The Portrayal of The Protagonist in Monica Ali's 'Brick Lane'.
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini ditulis untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat kelulusan program sarjana di
jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Kristen Maranatha. Saya memutuskan
untuk membahas penggambaran tokoh utama dalam novel Monica Ali yaitu Brick Lane
Monica Ali adalah seorang penulis fiksi berkebangsaan India yang tinggal di
London. Brick Lane adalah karyanya yang pertama yang di publikasikan pada tahun 2001
dan berhasil menjadi novel terlaris pada saat itu dan juga mendapatkan penghargaan
sebagai “The man Booker prize.” Monica Ali mengangkat tema cerita yang berhubungan
dengan kehidupan para immigran di London berdasarkan pengalamannya selama hidup di
London dan juga membahas berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi.
Dalam novel Brick Lane, Monica Ali menceritakan kisah seorang wanita
Bangladesh beserta perubahan karakternya selama dia tinggal di London beserta suami
dan kedua anaknya. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah masalah yang sangat umum
terjadi sehingga cerita ini sangat inspiratif khususnya bagi para immigrant.
Melalui novel ini, Monica Ali ingin menyampaikan bahwa seseorang dapat belajar
tentang bagaimana lingkungan sekitar dapat menyebabkan sifat seseorang berubah. Dan
juga bagaimana kultur dan tradisi membantu untuk membentuk sifat seseorang tersebut
walaupun semua itu tergantung dari seseorang tersebut bagaimana menyikapinya,
bagaimanapun juga lingkungan sekitar mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar pada
kehidupan kita.
Maranatha Christian University
PREFACE
This thesis is submitted to the English Department of the Faculty of Letters,
Maranatha Christian University, as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for taking the
‘Sarjana’ degree.
In this thesis, I would like to analyse the portrayal of the protagonist in Monica
Ali’s Brick Lane.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for his unlimited
blessing and guidance to me and also for giving me the strength and health to be able to
complete this thesis. I also would like to thank both my supervisors, for their precious
advice and guidance throughout the process of writing and completing my thesis, and I
thank all my lecturers at the Faculty of Letters and all the staff of the English Department.
My special thanks are due to my parents, my sisters and my brother, and also to my
beloved one, and to all my friends for their prayer, love and support in completing my
thesis.
Bandung, April 2007
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE …………………………………………………………………..
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………..
ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ……………………………………………..
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………..
Purpose of the Study ………………………………………………….
Methods of Researh …………………………………………………..
Organizations of the Thesis …………………………………………..
1
3
3
3
4
CHAPTER TWO: THE PORTRAYAL OF THE PROTAGONIST
IN BRICK LANE ……………………………………………………
5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION ……………………………………..
17
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………...
20
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of Brick Lane ……………………………………………….
Biography of Monica Ali ……………………………………………..
22
23
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
SYNOPSIS OF BRICK LANE
Brick Lane by Monica Ali, tells about the story of a woman named Nazneen, born
in Bangladeshi village and transported to London at age eighteen to enter into an arrange
marriage. Obeying the traditions of her culture, then Nazneen marries a man old enough
to be her father that her parents has already choose for her and is forced to move to
London with him. In London, Nazneen feels out of place and lonely because she can not
speak English knowing only two phrases sorry and thank you. For years she keeps house,
cares for her husband and bears children, just as a girl from the village is supposed to do.
Her sister Hasina whom we meet through her letters to Nazneen written over the
years and get flashback of Nazneen’s life in Bangladesh although the letters written in a
broken English.
Nazneen acts as a traditional, dutiful, and useful wife. She questions whether fate
controls her or whether she has a hand in her own destiny. Gradually, she starts to break
free, first with small acts of rebellion and then an affair with a young man named Karim.
He enters Nazneen’s life almost everyday, Karim drops off piecework for Nazneen’s new
sewing job. Young Karim is full of ideas about the injustice shown Muslims and he seeks
to galvanize the local Muslims into action against local white militans.
Finally, with the interest of her children in mind, she takes a giant step toward
becoming her own self.
