AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF USING PAST TENSE IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMA NEGERI 5 BINJAI AND SMA NEGERI 7 BINJAI.
AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF USING PAST TENSE IN WRITING
NARRATIVE TEXT AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS
AT SMA NEGERI 5 BINJAI AND SMA NEGERI 7 BINJAI
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
By :
RICKA SETIAWATI
Reg. Number: 2111121001
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The deep greatest thankfulness to Allah SWT for
blessing, strength,
capability, and patient, so that the writer can accomplish this thesis as a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan at the English
Department of Faculty Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
The scintillating, historical, and meaningful process of realizing this thesis,
surprisingly has created the involvement between the writer and a great number of
people who gave guidance, suggestion, and assistance for which the writer would like
to extend her wholeherted and special gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State Universsity of Medan
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarssih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department and her Thesis Reviewers
Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the secretary of English Department.
Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education Study
Program.
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., her Thesis Supervisor
Dr. Zainuddin. Dip. TEFL, M.Hum and Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., her
Thesis Reviewers
iii
All the Lecturers of English Department who have taught her, her
throughout the academic years.
Khaidir, SPd., the Headmaster of SMAN 7 Binjai
Hj. Hidayati Hanum, SPd., the Headmaster of SMAN 5 Binjai
Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English Department
Bonidi and Jamilah, her beloved parents for their love, pray, motivation,
material and spiritual supports, lessons, and all of the things they gave that
can make the writer understands and appreciates the meaning of struggel in
life. The writer’s sincere gratitude also goes to her brother and young sisters,
Ricki Setiawan and Ervina Wati.
Regular Dik A’11 of English Educational Program Students, especially
for her best freinds Fani Fadhillah, Risa Afianti and Rifa Sri Agustina who
always together for four years until finish this study and Muhammad Arif
Nugraha for the motivation, love and help.
The writer realizes that this thesis still has the paucity, she conveniently
comes any suggestion, comments, critics, and advices that will improve the thesis.
She hopes that thesis would be usefull and interested in the field of this study.
iv
ABSTRACT
Setiawati, Ricka. Registration Number: 2111121001. An Error Analysis of Using
Past Tense in Writing Narrative Text at The Eleventh Grade Students at SMA
Negeri 5 Binjai and at SMA Negeri 7 Binjai. A Thesis. English Educational
Program, State University of Medan, 2015
This research deals with an error analysis. The objective of the study are (1) to
identify and classify the kinds of past tense error find in narrative writing by the
eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and At SMA Negeri 7 Binjai, (2) to
find out the causes of past tense error in narrative writing by the eleventh grade
students at SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and at SMA Negeri 7 Binjai. The research design
that was used in this study descriptive research. The sources of data were taken from
the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 5 Binjai which consists of 40 students
who were chosen by taking the X-1 class as the sample. And in SMA Negeri 7 Binjai
which consists of 40 students who were chosen by taking the X-3 class as the sample.
In this research, the writing text was used as collecting data. The result of the analysis
shows that: (1) the errors of past tense in narrative writing made by the eleventh grade
students of SMA Negeri 5 Binjai were 141 occurrences of all errors. And in SMA
Negeri 7 Binjai were 166 occurrences of all errors.
Keywords : Error Analysis, Past Tense
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT....................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................
iv
LIST OF TABLE...........................................................................
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES...............................................................
viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study…………………………….
1
B. The Problem of the Study…………………………………
5
C. The Scope of the Study……………………………………
6
D. The Objectives of the Study……………………………….
6
E. The Significance of the Study……………………………..
6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework……………………………………..
7
1. Error Analysis…….……………………………………...
8
2. Error and Mistake………………………………………..
9
a. Error..............................................................................
b. Mistake..........................................................................
9
10
3. Cause of Error……...………………………………...........
10
a. Over-generalization........................................................
b. False Concepts Hypothesized.........................................
c. Ignorance of Rule Restriction.........................................
11
11
12
4. Types of Error………………………………........................
a.
b.
c.
d.
Omission............................................................................
Addition............................................................................
Substitution......................................................................
Mis-ordering.....................................................................
12
12
12
13
13
5. The Advantages of Error Analysis……………………..….
13
6. Writing..…………………………………...........................
13
a. Genre – Narrative Text…………………………..….
