A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English language Education
Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as Seen in Lian Hearn’s
Across the Nightingale Floor
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English language Education
By Martinus Pranala
Student Number: 081214014
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
i ii
iii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, January 6, 2014 The writer
Martinus Pranala 081214014
iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Martinus Pranala Nomor Mahasiswa : 081214014
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as Seen in Lian Hearn’s
Across the Nightingale Floor
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 6 Januari 2014 Yang menyatakan Martinus Pranala 081214014
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“If a thing is worth doing, it’s worth doing well.”
(Socrates)
THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO: MY GRANDFATHER AND MY GRANDMOTHER MY PARENTS ADJI NABILA CHINTIA DEWI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and honor to Lord Jesus Christ for always being there for me. I thank Him for His blessing, guidance and endless love so that I could accomplish my thesis. I am nothing without Him.
The writing process of this thesis involved many contributions of generous people. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for her patience to guide me. I thank her for her support and encouragement so that I can accomplish my thesis.
I would like to express my extraordinary gratefulness to my family who have been waiting so long for my graduation. I thank them for their endless support, prayer, patience, and fantastic love. I thank Adji Nabila Chintia Dewi, the special one in my life, for accompanying me as the one who gives me motivation and support so that I have a new hope every day.
I also would like to express my gratitude to all my 2008 friends, Adi, Gilang, Tia, Dimas, Yuan, Mary, Ayu, Wanda, Ambar, Vita, Sr. Clarina, and for those whom I cannot mention their names one by one. I thank them for the support and encouragement, for the bad time and good time that we have shared.
Martinus Pranala
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PageTITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………... i APPROVAL PAGES…………………………………………………………... ii STATEMENT OF
WORK’S ORIGINALITY………………………………… iv
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI……………………………………….…… v
PAGE OF DEDICATION……………………………………………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………. viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………. ix
ABSTRAK
………………………………………………………………………. xi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………. xii LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………….. xiii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study…………………………………………………… 1 B. Problem formulation………………………………………………………… 4 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………... 4 D. Benefits of the Study………………………………………………………... 4 E. Definitions of Terms………………………………………………………... 5 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Theories
1. Character…………………………………………………………………. 7 2.
Characterization………………………………………………………….. 8
3. Relationship between Psychology and Literature……………………….. 11
4. Human motivation………………………………………………………. 12 B. Theoretical framework…………………………………………………….. 29
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CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study………………………………………………………… 30 B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………………... 31 C. Method of the Study………………………………………………………...31 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS A. The Characteristics of Shigeru the Ottori
1. Physical traits……………………………………………………………. 34
2. Social traits……………………………………………………………….34
3. Psychological traits……………………………………………………… 35
a. Calm……………………………………………………………….. 35
b. Responsible ………………………………………………………... 35
c. Manipulative………………………………………………………. 36
d. Introvert…………………………………………………………….37 e.
Curious…………………………………………………………….. 38 B. Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son……………………… 40
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclus
ions………………………………………………………………… 46
B. Suggest ions………………………………………………………………… 48
REFERENCES
………………………………………………………………... 50
APPENDICES
………………………………………………………………… 52
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ABSTRACT
Pranala, Martinus. 2013 . Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son
as Seen in Lian Hearn ’s Across the Nightingale Floor. Yogyakarta:
Departement of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzed the novel Across the Nightingale Floor by Lian Hearn. Shigeru the Ottori is one of the main characters in the novel. He is thirty years old. He has no children and his family had been killed by the Tohan who are led by Iida Sadamu. Shigeru has vowed that he will have revenge for his brother is death and also wants to justify the misdeed which was aroused by Iida Sadamu.
His vow makes him try to find a way to kill Iida Sadamu. In the middle of his journey, he meets Takeo and adopts him.
There are two problems discussed in this study. The first problem is how Shigeru’s character is described in the novel. The second problem is what motivates Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son.
The method used in this study was library study. The primary source of this study was the novel, Across the Nightingale Floor by Lian Hearn. The secondary sources were books related to the theory of literature, theory of psychological approach, theory of characterization, theory of motivation, and theory of personality.