Maranatha Christian University
BIOGRAPHY OF MONICA ALI
Monica Ali was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and grew up in England. She is one
of the Granta’s best of young British novelist of the decade. Newcomer of the year at the
2004 British book Awards and has been nominated for most of the major literary prizes in
Britain. Brick Lane was shortlisted for the booker prize,
Monica Ali lives in London with her husband and two children, and working on
her next novel.
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There are many well-known Asian British novelists and Monica Ali is one
of them who have contributed her works to the world of literature. Asian British
literature is British literature written by British people of Asian descent who have
Asian blood but live in Britain. In publishing her first book she has already
received
the
best
young
British
Novelist
2003
Booker
Prize
(http://www.highbridgeaudio.com/bricklane.html).
I am interested in analyzing Brick Lane because the story captures the lives
of immigrants, in this case the Bangladeshi in London. Ali’s idea for Brick Lane
partly came from Ali’s experience of observing family and friends, and also from
her father’s story telling. There are also similar points between the experiences of
the
protagonist
and
the
novelist.
(http://www.anovelview.com
/
chats/monica_ali_brick_ lane.htm). Ali is successful in depicting the lives of
Bangladeshi people in London because the portrayal of her protagonist is so vivid
that she represents an Asian character living in the western world.
Maranatha Christian University
I would like to highlight the protagonist’s characteristics because
throughout the story her character changes, mostly caused by the social condition
of the place where she lives. The protagonist is ‘the central figure of a story, and
often referred to as the story’s main character.’ (http://www.answer.com/
topic/protagonist). In Dictionary of Literary Terms, Harry Shaw states that a
protagonist is ‘the leading character in drama, novel, or other literary work.’
(Shaw, 1972: 305). A protagonist plays an important role in a literary work
because he or she determines the flow of the events of a story. Without a
protagonist, a story will neither be interesting to read nor develop into a good
story. Monica Ali created the Bangladeshi characters in her book because she
wants to show how the immigrants manage to survive among the diverse
community as well as showing the dream of those immigrants who are longing for
going back home.
In How To Analyze Fiction, William Kenney says that ‘character is
obviously relevant to us and to our experience if he is like ourselves or like others
whom we know. Lifelikeness, then, is properly understood as one form of
relevance. A character is relevant if there are a lot of people who are like him in
the world.’ (Kenney, 1972:27). Ali’s characters in Brick Lane show relevance to
the real condition of Bangladeshi people in London, in accordance with Kenney’s
definition, therefore I am interested in analyzing the protagonist’s character.
In doing the analysis, I will put an attempt to reveal the characteristics of
the protagonist and whether there are some development in the character
throughout the story. I also hope to gain a better understanding about the lives of
immigrants in England and their intriguing lives.
Maranatha Christian University
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
I would like to state the problem as follows:
1. How does the author portray the protagonist?
2. How do the characteristics of the protagonist develop throughout the
story?
3. What are the author’s purposes in creating the protagonist?
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To analyze the portrayal of the protagonist.
2. To analyze how the character of the protagonist develops throughout the
story.
3. To show how the author uses the portrayal of the protagonist
characteristics to suit her purposes.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
The method of research in this thesis is library research. First, I read the
novel thoroughly to understand the content well. Next, I learn the related theories
from some reference books and internet websites. Then, I analyze the portrayal of
the protagonist in the novel and what the purposes of the author are in creating
such characteristics of the protagonist. Finally, I conclude the result of the analysis
and write the thesis.
ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
Maranatha Christian University
I divide my thesis into three chapters, which are preceded by the Preface and the
Abstract. The first chapter presents the Background of the Study, the Statement of
the Problem, the Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research, and the
Organization of the Thesis. The second chapter contains the analysis of the
portrayal of the protagonist in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane. The third chapter
contains the conclusion of the analysis. The thesis ends with the Bibliography,
which contains the list of sources of the theories, and then the Appendices, in
which I present the synopsis of the novel and the biography of the author.
