The influence of Korean cultural background on Ch`un-Hyang`s love relationship as seen in Samuel Kimm`s The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch`un-Hyang Story.
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THE INFLUENCE OF KOREAN CULTURAL BACKGROUND
ON CH’UN-HYANG’S LOVE RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN SAMUEL
KIMM’S THE PURE-HEARTED LADY, CH’UN-HYANG STORY
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Francisca Imas Soraya
Student number: 071214018
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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THE INFLUENCE OF KOREAN CULTURAL BACKGROUND
ON CH’UN-HYANG’S LOVE RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN SAMUEL
KIMM’S THE PURE-HEARTED LADY, CH’UN-HYANG STORY
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Francisca Imas Soraya
Student number: 071214018
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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This Thesis is dedicated to:
Jesus Christ
My lovely Father and Mother
My lovely Sisters and Brother
And Myself
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ABSTRACT
Soraya, Francisca Imas. 2011. The Influence of Korean Cultural Background on
Ch’un-hyang’s Love Relationship as Seen in Samuel Kimm’s The Pure-hearted
Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzes the novel of Samuel Kimm, The Pure-hearted Lady,
Ch’un-hyang Story. This novel portrays the love story of Ch’un-hyang as the main
character and how she struggles in protecting her love. Culture is an important
part in the society. Korean culture in this novel is seen as the important part of the
society. Meanwhile, the main character’s struggle in protecting her love
relationship is not simple. It leads the writer to discuss the relation between
Korean cultural background and Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship.
The research problem stated in this study is what are the influences of
Korean cultural background on Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship?
This study is a library study. There are two kinds of sources namely
primary source and secondary source which are used in this study. The primary
source of this study is the novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story by
Samuel Kimm while the secondary sources are books, internet sources, and
journals which are related to the study. This study employs the theory of culture
and review of Korean culture, theory of character and characterization, and theory
of love relationship. The approaches used in this study is socio-cultural-historical
approach.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Ch’un-hyang’s love
relationship is influenced by her Korean cultural background. The Korean cultural
background that is experienced in Ch’un-hyang’s life are the Korean family
values, family relations, beliefs in ancestor and god, and the concept of kibun. The
concept of kibun that makes Korean culture different to culture in other country
leads Ch’un-hyang in keeping her love relationship and being faithful. Ch’unhyang experiences passionate and companionate love relationship, also faith and
faithfulness love. Thus, those Korean cultural values influence Ch’un-hyang in
keeping her family values, being faithful, and struggling to keep her love
relationship. Finally, the writer would like to suggest the future researcher to
analyze and study the relation of Korean culture and conflicts that happens in the
novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story by Samuel Kimm. Another
suggestion is to implement The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story as a
material in teaching Basic Reading 2.
Keywords: Korean culture, love relationship, The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’unhyang Story
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ABSTRAK
Soraya, Francisca Imas. 2011. The Influence of Korean Culture Background on
Ch’un-hyang’s Love Relationship as Seen in Samuel Kimm’s The Pure-hearted
Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisis novel karya Samuel Kimm, The Pure-hearted
Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story. Novel ini melukiskan tentang kisah cinta Ch’un-hyang
sebagai karakter utama dan perjuangannya dalam mempertahankan cintanya.
Kebudayaan adalah bagian penting dalam masyarakat. Di dalam novel ini,
kebudayaan Korea terlihat sebagai bagian penting di masyarakat. Sementara itu,
perjuangan karakter utama dalam memperjuangkan hubungan cintanya pun
tidaklah mudah. Hal ini menuntun penulis untuk membahas hubungan antara latar
belakang kebudayaan Korea dengan hubungan percintaan yang dialami Ch’unhyang.
Rumusan masalah yang menjadi focus dalam studi ini adalah apa
pengaruh latar belakang kebudayaan Korea terhadap hubungan cinta Ch’unhyang?
Studi ini adalah sebuah studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber yang
digunakan dalam studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber sekunder. Sumber
utama dari studi ini adalah novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story
karya Samuel Kimm sementara sumber sekundernya adalah buku, sumber
internet, dan jurnal terkait. Studi ini menggunakan teori budaya dan ulasan
kebudayaan Korea, teori karakter dan karakterisasi, dan juga toeri tentang
hubungan cinta. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah pendekatan
social-budaya-historis.
Berdasarkan analisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan cinta yang
dialami Ch’un-hyang terpengaruh oleh latar belakang kebudayaan Koreanya.
Latar belakang kebudayaan Korea yang dialami oleh Ch’un-hyang dalam
kehidupannya adalah nilai-nilai keluarga di Korea, hubungan keluarga,
kepercayaan terhadap leluhur dan dewa, dan konsep mengenai kibun. Konsep
kibun yang membedakan kebudayaan Korea dari kebudayaan negara lain
menuntun Ch’un-hyang dalam menjaga hubungan cintanya dan menjadi setia.
