Institutional Repository | Satya Wacana Christian University: Mood Choice Anaysis on Cold Play’s Songs in The Album “Ghost Stories” T1 112011036 BAB II
LITERATURE REVIEW
The three metafunction in SFL
There are three broad functions in the functional grammar; they are experiential
function, interpersonal function, and textual function-. These three functions are mapped
out onto the structure of the clause. Experiential function can be defined through the
form of the clause which focus on what is happening and who is taking part. Thompson
(2004) states that experiential function refers to “the action that has happened and the thing
that the action was done to”.
While the Interpersonal function is defined through
analyzing the form of Subject and Finite in order to see how the speaker or the the writer
deliver what s/he wants to say. According to Halliday , interpersonal function is “a
transaction between speaker and listener; the Subject is the warranty of the exchange. It is
the element the speaker makes responsible for the validity of what he is saying” (Halliday,
2004). The last metafunction is textual metafunction which focuses on “how is the text
organized at a micro level (Theme/Rheme) and as a series of larger units of meaning”
(Gledhill, 2013)
Inter per sonal function
Interpersonal function is the representation of the meaning of the clause as an
exchange. It means that the clause is “organized as an interactive event involving
3
speaker, or writer, and audience” (Halliday, 2004). Halliday also says that in the
conversation, the speaker or the writer interacts with the audience by taking a particular
speech role. According to him, there are only two fundamental speech role, giving and
demanding. As the act of speaking can also be called as interaction, there must be action
and reaction from both the speaker and the listener or “an exchange, in which giving
implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response” (Halliday, 2004). The
reaction or response is defined as the commodity that being exchanged, this can be good
and service or information. Both the speech role in exchange and commodity exchanged
shows the relation in between (see figure 1).
Commodity exchanged
Role
exchange
in
(a)
goods-&-
(b)
services
infor mat ion
Giving
Offer
Statements
Demanding
Command
Question
Figure. 1 Speech Roles (Halliday, 2004)
Figure 1 shows the relation between the speech role and the commodity exchanged.
Offer, statements, command, and also question are defined as the speech function. If the
speaker intended to give goods and service it is function as an offer, while giving
information functions as statements. If the speaker is demanding goods and service
function as a command, while demanding information function as a question.
4
Mood and speech acts
Mood is one of the components which are being exchanged in a particular clause.
Mood consists of two parts, they are subject and finite. When Subject and Finite are
closely linked together, and combine to form one constituent can be identified as mood.
According to Halliday (2004), Subject is the nominal group while Finite is the verbal
operators that express the tense or modality. Since Finite consists of tense and modality,
Halliday then defines “primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of
speaking; it is time relative to ‘now’. Modality means likely or unlikely (if a proposition),
desirable or undesirable (if a proposal). A proposition or proposal may become arguable
through being assessed in terms of the degree of probability or obligation that is
associated with it” (Halliday, 2004). However, finite sometimes can be fused depending
on when the interaction which occurs. For example in the sentence ‘my mother went to
her office everyday’, the finite past is fused within the word ‘went’. For instance we
cannot merely see the finite of the sentence through the modality used in a sentence. We
can also see the finite through the verb used in a sentence. In the interpersonal function,
mood becomes the core of the exchange. As in the sentence ‘I will buy a cup of coffee’,
we talk about who will buy a cup of coffee and not about what will I buy.
Referring to the speech roles in Figure 1, Thompson (2004) claims that “these
basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures: statements
are most naturally expressed by declar ative clauses; questions by inter r ogative clauses;
and commands by imperative clauses”. These grammatical structures carry a particular
5
structure according to the interpersonal function which is formed by the combination of
Subject and Finite. This form combination of mood can be a signal for the speech role.
Declarative which function as a statement is typically form by Subject then followed
with Finite. In interrogative which function as question is formed by Finite and followed
with Subject. As for the imperative which functions as command can be formed by only
Subject and/or the Finite is for emphasizing the command. Since a “command is absolute
(there are no imperative forms of the modal verbs), and there is no need to specify time
relevance” (Thompson, 2004). As for the offers function can be formed in a similar way
with the question function. It is formed by Finite then followed by Subject, it is why the
offer function can be considered as modalised interrogative.
Pr evious Study
There were some conducted studies analyzing the mood choice as well. As the
example below, it was a study by Wellman Kondowe (2014). He analyzed the mood
choice in Bingu wa Mutharika’s speech. He analyzed the mood choice through looking
at the forms of Subject and Finite (Mood). Kondowe (2014) found that the result of
mood analysis showed that the address was chosen for declarative clauses because it
provided information as much as possible, while interrogative clauses could make the
speech more serious and information oriented.
Another study was from Barranco and Angeles (2013) who find out how
discourse analysis was used to infer the context in the song entitled LDN by Lily Allen.
They analyzed the song in further through identifying the speech acts which were carried
by the clause in the song. “A variety of aspects were found in the analysis through the use
6
of speech acts such as the intention of the singer” (Barranco and Angeles, 2013). Through
this study, it could be seen that the meaning of a song can be different to some particular
listeners. It depends on what kind of speech act the writer or the singer in this case, uses
to deliver the song.