Maranatha Christian University
CONCLUSION
In this chapter I will conclude my analysis. That Monica Ali has very well
described the Bangladeshi’s ways of life in London in detail, including the characteristics
of Bangladeshi people in London. She has depicted the protagonist of the novel in such a
way that the readers can get a glimpse of the lives of immigrant women from Bangladesh
in London through this protagonist.
Monica Ali is skillful in presenting her protagonist as she reveals the change of
traits in her protagonist’s characteristics. I do not find major difficulties in understanding
the novel, for the protagonist’s life described in the novel, represents the condition of
Bangladeshi women, which is almost similar to Indonesian women’s traits. Altogether, I
think the novel is enjoyable to read and it is worth analyzing.
Nazneen, the protagonist of the novel, is portrayed as a girl from the village who
has an arrange married. After her marriage, she goes to London with her husband and
lives there. She can not speak English and she acts as a traditional and dutiful wife just as
a girl from the village is supposed to do: she keeps house and take good care of her
husband and her two daughters. But as the years pass her characteristics change and soon
enough she becomes mature, independent and not fatalist anymore or optimistic in facing
life although she becomes unfaithful and disobedient because she realizes it is her that
can make changes in her life.
At first, the protagonist is portrayed as obedient, dependent, uneducated, caring
and loving and pessimistic. Mostly, Nazneen’s transformation makes her a woman who is
mature, caring and loving, independent, optimistic and not fatalistic anymore but she also
Maranatha Christian University
becomes disobedient and unfaithful by having an affair. I see that one of Nazneen’s
characteristics, which is caring and loving toward her family does not change. It can be
seen from the beginning of the story till the end that she acts as a mother and wife who
has responsibility to take good care of her family, although she has made a big mistake by
having an affair but soon she realizes her own mistake and decides to stay with her
family.
This novel uses several characterization techniques to reveal the characteristics of
Nazneen, namely thought, speech, direct comment, conversation as seen by another, past
life and their reaction. Other characters in the novel who are used to show the qualities of
the protagonist are Chanu, Razia, Shahana, Hasina and Karim.
In the novel, Nazneen is described as a round character. Ali starts the story by
presenting Nazneen as an obedient, immature, dependent, uneducated and fatalist and
pessimistic but as the story continues, Nazneen turns to be mature, independent woman
not fatalist and optimistic in facing life and also becomes unfaithful and disobedient. She
does not believe in fate anymore because she has a hand in her own destiny. Ali creates
such a character as to make the readers get insight about the immigrants’ lives and
therefore, the readers can enjoy reading the book.
Through this novel, Monica Ali clearly describes the effects of our environment
on one’s behaviour. Ali’s purpose in writing such a story is that she wants to make the
immigrants especially women, realize that they have power to change their lives into a
better condition and they are responsible for their lives.
Having analysed the novel, I conclude that Monica Ali is a great novelist for she is
able to write a book which is so touching, daring, interesting and enjoyable to read.
Thorough this novel, Monica Ali wants us to be observers and relate the problems
Maranatha Christian University
presented in the novel to our live so that we, as readers, can also learn something from the
novel.
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References :
Echols, John M. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: PT GRAMEDIA PUSTAKA
UTAMA, 1995.
Hornby, A.S, ed. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford
university press, 1995.
Kenney, William. How To Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch press, a division
of simon and Schuster. Inc, 1966.
Murphy, M.J. Understanding unseen. London: George Allen & unwin Ltd, 1972.
Webster, Merriam. Encyclopedia of Literature. Massachusetts: Merriam Webster,
inc, 1966.
Internet Websites :
Biography of Monica Ali. 2005. 10 November 2005
Mullan, John. Foreign thought. 10 November 2005
Apte, Poornima. Brick Lane. 10 November 2005
Sastre, Elizabeth. Brick Lane. 10 November 2005
Protagonist. 12 November 2005
Maranatha Christian University
http://www.answer.com/topic/protagonist
Novel view. Monica Ali. 12 November 2005
http://www.anovelview.com/chats/monica-ali_of_brick_lane_htm
Primary text :
Ali, Monica. Brick Lane. Great Britain: Doubleday, a division of Transworld Publisher.
2003.