There are two results based on the analysis of this study. The first result is Shigeru who is described as calm, persistent, manipulative, introvert, and curious. The second result reveals the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son. Adopting Takeo is one of the actions that Shigeru must do in order to fulfill his determinant need. His determinant need is to revenge his brother
’s death and to justify the misdeed which has been aroused by Iida Sadamu. To fulfill this need, firstly, he must free Takeo from Iida’s men, and then he adopts Takeo as his son. After he has Takeo
’s sympathy, he can easily manipulate and order him to kill Iida Sadamu. It can be concluded that the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo as his son is to assassinate Iida Sadamu.
Some suggestions are presented for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the novel, Across the Nightingale Floor. Future researchers can analyze women’s contribution in the novel using the Feminism approach. In this thesis, there are also lesson plan and materials to teach Basic Reading 2. The source of this material is selected from some parts of the novel Across the Nightingale Floor.
Keywords: motivation, needs, character, characterization
x
ABSTRAK
Pranala, Martinus. 2013. Shigeru’s Motivation in Adopting Takeo as His Son
as Seen in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor. Yogyakarta:
ProgramStudi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Skripsi ini menganalisis novel Across the Nightingale Floor karya Lian
Hearn. Shigeru Ottori adalah salah satu dari karakter utama di dalam novel. Dia
berumur tiga puluh tahun. Dia tidak mempunyai anak dan keluarganya dibunuh
oleh Tohan yang diketuai oleh Iida Sadamu. Shigeru telah bersumpah untuk
membalaskan dendam adiknya dan menegakkan keadilan atas kekacauan yang
telah dibuat oleh Iida Sadamu. Sumpahnya ini membuat Shigeru mencari cara
untuk membunuh Iida Sadamu. Di tengah perjalanan, dia bertemu dengan Takeo
dan mengangkatnya sebagai anak.Terdapat dua permasalahan yang didiskusikan dalam skripsi ini. Yang
pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Shigeru digambarkan dalam novel ini. Yang
kedua adalah apa yang memotivasi Shigeru untuk mengangkat Takeo sebagai
anaknya.Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian
perpustakaan. Sumber utama dari skripsi ini adalah novel Across the Nightingale
Floor karya Lian Hearn. Sumber lainnya berasal dari buku-buku yang berkaitan
dengan teori kesusastraan, teori pendekatan psikologi, teori karakterisasi, teori
motivasi dan teori kepribadian.Terdapat dua hasil berdasarkan analisis dari skripsi ini. Hasil yang
pertama adalah Shigeru digambarkan sebagai orang yang tenang, keras hati,
manipulatif, introvert, dan selalu ingin tahu. Hasil yang kedua mengungkap
motivasi dari Shigeru mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya. Pengangkatan Takeo
sebagai anak dari Shigeru merupakan salah satu bagian yang harus Shigeru
lakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kebutuhannya adalah untuk
membalaskan dendam atas kematian adiknya dan untuk menegakkan keadilan
atas kekacauan yang telah dibuat Iida Sadamu. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya,
pertama-tama, dia harus menyelamatkan Takeo dari anak buah Iida Sadamu dan
selanjutnya mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya. Setelah mendapatkan simpati
Takeo, dia dapat dengan mudah memanipulasi Takeo dan menyuruhnya untuk
membunuh Iida Sadamu. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa motivasi Shigeru dalam
mengangkat Takeo sebagai anaknya adalah untuk membunuh Iida Sadamu.Beberapa saran disajikan untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang berminat
dalam menganalisis novel Across the Nightingale Floor. Peneliti selanjutnya
dapat menganalisis kontribusi wanita dalam novel ini menggunakan pendekatan
Feminism. Di dalam skripsi ini juga terdapat rencana pembelajaran dan materi
untuk mengajar Basic Reading II. Sumber dari materi-materi pembelajaran
dipilih dari beberapa bagian novel Across the Nightingale Floor.Kata kunci : motivation, needs, character, characterization
xi
1.1 Subsidiation Concept of Shigeru’s Needs………………………………… 42
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.2 Shigeru’s Needs are Changed into Actions……………………………… 43
LIST OF APPENDICES
1. Summary of Across the Nightingale Floor ………………………………….. 52
2. Biography of Gillian Rubinstein (Lian Hearn) ……………………………… 55
3. Course Outline Basic Reading II ……………………………………………. 59
4. Lesson Plan for Teaching Basic Reading II …………………………………. 61
5. Materials of Basic Reading II ……………………………………………….. 63
6. Reading Passage …………………………………………………………….. 67
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter contains four sections. First is the background of the study
which covers the reasons of choosing the novel and topic. Second is the problem formulation which gives general explanation about the problem that will be analyzed in this study. Third is objectives of the study that state the purpose of the study that undertaken in the relation with the problem formulation. The last is definition of terms that elaborates the keywords used in this study to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.
