Proses Pemurnian Air Di Pdam Tirtanadi Ipa Sunggal
PROSES PEMURNIAN AIR DI PDAM TIRTANADI IPA
SUNGGAL
TUGAS AKHIR
OLEH:
MARITO HUTAGALUNG
NIM 102410012
PROGRAM STUDIDIPLOMA III
ANALIS FARMASI DAN MAKANAN
FAKULTAS FARMASI
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
PROSES PEMURNIAN AIR DI PDAM
TIRTANADIINSTALASI IPA SUNGGAL
TUGAS AKHIR
Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Memperoleh Gelar
Ahli Madya Pada ProgramStudiDiploma III Analis Farmasi Dan Makanan
Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh:
MARITO HUTAGALUNG
NIM 102410012
Medan,Mei 2013
Disetujui Oleh:
Dosen Pembimbing,
Drs. SaifulBahri, M.S., Apt.
NIP 195208241983031001
Disahkan Oleh:
Dekan,
Prof. Dr. Sumadio Hadisahputra, Apt.
NIP 195311281983031002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
WaterPurificationProcessinTirtanadiIPASunggal
ABSTRACT
The process ofwater purification(water purification)is a process
ofchanging thestateof themurkywater, odorlessandcolorless, apHrange ofcrystal
clearwater, freeofmurky, odorlessandcolorlessandneutralpH. In the process
ofwaterpurification,
waterparametersthat
must
be
consideredinclude:
Chemicalparameters(heavy
metals),
Physicalparameters(taste,
odor,
residualsolids, the degree ofturbidity, color, andpH), as well as theparameters
ofBiology(bacterial pathogens).
Waterpurificationunitsinclude: dams, intakes, canalintake, settlingbasin,
RawWaterTank(RWT), RawWater Pump(RWP), Clearator, filter, reservoir,
FinishWaterPump(FWP), lagoon. Coagulantis addedin the process ofwater
purificationare: alumsolution(to reduce the turbidity of the water), a solution
oflime(due to the addition ofalumwater becomesacidic, so itadded a solution
oflimetoneutralizepH), andaffixingchlorine(as a disinfectant in killingpathogenic
bacteriaandalgae).
Keywords: water purification, water treatmentunits, the addition ofcoagulant.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Proses Pemurnian Air di PDAM Tirtanadi Instalasi IPA Sunggal
Abstrak
Proses pemurnian air(water purification) merupakan suatu proses
mengubah keadaan air dari keruh, berbau dan berwarna, pH beraneka menjadi air
yang jernih, bebas dari keruh, berbau dan berwarna serta pH yang netral. Dalam
proses pemurnian air,parameter air yang harus diperhatikan meliputi: parameter
Kimia(logam berat), parameter Fisika (rasa, bau, sisa zat padat, derajat kekeruhan,
warna, dan pH), serta parameter Biologi (bakteri patogen).
Unit-unit pemurnian air meliputi: bendungan, intake,canal intake, bak
pengendap, Raw Water Tank (RWT), Raw WaterPump(RWP),Clearator,
filter,reservoir, Finish Water Pump(FWP), lagoon. Koagulan yang ditambahkan
dalam proses pemurnian air adalah: larutan tawas (untuk menurunkan kekeruhan
air), larutan kapur (karena penambahan tawas air menjadi asam, oleh sebab itu
ditambahkan larutan kapur untuk menetralkan pH), dan pembubuhan klorin
(sebagai desinfektan dalam membunuh bakteri patogen dan alga).
Kata kunci: pemurnian air,unit-unit pengolahan air, penambahan koagulan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
LEMBAR JUDUL ................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ..................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................. ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .........................................................................
1
1.1 Latar Belakang ....................................................................... 1
1.2Tujuan dan Manfaat ................................................................. 2
1.2.1Tujuan .............................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Manfaat ........................................................................................... 2
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..............................................................
3
2.1 Air .......................................................................................... 3
2.2 Sumber-sumber Air ................................................................
4
2.2.1 Air Laut ........................................................................ 4
2.2.2 Air Hujan ...................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Air Permukaan .............................................................
5
2.2.4 Air Tanah ..................................................................... 5
2.3 Hubungan Air dengan Kesehatan............................................
6
2.3.2Air sebagai Breeding Places Vector ..............................
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3.3Air sebagai Media Penularan Penyakit .........................