Ch’un-hyang mengalami hubungan cinta yang bergairah dan bersahabat, serta
cinta yang penuh kepercayaan dan kesetiaan. Dengan demikian, nilai-nilai
kebudayaan Korean tersebut mempengaruhi Ch’un-hyang dalam menjaga nilai
keluarga yang dimilikinya, setia, dan perjuangannya dalam menjaga hubungan
cintanya. Akhirnya, peneliti ingin menyarankan peneliti selanjutnya untuk
menganalisis hubungan antara kebudayaan Korea dengan konflik-konflik yang
terjadi dalam novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story karya Samuel
Kimm. Saran selanjutnya adalah untuk menerapkan novel The Pure-hearted Lady,
Ch’un-hyang Story sebagai materi pembelajaran dalam mengajar Basic Reading 2.
Kata kunci: kebudayaan Korean, hubungan cinta, The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’unhyang Story
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ
for the blessing so that I am able to finish this thesis. I would like to thank Him
who has given me strength and always guide me in every step that I take in this
life.
My highest gratitude is addressed for my beloved parents, Papa and
Mama, who always be there to give me support and endless love, also my sisters,
Silvia Ayu and Winny Aditya, and my brother Antonius Angga who always be
there for me and stand by my side. Thank you so much for the support and love.
May God bless them and always give them happiness.
I would like to express my special gratitude to my major sponsor, Henny
Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the guidance, advice, support, and valuable
suggestion for my thesis. My big thanks are also addressed for all lecturers of
English Language Education Study Program for their guidance during my
study in Sanata Dharma University. I would also like to express my gratitude to
secretariat staffs of English Language Education Study Program, Mbak Danik
and Mbak Tari who always being nice to me. Then, I would like to thank Mr.
Sutoyo Suh from Korea for the guidance and support. May God bless them.
My gratitude also goes to all of my lovely friends, especially my SOSI
Gank, Nandini Wijna D., Ariesty Nevriany, Nur Febrian J., and Rosa Galuh
K., who always give me the endless support and the happiest time in college. I
would also like to thank the Beers, “Mami” Kitin Aprilia, Adaninggar Septi,
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Mas “Kadal”, and Mbak Cecil also the Enigmas, “Om Sisak”, Luci, Ata, and
Celi for sharing happiness, laughter, and support especially in the hard time. I
would like to express my gratitude to Mas Sidha and Mas Risang for being the
proof readers for my thesis. Also Mas Sedik for all the help. Then I would like to
thank also to all of my friends Ayas, Ines, Nidya, Mbak Nisa, “Papi” Tito,
Patrick, Wiwid “Krucil”, and “Gobe” for the time we spent together in English
Language Education Study Program. I would like to appreciate also Nisa, Wenny,
Yogis, Hehen, Rosi, Minji, Ayu, and Yoga for the amazing time we spent
together. At last, my special gratitude is addressed to my lovely Cho Kyuhyun
who always accompanies me while writing this thesis. I thank them all for all
experiences and great moment in my life.
Lastly, I express my gratitude to all the people that cannot be mentioned
one by one for being there and part of my life. May God bless us.
Francisca Imas Soraya
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL PAGES …………………………………………………….....
ii
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………………. iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………… v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………………...
vi
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….…… vii
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….… viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….…... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………. xiv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study ………………………….….…… 1
B. Problem Formulation …………………………….………… 4
C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………..… 4
D. Benefits of the Study ………………………………………. 4
E. Definition of Terms ………………………………………… 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
7
A. Review of Related Theories …………………….…………. 7
1. Socio-cultural-historical Approach ………………..…… 7
2. Character and Characterization ………………….……… 8
3. Culture ……………….………………………..………… 11
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4. Review of Korean Culture …………………...…………. 13
5. Love Relationship ………………………..……..….…… 17
B. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………… 19
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
20
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………… 20
B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………. 22
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………….
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
22
24
A. Ch’un-hyang’s Cultural Background ………………………. 24
1. Korean Family Values ………………………………… 24
2. Family Relations …...…………………………………… 27
3. Beliefs in Ancestor and God …………………………… 29
4. The Concept of Kibun ………………………………..… 31
B. Ch’un-hyang’s Love Relationship …………………...……… 34
1. Passionate Love …………………………..……...……… 34
2. Companionate Love ………..……………………..……. 35
3. Faith and Faithfulness …………….……………………. 37
C. The Influence of Ch’un-hyang’s Cultural Background on Her
Love Relationship …………………………………………… 42
1. Being Able to Keep the Family Values………………… 42
2. Being a Faithful Wife ……………………………….…. 45
3. Struggle in Keeping Love Relationship ……………..…. 46
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CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
50
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………..…… 50
B. Suggestions ……………………………….………………… 53
1. Suggestion for Future Researchers ……………..………. 53
2. Suggestion for English Language Education Study Program
Basic Reading 2 Lecturers ……………………………… 54
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………. 57
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1
Summary of the Novel………………….………..……….…….. 60
Appendix 2
Biography of Samuel Kimm………..…………………….…….. 62
Appendix 3
Lesson Plan...……………………………………………………. 64
Appendix 4
Teaching Material ………………………………………………. 67
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives the introduction of the study. It consists of five parts.