14
7. Narrative Text.......................................................................
14
a. Generic Structure...…………………………….........
14
b. Language Features…………..…………………........
15
8. Tenses......………………………………………………....
16
9. Simple Past Tense…………...…………………………….
17
B. Relevant Studies……………………………………………..
21
C. Conceptual Framework………………………………………
22
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design………………………………………………
23
B. The Source of Data and the Data……………………………
23
C. Technique of Collecting Data…………………………………
24
D. The Technique of Analyzing Data…………………………….
25
CHAPTER IV. THE DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data and Data Analysis..........................................................
26
1. Kinds of Error in Narrative Text at the Eleventh Grade
SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and SMA Negeri 7 Binjai.....................
26
a. Error of Omission ............................................................
26
b. Error of Addition.............................................................
27
c. Error of Substitution........................................................
29
d. Error of Mis-ordering.......................................................
30
2. Causes of Error in Narrative Text at the Eleventh Grade
at SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and SMA Negeri 7 Binjai................
33
a.
Error of Omission ............................................................
34
b.
Error of Addition.............................................................
35
c.
Error of Substitution........................................................
37
d.
Error of Mis-ordering.......................................................
37
B. Findings ........................................................................................
38
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Concluions...................................................................................
43
B. Suggestions .................................................................................
48
REFERENCES......................................................................................
50
APPENDIX.............................................................................................
53
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1.1 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing............2
Table 1.2 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing.............2
Table 2.1. The Example of Narrative Text.................................................................16
Table 2.2 The Example of Simple Past about Actions or Situation...........................18
Table 4.1 The percentages of Kinds of Error in SMA Negeri 5 Binjai.....................34
Table 4.2 The percentages of Kinds of Error in SMA Negeri 7 Binjai.....................34
Picture 4.3 The Recapitulation of Kinds of Error in Narrative Text
in SMA Negeri 5 Binjai................................................................................35
Picture 4.4 The Recapitulation of Kinds of Error in Narrative Text
in SMA Negeri 7 Binjai................................................................................35
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A. Writing Text.................................................................45
Appendix B. students’ Work Sheet....................................................46
Appendix C. The Kinds of Error in Narrative Text............................56
viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
English is the most important language in the world. As in international
language, a greate deal of academic discourses around the world takes place in
English. In Indonesia, English is taught from elementary school, and obligatory
from the first year of junior high school through the third year of senior high
school even for some semesters at university which consist of listening, speaking,
reading and writing. Johnstone, (2002) state that writing is the basic skill in
English. Even native speakers feel difficulty in showing a good command of
writing. Kellogg, (2008) stat that writing can helps us to: (1) reinforce the
grammatical structure. (2) enhance the students’ vocabulary. (3) and assist other
language skill such as reading, listening and speaking.
Based on the preliminary observation of the English teacher of SMA Negeri 5
Binjai and SMA Negeri 7 Binjai on April
2015. The first at SMA Negeri 7
Binjai the writer asked the teacher about the students’ writing score list for the
semester. Then, the writer also asked about the minimum criteria mastery for
writing. The writer saw the Minimum Criteria Mastery (KKM or Kriteria
Ketuntasan Minimum) was applied 75 meanwhile the students’ writing score were
still low. Most of students could not exceed the minimum criteria mastery (KKM)
which applied by school for English lesson. And the second at SMA Negeri 5
Binjai. In here the writer also asked the teacher about the students’ writing score
1
2
list for the
semester. Then, writer also asked about the minimum criteria
mastery for writing. The writer saw the minimum criteria mastery (KKM or
Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum) was applied 75 meanwhile the students’ writing
score were still low.
Most of students could not exceed the minimum criteria mastery (KKM)
which applied by school for English lesson. For more detail, the students’
accumulated score are shown on the table 1.1 and table 1.2.