Maranatha Christian University
Skripsi ini ditulis untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat kelulusan program sarjana di
jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Kristen Maranatha. Saya memutuskan
untuk membahas penggambaran tokoh utama dalam novel Monica Ali yaitu Brick Lane
Monica Ali adalah seorang penulis fiksi berkebangsaan India yang tinggal di
London. Brick Lane adalah karyanya yang pertama yang di publikasikan pada tahun 2001
dan berhasil menjadi novel terlaris pada saat itu dan juga mendapatkan penghargaan
sebagai “The man Booker prize.” Monica Ali mengangkat tema cerita yang berhubungan
dengan kehidupan para immigran di London berdasarkan pengalamannya selama hidup di
London dan juga membahas berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi.
Dalam novel Brick Lane, Monica Ali menceritakan kisah seorang wanita
Bangladesh beserta perubahan karakternya selama dia tinggal di London beserta suami
dan kedua anaknya. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah masalah yang sangat umum
terjadi sehingga cerita ini sangat inspiratif khususnya bagi para immigrant.
Melalui novel ini, Monica Ali ingin menyampaikan bahwa seseorang dapat belajar
tentang bagaimana lingkungan sekitar dapat menyebabkan sifat seseorang berubah. Dan
juga bagaimana kultur dan tradisi membantu untuk membentuk sifat seseorang tersebut
walaupun semua itu tergantung dari seseorang tersebut bagaimana menyikapinya,
bagaimanapun juga lingkungan sekitar mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar pada
kehidupan kita.
Maranatha Christian University
PREFACE
This thesis is submitted to the English Department of the Faculty of Letters,
Maranatha Christian University, as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for taking the
‘Sarjana’ degree.
In this thesis, I would like to analyse the portrayal of the protagonist in Monica
Ali’s Brick Lane.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for his unlimited
blessing and guidance to me and also for giving me the strength and health to be able to
complete this thesis. I also would like to thank both my supervisors, for their precious
advice and guidance throughout the process of writing and completing my thesis, and I
thank all my lecturers at the Faculty of Letters and all the staff of the English Department.
My special thanks are due to my parents, my sisters and my brother, and also to my
beloved one, and to all my friends for their prayer, love and support in completing my
thesis.
Bandung, April 2007
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE …………………………………………………………………..
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………..
ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study ……………………………………………..
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………..
Purpose of the Study ………………………………………………….
Methods of Researh …………………………………………………..
Organizations of the Thesis …………………………………………..
1
3
3
3
4
CHAPTER TWO: THE PORTRAYAL OF THE PROTAGONIST
IN BRICK LANE ……………………………………………………
5
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION ……………………………………..
17
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………...
20
APPENDICES:
Synopsis of Brick Lane ……………………………………………….
Biography of Monica Ali ……………………………………………..
22
23
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
SYNOPSIS OF BRICK LANE
Brick Lane by Monica Ali, tells about the story of a woman named Nazneen, born
in Bangladeshi village and transported to London at age eighteen to enter into an arrange
marriage. Obeying the traditions of her culture, then Nazneen marries a man old enough
to be her father that her parents has already choose for her and is forced to move to
London with him. In London, Nazneen feels out of place and lonely because she can not
speak English knowing only two phrases sorry and thank you. For years she keeps house,
cares for her husband and bears children, just as a girl from the village is supposed to do.
Her sister Hasina whom we meet through her letters to Nazneen written over the
years and get flashback of Nazneen’s life in Bangladesh although the letters written in a
broken English.
Nazneen acts as a traditional, dutiful, and useful wife. She questions whether fate
controls her or whether she has a hand in her own destiny. Gradually, she starts to break
free, first with small acts of rebellion and then an affair with a young man named Karim.
He enters Nazneen’s life almost everyday, Karim drops off piecework for Nazneen’s new
sewing job. Young Karim is full of ideas about the injustice shown Muslims and he seeks
to galvanize the local Muslims into action against local white militans.
Finally, with the interest of her children in mind, she takes a giant step toward
becoming her own self.
