone down the stairs. (page 88, CS)
b) Adverb Clause of Place
When it talks about the location or position of something, adverb clause of place is used.
Adverb clause of place is introduced by subordinators as given below:
Where means a definite place
22.
Her father would carry her to the window and show her to the town where they lived.
(page 16, CS)
23.
They were the reason she was there and not at home, where she usually waited for
Talbo to return from battle. (page 54, CS)
Wherever means any place
24.
Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the Sun.
(page 198, CS)
c) Adverb Clause of Reason
An adverbial reason clause answer the question “why?”. The subordinator
used in the adverb clause of reason is given along with some examples:
Because
25.
They did all these things because they had known love. (page 8, CS)
30
26.
She didn’t feel like talking either, because she didn’t want to forget the dream. (page
52, CS)
As
27.
The candle was also important as a way of reminding her that she had a mission to
fulfill and that she was engaged on that mission. (page 94, CCS)
Now that
28.
She had all the time in the world, now that she had found her destiny again, and had
someone to help her. (page 205, CCS)
d) Adverb Clause of Condition
Adverb clause of condition tells about a possible situation and its consequence. The
subordinators which can be used is found in the following:
If
29.
He’d taken on several pupils and believed that the world would change if he could
change those around him. (page 4, CCS)
30.
Whatever he achieves will be incomplete if he fails to find his Soul Mate. (page 30,
CS)
Whether (or not)
31.
Brida felt an inexplicable tremor of jealousy but she wasn’t sure whether she felt
jealous of him or of Wicca. (page 143, CCS)
e) Adverb Clause of Result
31
Adverb clause of result is used to indicate the result of something. The most common
subordinators used in this case can be seen in the following:
So (that)
32.
Then she placed the bag near the trees, so that it couldn’t be seen from the clearing.
(page 45, CS)
33.
Then she would stand so that her own face was reflected in the water and the moon’s
reflection was right in the middle of her forehead. (page 96, CCS)
f) Adverb Clause of Concession
When making two contrastive statements in a sentence, adverb clause of concession is used.
The subordinators used in the adverb clause of concession are found in the following:
Though
34.
“The people here may not understand me; they may despise my efforts, but I know
that I’m as brave as they are, because I seek God though I don’t believe in Him. (page 207,
CCS)
Even though
35.
The war will continue, but it is not an eternal war, because the Other God will be
defeated in the end, even though some of the angels have already been corrupted by him.
(page 56, CCS)
36.
The Magus needed to tell the truth, even though he wished the truth was different.
(page 86, CS)
Although
32
37.
“Let’s go this way,” she said, turning down a path that led into a wheat field, although
why she didn’t know. (page 154, CCS)
38.
Brida found herself quietly weeping, although she didn’t quite know why. (page 174,
CS)
g) Adverb Clause of Comparison
This kind adverb clause may be divided into two types:
1.
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree
2.
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degree
This kind of adverb refers to compare between equal or unequal things in a sentence. Here is
a list of the most common subordinators used in adverb clause of comparison of degree
which are provided with some examples:
As…as
39.
However, as soon as the sky filled up with stars, the atmosphere changed completely.
(page 102, CS)
40.
Now I’ve discovered that the search can be as interesting as actually finding what
you’re looking for. (page 114, CS)
The verb or the dependent clause above is omitted. The comparison is not stated; rather, it is
implied.
More(er)…than
33
41.
He understood that the forces he thought he could control and use were far more
powerful than he was. (page 150, CCS)
Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner
This kind of adverb clause talks about someone’s behavior or the way something is done. The
subordinators used in this kind of adverb clause are given with their respective examples as
follows:
As
42.
As the old treatises crowding his shelves predicted, things were finally beginning to
return to the place from whence they came. (page 23, CCS)
As if
43.
And suddenly, when she gazed up at him, Loni noticed that the night had a magical
glow to it, as if it were a sunny day. (page 63, CCS)
44.