Table 1.1 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing
semester
XI -1
>75
≥ 75
< 75
12 students (30.0%)
1 students (2.5%)
27 students (67.5%)
Source: The students’ accumulated score of the eleventh grade students at SMA
Negeri 7 Binjai academic year 2014/2015
Table 1.2 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing
XI-3
>75
≥75
NARRATIVE TEXT AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS
AT SMA NEGERI 5 BINJAI AND SMA NEGERI 7 BINJAI
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
By :
RICKA SETIAWATI
Reg. Number: 2111121001
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The deep greatest thankfulness to Allah SWT for
blessing, strength,
capability, and patient, so that the writer can accomplish this thesis as a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan at the English
Department of Faculty Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
The scintillating, historical, and meaningful process of realizing this thesis,
surprisingly has created the involvement between the writer and a great number of
people who gave guidance, suggestion, and assistance for which the writer would like
to extend her wholeherted and special gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State Universsity of Medan
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarssih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department and her Thesis Reviewers
Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the secretary of English Department.
Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Education Study
Program.
Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., her Thesis Supervisor
Dr. Zainuddin. Dip. TEFL, M.Hum and Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., her
Thesis Reviewers
iii
All the Lecturers of English Department who have taught her, her
throughout the academic years.
Khaidir, SPd., the Headmaster of SMAN 7 Binjai
Hj. Hidayati Hanum, SPd., the Headmaster of SMAN 5 Binjai
Eis Sri Wahyuni, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English Department
Bonidi and Jamilah, her beloved parents for their love, pray, motivation,
material and spiritual supports, lessons, and all of the things they gave that
can make the writer understands and appreciates the meaning of struggel in
life. The writer’s sincere gratitude also goes to her brother and young sisters,
Ricki Setiawan and Ervina Wati.
Regular Dik A’11 of English Educational Program Students, especially
for her best freinds Fani Fadhillah, Risa Afianti and Rifa Sri Agustina who
always together for four years until finish this study and Muhammad Arif
Nugraha for the motivation, love and help.
The writer realizes that this thesis still has the paucity, she conveniently
comes any suggestion, comments, critics, and advices that will improve the thesis.
She hopes that thesis would be usefull and interested in the field of this study.
iv
ABSTRACT
Setiawati, Ricka. Registration Number: 2111121001. An Error Analysis of Using
Past Tense in Writing Narrative Text at The Eleventh Grade Students at SMA
Negeri 5 Binjai and at SMA Negeri 7 Binjai. A Thesis. English Educational
Program, State University of Medan, 2015
This research deals with an error analysis. The objective of the study are (1) to
identify and classify the kinds of past tense error find in narrative writing by the
eleventh grade students at SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and At SMA Negeri 7 Binjai, (2) to
find out the causes of past tense error in narrative writing by the eleventh grade
students at SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and at SMA Negeri 7 Binjai. The research design
that was used in this study descriptive research. The sources of data were taken from
the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 5 Binjai which consists of 40 students
who were chosen by taking the X-1 class as the sample. And in SMA Negeri 7 Binjai
which consists of 40 students who were chosen by taking the X-3 class as the sample.
In this research, the writing text was used as collecting data. The result of the analysis
shows that: (1) the errors of past tense in narrative writing made by the eleventh grade
students of SMA Negeri 5 Binjai were 141 occurrences of all errors. And in SMA
Negeri 7 Binjai were 166 occurrences of all errors.
Keywords : Error Analysis, Past Tense
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT....................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................
iv
LIST OF TABLE...........................................................................
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES...............................................................
viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study…………………………….
1
B. The Problem of the Study…………………………………
5
C. The Scope of the Study……………………………………
6
D. The Objectives of the Study……………………………….
6
E. The Significance of the Study……………………………..
6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Framework……………………………………..
7
1. Error Analysis…….……………………………………...
8
2. Error and Mistake………………………………………..
9
a. Error..............................................................................
b. Mistake..........................................................................
9
10
3. Cause of Error……...………………………………...........
10
a. Over-generalization........................................................
b. False Concepts Hypothesized.........................................
c. Ignorance of Rule Restriction.........................................
11
11
12
4. Types of Error………………………………........................
a.
b.
c.
d.
Omission............................................................................
Addition............................................................................
Substitution......................................................................
Mis-ordering.....................................................................
12
12
12
13
13
5. The Advantages of Error Analysis……………………..….
13
6. Writing..…………………………………...........................
13
a. Genre – Narrative Text…………………………..….