Maranatha Christian University
BIOGRAPHY OF MONICA ALI
Monica Ali was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and grew up in England. She is one
of the Granta’s best of young British novelist of the decade. Newcomer of the year at the
2004 British book Awards and has been nominated for most of the major literary prizes in
Britain. Brick Lane was shortlisted for the booker prize,
Monica Ali lives in London with her husband and two children, and working on
her next novel.
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There are many well-known Asian British novelists and Monica Ali is one
of them who have contributed her works to the world of literature. Asian British
literature is British literature written by British people of Asian descent who have
Asian blood but live in Britain. In publishing her first book she has already
received
the
best
young
British
Novelist
2003
Booker
Prize
(http://www.highbridgeaudio.com/bricklane.html).
I am interested in analyzing Brick Lane because the story captures the lives
of immigrants, in this case the Bangladeshi in London. Ali’s idea for Brick Lane
partly came from Ali’s experience of observing family and friends, and also from
her father’s story telling. There are also similar points between the experiences of
the
protagonist
and
the
novelist.
(http://www.anovelview.com
/
chats/monica_ali_brick_ lane.htm). Ali is successful in depicting the lives of
Bangladeshi people in London because the portrayal of her protagonist is so vivid
that she represents an Asian character living in the western world.
Maranatha Christian University
I would like to highlight the protagonist’s characteristics because
throughout the story her character changes, mostly caused by the social condition
of the place where she lives. The protagonist is ‘the central figure of a story, and
often referred to as the story’s main character.’ (http://www.answer.com/
topic/protagonist). In Dictionary of Literary Terms, Harry Shaw states that a
protagonist is ‘the leading character in drama, novel, or other literary work.’
(Shaw, 1972: 305). A protagonist plays an important role in a literary work
because he or she determines the flow of the events of a story. Without a
protagonist, a story will neither be interesting to read nor develop into a good
story. Monica Ali created the Bangladeshi characters in her book because she
wants to show how the immigrants manage to survive among the diverse
community as well as showing the dream of those immigrants who are longing for
going back home.
In How To Analyze Fiction, William Kenney says that ‘character is
obviously relevant to us and to our experience if he is like ourselves or like others
whom we know. Lifelikeness, then, is properly understood as one form of
relevance. A character is relevant if there are a lot of people who are like him in
the world.’ (Kenney, 1972:27). Ali’s characters in Brick Lane show relevance to
the real condition of Bangladeshi people in London, in accordance with Kenney’s
definition, therefore I am interested in analyzing the protagonist’s character.
In doing the analysis, I will put an attempt to reveal the characteristics of
the protagonist and whether there are some development in the character
throughout the story. I also hope to gain a better understanding about the lives of
immigrants in England and their intriguing lives.
Maranatha Christian University
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
I would like to state the problem as follows:
1. How does the author portray the protagonist?
2. How do the characteristics of the protagonist develop throughout the
story?
3. What are the author’s purposes in creating the protagonist?
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To analyze the portrayal of the protagonist.
2. To analyze how the character of the protagonist develops throughout the
story.
3. To show how the author uses the portrayal of the protagonist
characteristics to suit her purposes.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
The method of research in this thesis is library research. First, I read the
novel thoroughly to understand the content well. Next, I learn the related theories
from some reference books and internet websites. Then, I analyze the portrayal of
the protagonist in the novel and what the purposes of the author are in creating
such characteristics of the protagonist. Finally, I conclude the result of the analysis
and write the thesis.
ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
Maranatha Christian University
I divide my thesis into three chapters, which are preceded by the Preface and the
Abstract. The first chapter presents the Background of the Study, the Statement of
the Problem, the Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research, and the
Organization of the Thesis. The second chapter contains the analysis of the
portrayal of the protagonist in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane. The third chapter
contains the conclusion of the analysis. The thesis ends with the Bibliography,
which contains the list of sources of the theories, and then the Appendices, in
which I present the synopsis of the novel and the biography of the author.