She felt full, complete, as if the whole landscape were seeping into her soul. (page
130, CS)
The numbers of complex sentences (CS) found with adverb clause are twenty three
sentences, and the numbers of compound – complex sentences (CCS) are twenty one
sentences in total.
4.1.1.2 Functions
Like adverbial prepositional phrases, adverbial subordinate clauses can convey a
number of adverbial meanings. There are some functions of adverbial clause according to
Hancock (2005):
34
1.
Clause of time has function depending in large part on the subordinator, the time of
the matrix clause may be previous to that of the adverbial clause (with subordinator
until), simultaneous with it or establish two events as happening simultaneously
(with subordinator while), or subsequent to it (subordinator after).
Examples:
a. The Magus waited until Brida had gone down the stairs. (page 88)
b. They sat on a bench while she fumbled around in her bag in search of money. (page 153)
c. After a brief silence, Wicca spoke. (page 102)
2.
Clause of place has function to indicate position and direction.
Examples:
a. Her father would carry her to the window and show her to the town where they lived. (page
16)
b. Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the Sun.
(page 198)
3. Clause of reason has function to convey a direct relationship with the matrix clause.
Example:
a. They did all these things because they had known love. (page 8)
b. The candle was also important as a way of reminding her that she had a mission to fulfill
and that she was engaged on that mission. (page 94)
4.
Clause of condition conveys a direct condition in that the situation in the matrix
clause is directly contingent on the situation in the conditional clause.
Example:
35
a. Whatever he achieves will be incomplete if he fails to find his Soul Mate. (page 30)
b. Brida felt an inexplicable tremor of jealousy but she wasn’t sure whether she felt jealous of
him or of Wicca. (page 143)
5.
Clause of result are used for purposes clauses. But, because the subordinators (so
that and so) are putative rather than factual, purpose clauses require a modal
auxiliary.
Examples:
a. Then she placed the bag near the trees, so that it couldn’t be seen from the
clearing. (page 45)
b. Then she would stand so that her own face was reflected in the water and the moon’s
reflection was right in the middle of her forehead. (page 96)
6.
Clause of concession has function to indicate the situation in the matrix clause is
contrary to what one might expect in view of the situation in the concessive clause.
Examples:
a. “The people here may not understand me; they may despise my efforts, but I know that I’m
as brave as they are, because I seek God though I don’t believe in Him. (page 207)
b. The Magus needed to tell the truth, even though he wished the truth was different. (page
86)
c. Brida found herself quietly weeping, although she didn’t quite know why.(page 174)
7.
Clause of comparison with subordinators as, as if, and as though can introduce
nonfinite and verbless clauses.
Examples:
a. However, as soon as the sky filled up with stars, the atmosphere changed completely. (page
102)
b. Now I’ve discovered that the search can be as interesting as actually finding what you’re
looking for. (page 114).
36
4.1.2 Noun Clause
Noun clause is a dependent clause (subordinate clause) used as a noun. It can be a subject,
object, or subject complement. When a subordinate clause assumes the grammatical function
of a noun in a sentence, it is said to be anominal clause, like noun phrase, nominal clause can
function as subject andcomplement as in 45 to 47:
45.
What you meant was ‘the most recent time I was here’. (page 78, CS)
The position of the nominal clause of the sentence above is to show subject.
46.
He spoke without really listening to what he was saying. (page 117, CS)
The position of the nominal clause of the sentence above is to show object.
47.
She felt at peace, immersed in one ofthose moments in life when the only possible
alternative is to lose all control. (page 121, CS)
The position of the nominal clause of the sentence above is to show complement.
4.1.2.1 Forms
Subordinators which introduce noun clause can be interrogative words plus word “ever” and
particles or connectors as : what, when, where, whom, why,that, and whether.
a. Question Words (‘Wh-Questions’)
Subordinators in their question words form are used to connect dependent clause and
independent clause. Noun clause with this form of subordinator could be seen from Brida,
such as the following:
What
48.