A. Background of the Study
Literature was used as a haven for human’s feeling; human’s imagination. Simon and Delyse (1990) have described one of many literature definitions: Literature is something that reflects society, makes us think about ourselves and our society. Literature also teaches something which is useful for humanity. From its story, people know what the real life is meant. It is because literature is made as a portrayal of a human’s life. Life also can be learnt through literature.
When a person lives in his or her world, he must have something that drives him to keep alive. A mother for example, she stays alive to see her children grow up and finally become like her one day. Maybe that is not the only reason why she stays alive; it can be her husband or something else. The reason why someone does something or acts in a particular way also can be related with motivation.
2 Every person has his or her own motivation. It is just like the final destination in someone’s life.
Because of the excitement in knowing what drives a person to do something, the writer is interested in investigating human motivation. As Simon and Delyse has said before, literature is something that reflects society. It also means that literature reflects the human life. According to Wellek and Warren (237), most modern literary theory would be inclined to scrap the prose-poetry distinction. Then imaginative literature is divided into three types. First is fiction (novel, short story, and epic), second is drama (whether in prose or verse), and the last is poetry. Among three types of imaginative literature, the writer is interested in novel. Therefore, the writer decided to use novel as the source of the study.
The novel that the writer uses in this study is Lian Hearn’s Across the
Nightingale Floors . It is one of the five series novels which are written by Lian
Hearn. The first series is Across the Nightingale Floor (2002), second is Grass for
His Pillow (2003), third is Brilliance of the Moon (2004), fourth is The Harsh
Cry of the Heron (2006), and the last is Heaven’s Net is Wide (2007). Almost thewhole series of the novels tells about the life of Tomasu (Takeo), except the last series of the novel. The last series,
Heaven’s Net is Wide, tells more about
Shigeru’s life. In the last chapter of Heaven’s Net is Wide, Shigeru and Takeo meet for the first time and the story of the Ottori begins.
As a product of literature, Across the Nightingale Floor tells more about life. Maura Mchugh, the author of blog critic, said that it was a pleasure to read a fantasy that was beautifully executed, and with interesting and complex
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characters. It means that this novel is worth reading because of its complex characters and of course it will give us a new experience in reading a novel.
Across The Nightingale Floor also won The Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, the
prize for German Youth Literature, in 2004.There is a meaning behind the title Across the Nightingale Floor. It is taken from the strategy which is used by Iida Sadamu to save himself from assassination. Iida Sadamu has ordered a floor which sounds like the Nightingale bird when someone steps on it. The word “across” also has a meaning that anyone who wants to kill Iida Sadamu should pass the Nightingale Floor in order to kill him. In this novel, Takeo is the man who wants to kill Iida Sadamu, so he must cross the Nightingale Floor successfully.
The story is started when Takeo (his real name is Tomasu, Takeo is the name given by Shigeru in the middle of the story) came back to his village after exploring the mountains. He found that his family was slaughtered by the Tohan who are led by Iida Sadamu. Unfortunately, he watched his step father being killed by Iida’s men. Takeo stood up and by a chance, he unhorsed Iida Sadamu. This makes Iida’s men angry and chase him. He ran into the mountain and met Lord Shigeru the Ottori. Lord Shigeru rescued Takeo by killing two
Iida’s men and brings Takeo with him. Then, Shigeru adopts Takeo as his son as a protection from
Iida’s men. In the middle of the journey, Takeo loses his voice but his hearing become supersensitive. This ability is gained by Takeo because he is the descendant of the Hidden tribe, the tribe which has a unique ability. Because of
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this ability, he could save Lord Shigeru from the assassination. Shigeru, who has seen Takeo’s ability, has a plan to use Takeo as an assassin to kill Iida Sadamu.