7
The three metafunction in SFL
There are three broad functions in the functional grammar; they are experiential
function, interpersonal function, and textual function-. These three functions are mapped
out onto the structure of the clause. Experiential function can be defined through the
form of the clause which focus on what is happening and who is taking part. Thompson
(2004) states that experiential function refers to “the action that has happened and the thing
that the action was done to”.
While the Interpersonal function is defined through
analyzing the form of Subject and Finite in order to see how the speaker or the the writer
deliver what s/he wants to say. According to Halliday , interpersonal function is “a
transaction between speaker and listener; the Subject is the warranty of the exchange. It is
the element the speaker makes responsible for the validity of what he is saying” (Halliday,
2004). The last metafunction is textual metafunction which focuses on “how is the text
organized at a micro level (Theme/Rheme) and as a series of larger units of meaning”
(Gledhill, 2013)
Inter per sonal function
Interpersonal function is the representation of the meaning of the clause as an
exchange. It means that the clause is “organized as an interactive event involving
3
speaker, or writer, and audience” (Halliday, 2004). Halliday also says that in the
conversation, the speaker or the writer interacts with the audience by taking a particular
speech role. According to him, there are only two fundamental speech role, giving and
demanding. As the act of speaking can also be called as interaction, there must be action
and reaction from both the speaker and the listener or “an exchange, in which giving
implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response” (Halliday, 2004). The
reaction or response is defined as the commodity that being exchanged, this can be good
and service or information. Both the speech role in exchange and commodity exchanged
shows the relation in between (see figure 1).
Commodity exchanged
Role
exchange
in
(a)
goods-&-
(b)
services
infor mat ion
Giving
Offer
Statements
Demanding
Command
Question
Figure. 1 Speech Roles (Halliday, 2004)
Figure 1 shows the relation between the speech role and the commodity exchanged.
Offer, statements, command, and also question are defined as the speech function. If the
speaker intended to give goods and service it is function as an offer, while giving
information functions as statements. If the speaker is demanding goods and service
function as a command, while demanding information function as a question.
4
Mood and speech acts
Mood is one of the components which are being exchanged in a particular clause.
Mood consists of two parts, they are subject and finite. When Subject and Finite are
closely linked together, and combine to form one constituent can be identified as mood.
According to Halliday (2004), Subject is the nominal group while Finite is the verbal
operators that express the tense or modality. Since Finite consists of tense and modality,
Halliday then defines “primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of
speaking; it is time relative to ‘now’. Modality means likely or unlikely (if a proposition),
desirable or undesirable (if a proposal). A proposition or proposal may become arguable
through being assessed in terms of the degree of probability or obligation that is
associated with it” (Halliday, 2004). However, finite sometimes can be fused depending
on when the interaction which occurs. For example in the sentence ‘my mother went to
her office everyday’, the finite past is fused within the word ‘went’. For instance we
cannot merely see the finite of the sentence through the modality used in a sentence. We
can also see the finite through the verb used in a sentence. In the interpersonal function,
mood becomes the core of the exchange. As in the sentence ‘I will buy a cup of coffee’,
we talk about who will buy a cup of coffee and not about what will I buy.
Referring to the speech roles in Figure 1, Thompson (2004) claims that “these
basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures: statements
are most naturally expressed by declar ative clauses; questions by inter r ogative clauses;
and commands by imperative clauses”. These grammatical structures carry a particular
5
structure according to the interpersonal function which is formed by the combination of
Subject and Finite. This form combination of mood can be a signal for the speech role.
Declarative which function as a statement is typically form by Subject then followed
with Finite. In interrogative which function as question is formed by Finite and followed
with Subject. As for the imperative which functions as command can be formed by only
Subject and/or the Finite is for emphasizing the command. Since a “command is absolute
(there are no imperative forms of the modal verbs), and there is no need to specify time
relevance” (Thompson, 2004). As for the offers function can be formed in a similar way
with the question function. It is formed by Finite then followed by Subject, it is why the
offer function can be considered as modalised interrogative.
Pr evious Study
There were some conducted studies analyzing the mood choice as well. As the
example below, it was a study by Wellman Kondowe (2014). He analyzed the mood
choice in Bingu wa Mutharika’s speech. He analyzed the mood choice through looking
at the forms of Subject and Finite (Mood). Kondowe (2014) found that the result of
mood analysis showed that the address was chosen for declarative clauses because it
provided information as much as possible, while interrogative clauses could make the
speech more serious and information oriented.
Another study was from Barranco and Angeles (2013) who find out how
discourse analysis was used to infer the context in the song entitled LDN by Lily Allen.
They analyzed the song in further through identifying the speech acts which were carried
by the clause in the song. “A variety of aspects were found in the analysis through the use
6
of speech acts such as the intention of the singer” (Barranco and Angeles, 2013). Through
this study, it could be seen that the meaning of a song can be different to some particular
listeners. It depends on what kind of speech act the writer or the singer in this case, uses
to deliver the song.
7