Maranatha Christian University
CONCLUSION
In this chapter I will conclude my analysis. That Monica Ali has very well
described the Bangladeshi’s ways of life in London in detail, including the characteristics
of Bangladeshi people in London. She has depicted the protagonist of the novel in such a
way that the readers can get a glimpse of the lives of immigrant women from Bangladesh
in London through this protagonist.
Monica Ali is skillful in presenting her protagonist as she reveals the change of
traits in her protagonist’s characteristics. I do not find major difficulties in understanding
the novel, for the protagonist’s life described in the novel, represents the condition of
Bangladeshi women, which is almost similar to Indonesian women’s traits. Altogether, I
think the novel is enjoyable to read and it is worth analyzing.
Nazneen, the protagonist of the novel, is portrayed as a girl from the village who
has an arrange married. After her marriage, she goes to London with her husband and
lives there. She can not speak English and she acts as a traditional and dutiful wife just as
a girl from the village is supposed to do: she keeps house and take good care of her
husband and her two daughters. But as the years pass her characteristics change and soon
enough she becomes mature, independent and not fatalist anymore or optimistic in facing
life although she becomes unfaithful and disobedient because she realizes it is her that
can make changes in her life.
At first, the protagonist is portrayed as obedient, dependent, uneducated, caring
and loving and pessimistic. Mostly, Nazneen’s transformation makes her a woman who is
mature, caring and loving, independent, optimistic and not fatalistic anymore but she also
Maranatha Christian University
becomes disobedient and unfaithful by having an affair. I see that one of Nazneen’s
characteristics, which is caring and loving toward her family does not change. It can be
seen from the beginning of the story till the end that she acts as a mother and wife who
has responsibility to take good care of her family, although she has made a big mistake by
having an affair but soon she realizes her own mistake and decides to stay with her
family.
This novel uses several characterization techniques to reveal the characteristics of
Nazneen, namely thought, speech, direct comment, conversation as seen by another, past
life and their reaction. Other characters in the novel who are used to show the qualities of
the protagonist are Chanu, Razia, Shahana, Hasina and Karim.
In the novel, Nazneen is described as a round character. Ali starts the story by
presenting Nazneen as an obedient, immature, dependent, uneducated and fatalist and
pessimistic but as the story continues, Nazneen turns to be mature, independent woman
not fatalist and optimistic in facing life and also becomes unfaithful and disobedient. She
does not believe in fate anymore because she has a hand in her own destiny. Ali creates
such a character as to make the readers get insight about the immigrants’ lives and
therefore, the readers can enjoy reading the book.
Through this novel, Monica Ali clearly describes the effects of our environment
on one’s behaviour. Ali’s purpose in writing such a story is that she wants to make the
immigrants especially women, realize that they have power to change their lives into a
better condition and they are responsible for their lives.
Having analysed the novel, I conclude that Monica Ali is a great novelist for she is
able to write a book which is so touching, daring, interesting and enjoyable to read.
Thorough this novel, Monica Ali wants us to be observers and relate the problems
Maranatha Christian University
presented in the novel to our live so that we, as readers, can also learn something from the
novel.
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References :
Echols, John M. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: PT GRAMEDIA PUSTAKA
UTAMA, 1995.
Hornby, A.S, ed. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford
university press, 1995.
Kenney, William. How To Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch press, a division
of simon and Schuster. Inc, 1966.
Murphy, M.J. Understanding unseen. London: George Allen & unwin Ltd, 1972.
Webster, Merriam. Encyclopedia of Literature. Massachusetts: Merriam Webster,
inc, 1966.
Internet Websites :
Biography of Monica Ali. 2005. 10 November 2005
Mullan, John. Foreign thought. 10 November 2005
Apte, Poornima. Brick Lane. 10 November 2005
Sastre, Elizabeth. Brick Lane. 10 November 2005
Protagonist. 12 November 2005
Maranatha Christian University
http://www.answer.com/topic/protagonist
Novel view. Monica Ali. 12 November 2005
http://www.anovelview.com/chats/monica-ali_of_brick_lane_htm
Primary text :
Ali, Monica. Brick Lane. Great Britain: Doubleday, a division of Transworld Publisher.
2003.
Maranatha Christian University