This study intends to examine the motivation of Shigeru in adopting Takeo, the main character in the novel, as his son. This novel is chosen to be analyzed because it becomes the reflection of human motivation in doing action in order to reach their needs. In this study, the writer is attracted to Shigeru’s motivation in adopting Takeo as his son after he has r escued him from Iida’s men.
B. Problem formulation
In doing the analysis, I formulate the problems into the following questions: 1.
How is Shigeru described in Lian Hearn’s Across the Nightingale
Floor ? 2.
How do Shigeru’s characteristics reveal his motivation in adopting Takeo as his son? C.
Objectives of the study This study is aimed, first, to find out how Shigeru is described in the story.
After the writer knows the characteristics of Shigeru, the writer uses these characteristics to reveal his motivation in adopting Takeo as his son. The first finding helps the writer in analyzing the second finding.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study is conducted as an effort to get a better understanding about human motivation. This study also gives a contribution to those who want to analyze Lian
5 Hearn’s Across the Nightingale Floor. English teachers can use this literary work
to enrich students ’ understanding through reading passages or even in form of cross cultural understanding, it is because there are some practical Japanese traditions in this novel which lead to the understanding of Japanese tradition.
E. Definition of Terms
The following part is to define the keywords that are used in this study. The purpose is to avoid common misunderstanding in transferring some important information in this study.
1. Motivation
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. (Petri, 1981). According to Beck (1978), motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. When two or more behaviors are equally possible, one is chosen and the organism persists in this behavior with more or less vigor until some anticipated goal is either achieved or some other goals become more dominant. The word contemporary is used to distinguish immediate and fluctuating causes of behavior from more enduring “structural” factors such as learning. McClelland (1985) defines motivation as a recurrent concern for a goal state based on a natural incentive (the way motives develop out of sign stimuli and the behavior they release) a concern that energizes, orients, and selects behavior. The use of word concern in the motive definition refers
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directly to the fact that motives are best measured by coding concerns in associative thought or fantasy. It doesn’t imply the conscious goal-directed striving which is part of many definitions of motives.
2. Characters
According to Abrams (1981: 20) characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say (through dialogue), and by what they do (through action). Thus, in the novel, the persons who are presented in the story with moral and disposition qualities are the characters. To be more specific, the character who is analyzed in this thesis is Shigeru.
3. Needs
According to Murray, need is a hypothetical construct which stands for force in the brain region, a force either internally or externally instigated which organizes other psychological processes (as cited in Larry & Danielle, 1981). Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW In this chapter, the writer presents some theories that are considered to be
related with the study that herein presented. The theories are divided into three parts. Firstly, the theories of characters are presented to get a better understanding of the kinds of fictional characters. The second is the theories of characterization to get the knowledge of how the characters are described in the story. The last is the theories of human motivation which become the topic of this study that herein presented.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part presents the theoretical review which contains the theory of character-characterization and theory of human motivation. These theories aim to see how the character is described and reveal the motivation of the character. These theories are taken from library sources and websites on the internet.
1. Character
A novel contains many elements. One of them is the characters. There are many characters in the novel that are presented by the author by describing their physical or psychological appearances. The characters are described through their behaviors, their dialogues, and thoughts. Abrams (1981: 20) defines that characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are
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interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposition quality that are expressed in what they say (through dialogue), and by what they do (through action).
Milligan (1983) states that the characters are divided into two types. They are major and minor characters. Major character is the most important character in the literary work because he or she plays the important role. He or she plays from the beginning until the end of the story. He or she also becomes the centre of the story. Minor characters are characters that play a less important role in the story. They just appear in certain settings and support the major character to develop the story. Usually there at least one major character in the story and the rest is minor characters.
According to Forster, the characters are real in the story if the author knows everything about them. He can tell the facts or the hidden story. Forster also uses the term “flat” and “round” in the novel. He says that a flat character is easy to understand because it shows little developments in the story and of course it is easy to remember. In contrast, a round character shows developments in the story that will surprise the readers (as cited in Mckonkey, 1957).