The man standing before her, she thought, would never understand what went on in
people’s hearts. (page 9, CCS)
49.
He spoke without really listening to what he was saying. (page 117, CS)
The position of noun clause in the sentence above is to show object of a preposition.
50.
She knew what the Tradition of the Sun was. (page 122, CS)
37
The position of noun clause in the sentence above is to show direct object of a verb.
When
51.
There was a time when he’d been a Teacher who wasknown and respected by the
Tradition. (page 4, CCS)
52.
But there comes a moment when those two things can no longer coexist, and you have
to choose. (page 7, CCS)
Where
53.
Conversations at the other tables stopped, too, everyone eager to find out where the
sound was coming from, …. (page 35, CCS)
54.
She was on a path where valuable contacts were very hard to find. (page 38, CS)
Whom
55.
She was privileged to be there with that man whom other people either loved or
feared. (page 13, CS)
56.
Brida told him that it was the Magus whom she went to visit in the mountains, and
Lorens gave the matter no further thought. (page 178, CCS)
Why
57.
She clearly possessed a Gift, but she needed to know why the Magus of Folk had been
so interested in her. (page 24, CCS)
58.
The Magus understood why she had come that afternoon. (page 118, CS)
That
59.
He’d taken on several pupilsand believed that the world would change if he could
changethose around him. (page 4, CCS)
60.
He was so very attractive, with eyes that revealed a soul full of answers, and he would
once again be disappointed by the feelings of ordinary human beings. (page 9, CCS)
38
b.Question Words + Word “ever”
Only who, whoever, what, whatever, which, and whichever can be used as the subject of the
verb in the noun clause.Question words + “ever” can also be subordinators that introduce
noun clause as in the following:
Whoever
61.
They werepeople whom solitude had made into the judges of the world,whose
verdicts were scattered to the four winds for whoever caredto listen. (page 14, CCS)
Wherever
62.
“You can hear it wherever you are,” she said. (page 94, CS)
63.
Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the Sun.
(page 198, CS)
Whichever
64.
We can treat it in whichever waywe want, but once someone has experienced this
force, he or shewill never be able to forget it. (page 111, CS)
Whatever
65.
Live everything as intensely as you can and keep whatever you felt as a gift from God.
(page 67, CS)
66.
And whatever you bring to it, your fears, your desires, your sensibility, will remain.
(page 124, CS)
Whenever
67.
Whenever the conversation turned to personal topics, Wicca would respond vaguely
or evasively, but she spoke with great verve about trivial matters. (page 137, CCS)
39
68.
Whenever she went in search of that man, she was looking for something; whenever
she found that something, all she did was leave, often without even saying good-bye. (page
141, CCS)
69.
Whenever she was about to say something to him, the images would vanish to be
replaced by others. (page 158, CS)
c. Whether / If
Whether / if – clause is dependent noun clause that is formed from yes/noquestions and
introduced by the subordinator whether or if.
70.
Brida wasn’t sure whether he was referring to her or not. (page 22, CS)
71.
It doesn’t matter whether you’re seeking wisdom or pleasure through the force of sex,
it will always be a total experience, because it’s the only experience that touches—or should
touch—all five senses at once. (page 121, CCS)
72.
The owner interrupted her and went to serve another customer, who wanted to know
if the book he’d ordered had come in, an almanac containing the planetary positions for the
next hundred years. (page 21, CCS)
The numbers of complex sentences (CS) found with noun clause are fifteen sentences, and
the numbers of compound – complex sentences (CCS) are thirteen sentences in total.
4.1.2.2Functions
Like noun phrase, noun clause (nominal clause) may function as subject, object, complement,
appositive, and prepositional complement. But the occurrence of noun clauses is more limited
than that of noun phrases, because semantically the clauses are normally abstract; they refer
to such abstractions asevents, facts, and ideas.