14
7. Narrative Text.......................................................................
14
a. Generic Structure...…………………………….........
14
b. Language Features…………..…………………........
15
8. Tenses......………………………………………………....
16
9. Simple Past Tense…………...…………………………….
17
B. Relevant Studies……………………………………………..
21
C. Conceptual Framework………………………………………
22
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design………………………………………………
23
B. The Source of Data and the Data……………………………
23
C. Technique of Collecting Data…………………………………
24
D. The Technique of Analyzing Data…………………………….
25
CHAPTER IV. THE DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS
A. The Data and Data Analysis..........................................................
26
1. Kinds of Error in Narrative Text at the Eleventh Grade
SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and SMA Negeri 7 Binjai.....................
26
a. Error of Omission ............................................................
26
b. Error of Addition.............................................................
27
c. Error of Substitution........................................................
29
d. Error of Mis-ordering.......................................................
30
2. Causes of Error in Narrative Text at the Eleventh Grade
at SMA Negeri 5 Binjai and SMA Negeri 7 Binjai................
33
a.
Error of Omission ............................................................
34
b.
Error of Addition.............................................................
35
c.
Error of Substitution........................................................
37
d.
Error of Mis-ordering.......................................................
37
B. Findings ........................................................................................
38
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Concluions...................................................................................
43
B. Suggestions .................................................................................
48
REFERENCES......................................................................................
50
APPENDIX.............................................................................................
53
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1.1 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing............2
Table 1.2 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing.............2
Table 2.1. The Example of Narrative Text.................................................................16
Table 2.2 The Example of Simple Past about Actions or Situation...........................18
Table 4.1 The percentages of Kinds of Error in SMA Negeri 5 Binjai.....................34
Table 4.2 The percentages of Kinds of Error in SMA Negeri 7 Binjai.....................34
Picture 4.3 The Recapitulation of Kinds of Error in Narrative Text
in SMA Negeri 5 Binjai................................................................................35
Picture 4.4 The Recapitulation of Kinds of Error in Narrative Text
in SMA Negeri 7 Binjai................................................................................35
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A. Writing Text.................................................................45
Appendix B. students’ Work Sheet....................................................46
Appendix C. The Kinds of Error in Narrative Text............................56
viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
English is the most important language in the world. As in international
language, a greate deal of academic discourses around the world takes place in
English. In Indonesia, English is taught from elementary school, and obligatory
from the first year of junior high school through the third year of senior high
school even for some semesters at university which consist of listening, speaking,
reading and writing. Johnstone, (2002) state that writing is the basic skill in
English. Even native speakers feel difficulty in showing a good command of
writing. Kellogg, (2008) stat that writing can helps us to: (1) reinforce the
grammatical structure. (2) enhance the students’ vocabulary. (3) and assist other
language skill such as reading, listening and speaking.
Based on the preliminary observation of the English teacher of SMA Negeri 5
Binjai and SMA Negeri 7 Binjai on April
2015. The first at SMA Negeri 7
Binjai the writer asked the teacher about the students’ writing score list for the
semester. Then, the writer also asked about the minimum criteria mastery for
writing. The writer saw the Minimum Criteria Mastery (KKM or Kriteria
Ketuntasan Minimum) was applied 75 meanwhile the students’ writing score were
still low. Most of students could not exceed the minimum criteria mastery (KKM)
which applied by school for English lesson. And the second at SMA Negeri 5
Binjai. In here the writer also asked the teacher about the students’ writing score
1
2
list for the
semester. Then, writer also asked about the minimum criteria
mastery for writing. The writer saw the minimum criteria mastery (KKM or
Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum) was applied 75 meanwhile the students’ writing
score were still low.
Most of students could not exceed the minimum criteria mastery (KKM)
which applied by school for English lesson. For more detail, the students’
accumulated score are shown on the table 1.1 and table 1.2.
Table 1.1 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing
semester
XI -1
>75
≥ 75
< 75
12 students (30.0%)
1 students (2.5%)
27 students (67.5%)
Source: The students’ accumulated score of the eleventh grade students at SMA
Negeri 7 Binjai academic year 2014/2015
Table 1.2 The Percentage of the Eleventh Grade Students’ Score in Writing
XI-3
>75
≥75