2.3.4 Kandungan Bahan Kimia .............................................
2.4 Kegunaan Air Bagi Tubuh Manusia ...................................... 8
7
7
2.5 Syarat Air Minum .................................................................. 8
2.5.1 Syarat Fisik ..................................................................
8
2.5.2 Syarat Kimia ................................................................
8
2.5.3 Syarat Bakteriologik ....................................................
8
2.6 Standar Mutu Air Minum ....................................................... 9
2.6.1 Parameter Fisika ...........................................................
9
2.6.2 Parameter Kimia ..........................................................
10
2.6.3 Parameter biologi .........................................................
10
2.7 Proses Penyediaan Air Minum ...............................................
11
2.8 Unit-unit Pengolahan Air .......................................................
12
2.9 Proses Pemurnian Air .............................................................
18
2.9.1 Cara Mengatasi Kekeruhan ...........................................
20
2.9.2 Koagulasi ......................................................................
21
2.9.3 Injeksi Tawas ................................................................
22
2.9.4 Filtrasi ...........................................................................
24
2.9.5 Pengaturan pH Air ........................................................
24
2.9.6 Injeksi Larutan Kapur ..................................................
25
2.9.7 Injeksi Chlorine.............................................................
25
BAB III METODE PENGUJIAN ............................................................
28
3.1Tempat .................................................................................... 28
3.2Alat dan Bahan ........................................................................ 28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3.2.1 Alat ............................................................................... 28
3.2.2 Bahan ............................................................................ 28
3.3 Prosedur ................................................................................. 28 3.3.1
Pemurnian Air ........................................................................ 28
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................................
31
4.1Hasil Penambahan Tawas ........................................................ 31
4.2 Hasil Penambahan Kapur .......................................................
32
4.3 Pembahasan Tawas ................................................................
33
4.2Pembahasan Kapur .................................................................. 33
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................
35
5.1Kesimpulan .............................................................................
35
5.2 Saran ......................................................................................
35
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..............................................................................
Lampiran ..................................................................................................
36
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 1.Data Jar Tes Tanggal 7 Februari 2013 ........................................
31
Tabel 2.Data Jar Tes Tanggal 9 Februari 2013 .......................................
32
Tabel 3. Data Hasil Analisis Kapur .........................................................
32
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman
Lampiran 1. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor
492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Tanggal 19 April 2011 ..............
37
Lampiran 2.Tabel Pemeriksaan Kualitas Harian ......................................
40
Lampiran 3. Tabel Pemakaian Tawas untuk Proses Pengolahan Air
di PDAM Tirtanadi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Sunggal........
41
Lampiran 4. Gambar Alat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
SUNGGAL
TUGAS AKHIR
OLEH:
MARITO HUTAGALUNG
NIM 102410012
PROGRAM STUDIDIPLOMA III
ANALIS FARMASI DAN MAKANAN
FAKULTAS FARMASI
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2013
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
PROSES PEMURNIAN AIR DI PDAM
TIRTANADIINSTALASI IPA SUNGGAL
TUGAS AKHIR
Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Memperoleh Gelar
Ahli Madya Pada ProgramStudiDiploma III Analis Farmasi Dan Makanan
Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh:
MARITO HUTAGALUNG
NIM 102410012
Medan,Mei 2013
Disetujui Oleh:
Dosen Pembimbing,
Drs. SaifulBahri, M.S., Apt.
NIP 195208241983031001
Disahkan Oleh:
Dekan,
Prof. Dr. Sumadio Hadisahputra, Apt.
NIP 195311281983031002
Universitas Sumatera Utara
WaterPurificationProcessinTirtanadiIPASunggal
ABSTRACT
The process ofwater purification(water purification)is a process
ofchanging thestateof themurkywater, odorlessandcolorless, apHrange ofcrystal
clearwater, freeofmurky, odorlessandcolorlessandneutralpH. In the process
ofwaterpurification,
waterparametersthat
must
be
consideredinclude:
Chemicalparameters(heavy
metals),
Physicalparameters(taste,
odor,
residualsolids, the degree ofturbidity, color, andpH), as well as theparameters
ofBiology(bacterial pathogens).
Waterpurificationunitsinclude: dams, intakes, canalintake, settlingbasin,
RawWaterTank(RWT), RawWater Pump(RWP), Clearator, filter, reservoir,
FinishWaterPump(FWP), lagoon. Coagulantis addedin the process ofwater
purificationare: alumsolution(to reduce the turbidity of the water), a solution
oflime(due to the addition ofalumwater becomesacidic, so itadded a solution
oflimetoneutralizepH), andaffixingchlorine(as a disinfectant in killingpathogenic
bacteriaandalgae).