The one exception is the nominal relative clause, which may refer to persons and things and
may in fact be alternatively analyzed as noun phrase. Since indirect objects normally refer to
persons, we can see why only the nominal relative clause can function as indirect object.
40
The functions of noun clauses found in Brida are:
1. Direct Object of Transitive Verb
A noun clause can be used as direct object of transitive verb as the next sentences mentioned:
a. She knew what the Tradition of the Sun was. (page 122)
b. The Magus understood why she had come that afternoon. (page 118)
c. Brida wasn’t sure whether he was referring to her or not. (page 22)
2. Object of a Preposition
Besides being an object of a transitive verb, a noun clause can also be functioned as the
object of a preposition. The sentence can be found below:
a. He spoke without really listening to what he was saying. (page 117)
b. They were people whom solitude had made into the judges of the world, whose
verdicts were scattered to the four winds for whoever cared to listen. (page 14)
3. Subjective Complement
A noun clause can function as the complement of a verb of incomplete predication. It is
commonly called subjective complement as reflected in the following sentences:
a.
It doesn’t matter whether you’re seeking wisdom or pleasure through the force of
sex, it will always be a total experience, because it’s the only experience that
touches—or should touch—all five senses at once. (page 121)
4.
Objective Complement
A noun clause may serve a function as the complement of an object. It iscommonly called
objective complement as illustrated in the next example:
a. She was on a path where valuable contacts were very hard to find. (page 38)
b. She was privileged to be there with that man whom other people either loved or
feared. (page 13)
c. He was so very attractive, with eyes that revealed a soul full of answers, and he
would once again be disappointed by the feelings of ordinary human beings. (page
9)
41
5.
Appositions to a noun or pronoun
A noun clause can be used as appositions to a noun or pronoun. This will be illustrated in the
next example:
a. Wherever there were people, there was always some trace of the Tradition of the
Sun. (page 198)
4.1.3 Adjective Clause
Adjective clause is one of the three kinds of dependent clauses in English. It is also called
“Relative Clause”. Adjective clause connects idea by using pronoun that is related to
something previously mentioned
Adjective clause is usually introduced by relative pronoun and subordinate conjunction also
known as marker such as who,whom, whose, which, that, when, where, and why.
4.1.3.1 Forms
a) Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns have a different function. It may be a subject or an object in its own
clause, or it may replace a possessive word.
Relative Pronouns as Subjects
Relative pronouns as subject for human as reflected in the following sentence
in Brida are:
73.
Perhaps there werepeople who wanted to be alone. (page 6, CS)
74.
And Brida hoped against hope that this young man who knewso much about the light
from the stars contained a little of theperson she had once been. (page 36, CCS)
75.
She wished the person who keptcalling to her would stop, because the dream was now
fast disappearingbefore she had managed to grasp its meaning. (page 52, CCS)
Relative Pronouns as subject for things / nonhumans are:
42
76.
Loni triedto concentrate on the music coming from belowwhich wassomehow making
dying easier. (page 61, CS)
77.
She looked at the clothes which she felt contained “bad vibrations”. (page 107, CS)
78.
They were sitting in the only pubin the village, which is where she had first noticed
the strange lightin his eyes. (page 142, CS)
b) Relative Adverbs
Adjective clause (relative clause) may also be introduced by the relative adverbs when and
where. Relative adverbs refer to a time or a place.
When
79.
Nevertheless, they surrenderedto their love, leaving life in charge of separating them
when thetime came. (page 148, CCS)
80.
Half an hour later, whenalmost a hundred people were gathered in the clearing,
talkingquietly, Wicca called for silence. (page 179, CCS)
81.
That is how it had been in the past—a party, a huge popular festival, ajoyful
celebration of spring and hope, in an age when being happywas a challenge to the Law,
because no one could enjoy themselvesin a world made only to tempt the weak. (page 180,
CCS)
Where
82.
She’dhad to get up early, travel for three hours, ask the people in thevillage where she
might find him, and explain what she wantedwith such a strange man. (page 5, CCS)
83.