2. Characterization
Abrams (1981:33) classifies characterization as the process for distinguishing the persons in a narrative. This process may use two techniques, namely showing and telling. In showing (the dramatic method), the author simply presents his characters talking and acting. He leaves the reader to infer what
9
motives and dispositions lay behind what they say and do. In telling, the author interferes authoritatively in order to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his characters.
Character will be meaningless without characterization. Characterization, according to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971: 20), is the process of how the author makes a character to exist. Characterization can be described by using two ways, namely direct and dramatic principles. Direct principle is to draw physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of slim or eyes, hair, and others. Dramatic principle is to put the character in certain situations so that the readers can understand his/her role in the story, through his way of behaving or speaking.
Murphy (1972) describes nine ways in an author‟s attempt to make his characters understandable, and come alive for his reader.
First is personal description. It means that the author tries to describe the character through his physical appearances. The author can describe a person‟s appearance and clothes such as his skin color, his hair or his face. (Murphy, 1972)
Second is character as seen by another. In this way, the author tries to describe the character through the eyes and opinions of others. Their comments and opinions about the character can help the reader to understand the character. (Murphy, 1972)
Third is speech. The author can give the reader insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the character says. Whenever the
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person is speaking, he is giving the reader some clue to his character. (Murphy, 1972)
The fourth way is past life. The author can give the reader a clue about what has helped to shape a person‟s character by learning about a person‟s past life. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‟s thought, through the conversation and through the medium of another person.
(Murphy, 1972) The fifth is conversation of others. It can give clues to a person‟s character by seeing the conversation and the things the others says about him. All conversations between other characters that show their opinion about one person can be used. (Murphy, 1972)
Sixth is reaction. The readers will know a person‟s character by seeing how the character reacts to various situations or events. The spontaneous reaction of character often shows what type of person he/she is. (Murphy, 1972)
Seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a character directly. Since the direct comment is from the author, the comments are valid and reliable. (Murphy, 1972)
Eighth is thought. The author give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in the real life. He can tell the reader what others people are thinking. In the novel, we accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged into the inmost thought of a person in a novel. (Murphy, 1972)
11 The last is m
annerism. The author may describe a person‟s mannerism or habits that may also tell the reader something about his character. (Murphy, 1972) These are nine ways of the author‟s attempt to describe the character. I will use several ways to describe the characteristics of Shigeru in Lian Hearn‟s Across
the Nightingale Floor. I choose several ways because some of the ways can be
ignored.3. The Relationship between Psychology and Literature
Psychology has a relationship to literature. In Psychology, personality focuses on the relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals.
Literature and psychology are similar or have the same analysis and focus on human behavior. Behavior is action that can be observed directly while mental process is experience that cannot be observed directly, such as thought and feeling. A critic can look at the behaviors of characters and the interactions among it in the novel under the modern psychological knowledge and when their behaviors confirm with what he or she knows about the subtleties of human mind, he or she can use the theory as a mean of explicating and interpreting the work (Daiches, D. 1981: 337-338)
While in the book Psychology and its Allied Disciplines, Lindauer states that literature is best at describing the human condition in a dramatic form, psychology has the strength in investigating human character or behavior in systematic ways (1984: 144). Both literature and psychology have one common purpose that is to describe the human condition. Literature tries to depict the
12
human condition to drama while psychology studies human characteristics systematically and scientifically.
Furthermore, a comment suggested by Benedetti is as follows:
The psychological traits in a play are the most essential category in term of the characterization. Psychological points of view refer to the search and analysis of the inner workings of the mind such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Psychological traits always precede the action of the characters (1997: 130).
The quotation above shows the relationship between literature and psychology. In literature, psychology can be used to analyze the inner working of the characters such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Thus, the psychological traits lead to the action of the characters.
Based on the theories explained by some experts above, the writer can conclude that psychology and literature have a relationship in analyzing the person. Both of them cannot be separated from each other because psychology analyzes people who are initiated from the real life. Therefore, to explain the psychological condition and also the behavior of Shigeru, the writer decided to use theory of psychology especially theory of motivation that is mainly supported by Freud, Maslow, and Murray. These theories are the most suitable ones for this analysis because they cover the reasons behind the character‟s behaviors.