Keywords: water purification, water treatmentunits, the addition ofcoagulant.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Proses Pemurnian Air di PDAM Tirtanadi Instalasi IPA Sunggal
Abstrak
Proses pemurnian air(water purification) merupakan suatu proses
mengubah keadaan air dari keruh, berbau dan berwarna, pH beraneka menjadi air
yang jernih, bebas dari keruh, berbau dan berwarna serta pH yang netral. Dalam
proses pemurnian air,parameter air yang harus diperhatikan meliputi: parameter
Kimia(logam berat), parameter Fisika (rasa, bau, sisa zat padat, derajat kekeruhan,
warna, dan pH), serta parameter Biologi (bakteri patogen).
Unit-unit pemurnian air meliputi: bendungan, intake,canal intake, bak
pengendap, Raw Water Tank (RWT), Raw WaterPump(RWP),Clearator,
filter,reservoir, Finish Water Pump(FWP), lagoon. Koagulan yang ditambahkan
dalam proses pemurnian air adalah: larutan tawas (untuk menurunkan kekeruhan
air), larutan kapur (karena penambahan tawas air menjadi asam, oleh sebab itu
ditambahkan larutan kapur untuk menetralkan pH), dan pembubuhan klorin
(sebagai desinfektan dalam membunuh bakteri patogen dan alga).
Kata kunci: pemurnian air,unit-unit pengolahan air, penambahan koagulan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
LEMBAR JUDUL ................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ..................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................. iii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................. ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .........................................................................
1
1.1 Latar Belakang ....................................................................... 1
1.2Tujuan dan Manfaat ................................................................. 2
1.2.1Tujuan .............................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Manfaat ........................................................................................... 2
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..............................................................
3
2.1 Air .......................................................................................... 3
2.2 Sumber-sumber Air ................................................................
4
2.2.1 Air Laut ........................................................................ 4
2.2.2 Air Hujan ...................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Air Permukaan .............................................................
5
2.2.4 Air Tanah ..................................................................... 5
2.3 Hubungan Air dengan Kesehatan............................................
6
2.3.2Air sebagai Breeding Places Vector ..............................
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.3.3Air sebagai Media Penularan Penyakit .........................
2.3.4 Kandungan Bahan Kimia .............................................
2.4 Kegunaan Air Bagi Tubuh Manusia ...................................... 8
7
7
2.5 Syarat Air Minum .................................................................. 8
2.5.1 Syarat Fisik ..................................................................
8
2.5.2 Syarat Kimia ................................................................
8
2.5.3 Syarat Bakteriologik ....................................................
8
2.6 Standar Mutu Air Minum ....................................................... 9
2.6.1 Parameter Fisika ...........................................................
9
2.6.2 Parameter Kimia ..........................................................
10
2.6.3 Parameter biologi .........................................................
10
2.7 Proses Penyediaan Air Minum ...............................................
11
2.8 Unit-unit Pengolahan Air .......................................................
12
2.9 Proses Pemurnian Air .............................................................
18
2.9.1 Cara Mengatasi Kekeruhan ...........................................
20
2.9.2 Koagulasi ......................................................................
21
2.9.3 Injeksi Tawas ................................................................
22
2.9.4 Filtrasi ...........................................................................
24
2.9.5 Pengaturan pH Air ........................................................
24
2.9.6 Injeksi Larutan Kapur ..................................................
25
2.9.7 Injeksi Chlorine.............................................................
25
BAB III METODE PENGUJIAN ............................................................
28
3.1Tempat .................................................................................... 28
3.2Alat dan Bahan ........................................................................ 28
Universitas Sumatera Utara
3.2.1 Alat ............................................................................... 28
3.2.2 Bahan ............................................................................ 28
3.3 Prosedur ................................................................................. 28 3.3.1
Pemurnian Air ........................................................................ 28
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................................
31
4.1Hasil Penambahan Tawas ........................................................ 31
4.2 Hasil Penambahan Kapur .......................................................
32
4.3 Pembahasan Tawas ................................................................
33
4.2Pembahasan Kapur .................................................................. 33
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................
35
5.1Kesimpulan .............................................................................
35
5.2 Saran ......................................................................................
35
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..............................................................................
Lampiran ..................................................................................................
36
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 1.Data Jar Tes Tanggal 7 Februari 2013 ........................................
31
Tabel 2.Data Jar Tes Tanggal 9 Februari 2013 .......................................
32
Tabel 3. Data Hasil Analisis Kapur .........................................................
32
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman
Lampiran 1. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor
492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Tanggal 19 April 2011 ..............
37
Lampiran 2.Tabel Pemeriksaan Kualitas Harian ......................................
40
Lampiran 3. Tabel Pemakaian Tawas untuk Proses Pengolahan Air
di PDAM Tirtanadi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Sunggal........
41
Lampiran 4. Gambar Alat
Universitas Sumatera Utara