Thatbuilding was exactly as she’d imagined it would be; it was just thekind of place
where the type of person who visited the bookshopshould live. (page 23, CCS)
43
The numbers of complex sentences (CS) found with adjective clause are four sentences, and
the numbers of compound – complex sentences (CCS) are seven sentences in total.
4.1.3.2 Functions
There are two functions of adjective clause according to the meaning namely restrictive
relative clause and non- restrictive relative clause.
1.
Restrictive Relative Clause
Restrictive relative clause is a clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence to keep its
original meaning. Restrictive means necessary. Therefore, the restrictive relative clause has
no commas around it. The subordinator is optionally used in creating restrictive relative
clause and it is often omitted if it functions as an object as illustrated in this example:
a.
And Brida hoped against hope that this young man who knew so much about
the light from the stars contained a little of the person she had once been.
(page 36)
b.
She looked at the clothes which she felt contained “bad vibrations”. (page
107)
c.
That building was exactly as she’d imagined it would be; it was just the kind
of place where the type of person who visited the bookshop should live. (page
23)
2. Non-Restrictive Relative Clause
Non-restrictive relative clause is a clause that contains additional information which is not
required to give the meaning of the sentence. Non-restrictive relative clause means
unnecessary. Therefore, a non-restrictive relative clause is set off from the other clauses by
commas. The subordinator is obligatory used in forming non-restrictive relative clause when
the subordinator functions as the subject of the clauses as reflected in the following sentence:
a.
Nevertheless, they surrendered to their love, leaving life in charge of
separating them when the time came. (page 148)
44
b.
Loni tried to concentrate on the music coming from below which was
somehow making dying easier. (page 61)
c.
Half an hour later, whenalmost a hundred people were gathered in the
clearing, talkingquietly, Wicca called for silence. (page 179)
4.2 Findings
From data description and analysis above, the writer will describe the findings as
follows :
1. The author, Paulo Coelho, uses all forms of subordinate clause, they are Adverb
Clause, Noun Clause, and Adjective Clause.
2. From data analysis, the writer found 83 sentences in total that using subordinate
clause.
Forms
Data
Percentage
Adverb Clause
44 sentences
53%
Noun Clause
28 sentences
34%
Adjective Clause
11 sentences
13%
45
3. The most dominant form of subordinate clause found in the novel is Adverb Clause,
with 44 out of 83 sentences in total, with 53% percentage.
4. The writer found 42 complex sentences and 41 compound - complex sentences.
Complex Sentence is the most dominant type of sentence with subordinate clause,
with 51% percentage.
46
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
From previous explanation and the analysis, the writer can draw several conclusions that:
1. The novel has three forms of subordinate clause, which are adverb clause, noun clause and
adjective clause.
2. There are eighty three sentences with subordinate clauses found in the novel which are
representing the others in the whole novel. There are forty four sentences contain adverb
clause, twenty eight sentences contain noun clause, and eleven sentences contain adjective
clause. The most dominant form of subordinate clause that used in the novel is Adverb
Clause with 53% percentage.
3. Type of sentence with subordinate clause that is the more dominant type used in the novel
is Complex Sentence with 42 sentences.
4. Paulo Coelho in his novel Brida use subordinate clauses to express larger variety of
relationship between events and ideas. It makes the novel looks more mature for he doesn’t
use just simple and compound sentences.
5.2 Suggestions
Having analyzed the topic of this study, the writer suggests that subordination can be
analyzed by looking for subordinating conjunctions (subordinator) in a sentence. And then if
a sentence has just one independent and dependent clause, then it belongs to be a complex
sentence.
But if a sentence has two or more independent clauses, then the sentence itself is a compound
– complex sentence.
Finally the writer suggests that the readers should know how to apply subordinators in
47
various usage to make the writing flow more smoothly and to clarify the relationships
between the main clause and the subordinate clause.
48