4. Human Motivation
In the late 1800 ‟s and early 1900‟s, motivation was believed to have a relationship with instinct, as a theoretical bridge between human and animal behavior. As cited in Petri (1981), Freud believed that instinct possesses four characteristics: pressure, aim, object, and source. First, pressure (also called
13
impetus) is the amount of force that an instinct possesses. The stronger the instinctive energy, the stronger is the force motivating the behavior. Second, the aim of all instincts is satisfaction. Satisfaction is obtained by removing or reducing stimulation. If the reduction of the stimulation in incomplete, the instinct will only be partially satisfied. Third is the object of the instinct, which may be internal or external. The object may change in the course of individual‟s life.
Freud believed that humans find new ways of satisfaction as they learn new things. The last is source, the bodily processes that activated the instinct. James (1890) proposes a classification of human instincts that included the following: rivalry, curiosity, sympathy, hunting, fear, jealousy, shyness, sociability, play, pugnacity, secretiveness, cleanliness, acquisitiveness, modesty, constructiveness and parental love.
According to Maslow as cited in Petri (1981), human motivation could best be studied by observing human rather than animal behavior. Instead of using instinct, he used needs. A need or motive directs us to act or behave in a particular way towards a certain goal. The characteristic of motivation itself is divided into three parts. First, it pushes a person to reach the goals that he has set for himself. Second, it exists because of pleasing and pleasant of external stimuli (good grades, money, and food, etc). Third, it is the result o f the person‟s feeling, thought and expectations. Maslow as described in McCeland (1985) also says that to survive, primitive people had to first satisfy their physiological needs-----for food, water, and sex. As they met these needs enough to survive, their next concern was about safety. Therefore, primitive people lived in caves. As their
14
security needs were satisfied, they were free to establish tender relationship with fellow human beings which is called love. As they were assured of love, they were able to work on satisfying needs for achievement and self-esteem. Underlying this development, even a primitive people were pushed toward growth or self-actualization. This facts means humans are strongly motivated to test and improve their capacities.
Murray (1983) says that “motivation is the crux of the business and motivation always refers to some- th ing within the organism”. A need involves a physicochemical force in the brain that organizes and directs intellectual and perceptual abilities. Needs may arise either from internal processes such as hunger or thirst, or from events in the environment. Needs arouse a level of tension; the organism tries to reduce this tension by acting to satisfy the needs. Thus, needs energize and direct behavior. They activate behavior in the appropriate direction to satisfy the needs.
According to Murray (1983), needs function mostly on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality. He identified needs as two types: Primary needs (viscerogenic) and Secondary needs (psychogenic). Primary needs are based upon biological demands, such as the need for oxygen, food, and water.
Secondary needs lead to psychological or social motives (learned in social groups, particularly the family). They are called secondary not because they are less important but because they develop after the primary needs. Secondary needs are concerned with emotional satisfaction and include most of the needs on Murray‟s original list. As children grow up and interact with others they acquire certain
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needs which can be fulfilled in a group setting. For example, achievement motivation is acquired by children through their parents, role models and socio- cultural influences. Some common social motives are: nurturing, independence, and achievement. He also adds that all people have these needs, but each individual tends to have a certain level of each need.
Murray (1983) proposes five criteria by which needs can be recognized. First is the consequence or the end result of the mode behavior involved. Second, the kind of pattern or behavior involved. Third is the selective perception of and response to a group of circumscribed stimulus objects. Fourth is the expression of a characteristic emotion or feeling. The last is the manifestation of satisfaction associated with the attainment of a certain effect or the manifestation of dissatisfaction associated with the failure to attain the certain effect.
Murray (1983) focuses much theoretical attention on the development of personality. Theories of personality based upon needs and motives suggest that our personalities are a reflection of behaviors controlled by needs. It is not enough to describe which needs are interacting with what press at the time. To be understood, persons must be reviewed as constantly developing entities against the background of both their past history and future goals. Some needs are complementary and can be satisfied by one behavior or a set of behaviors. Murray called this a fusion of needs. For instance, by working to acquire fame and wealth, we can satisfy the needs for achievement, dominance, and autonomy.
Murray (1983) also recognizes that childhood events can affect the development of specific needs and, later in life, can activate those needs. He
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