They are background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study,
benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study will
explain the reason why the writer choose this novel and choose the topic of this
study. The second part, problem formulation, presents two problems followed by
the objectives of the study. Then the benefits of the study reveal the use of this
study for students and readers. The last part is definition of terms that define the
terms that needs to be clarified for this study.
A. Background of the Study
Literary works are really related to people’s life. People can acknowledge
many valuable things from literary works. There are many kinds of literary works
which are poetry, drama, and fiction or novel. Every literary work has their
special things and unique side. One of the famous kinds of literary works in
society is novel. There are many genres of novel and many people read it every
day.
Novel as one of literary works is really common in people’s daily life
because there are many genres and nowadays there are many new authors who are
able to write a great modern novel and also fiction novel. Because of these
reasons, every person is able to find his/her favourite novel to read according to
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his/her interest in specific genre of novel. It gives pleasure while reading literary
works that is novel. People who love to read about classic novel or modern novel
can easily find it nowadays. People who like fiction novel, love story, relationship
story, tragedy, or many other genre or kind of novel can find it from many
countries written by famous author. There are also some authors who recreate old
story in a society or historical story into a novel and make it known by many more
people.
The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story is one story of an ancient
Korean trilogy by Samuel Kimm that is published in 1998. He is a Korean author
who rehashed and recreated Ancient Korean Trilogy; The Pure-Hearted Lady
Ch’un-hyang Story, The Filial Daughter Shim Ch’ong Story, and The Story of
Two Brothers: Nol-bu and Hung-bu. For the first story, he rehashed and recreated
The Pure-Hearted Lady Ch’un-hyang Story which tells about Ch’un-hyang life
because of his love towards Mong-ryong. This novel tells about Ch’un-hyang’s
love story towards Mong-ryong in Choson dynasty. Then, it tells Ch’un-hyang’s
struggle in protecting herself, and her love relationship towards her husband,
Mong-ryong who left her because of his parents, when there was another man
who wanted to have her as a prostitute.
Culture is one of the most important things in the society. It is interesting
to study the culture of a certain society. The setting of this novel is in Korea on
Choson dynasty which is happened in more than 600 years ago. The writer always
finds it interesting to know about Korean. It mesmerizes the writer to study the
Korean culture. In Choson dynasty, most of the people at that time would obey
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and respect their culture, norm, and traditional rules in their society related to their
culture. There is a special thing from Korean culture that differentiates this culture
with culture in other countries. It is the concept of kibun. Kibun does not have
English
word
but
as
stated
in
Kwintessential
site
(http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/south-korea-countryprofile.html), the meaning of kibun is the feeling, pride, face, mood, and also state
of mind. In Korea, kibun is really important and every person in the society will
always take care of their each other kibun.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discover how Korean culture
can influence Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship. Love is not a simple thing. There
will always be interesting story behind every love which experienced by every
person. There is no limitation of interest for the writer to reveal more about love.
Thus, this study will only focus on Ch’un-hyang as the main character, Korean
culture in Choson dynasty and the way the culture influence her in act in response
and respect her love relationship.
There are some theories applied in this study. They are theory of culture
and review of Korean culture, theory love relationship, and also theory of
character and characterization. The approach of this study is socio-culturalhistorical approach. Theory of culture and review of Korean culture are used to
reveal the Korean culture in the Korean society on Choson dynasty while theory
of love relationship is used to unveil Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship towards her
husband, Lee Mong-ryong. Then, the character and characterization will help the
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writer to reveal Ch’un-hyang’s character related to her love relationship. Thus,
this study is expected to be worthwhile for all of the readers.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the novel and the background, the writer would like to present a
problem which is going to be analyzed in this thesis. The problem is what are the
influences of Korean cultural background on Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study is conducted to answer the question presented in the problem
formulation. Therefore it seeks to find the influence of Ch’un-hyang’s Korean
cultural background in Choson dynasty on Ch’un-hyang’s relationship with her
lover in Samuel Kimm’s novel, The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to be beneficial for the students and the readers to
enrich the knowledge of literary study. Through literary work, readers can learn
the cultural values in Korean that happened in Choson dynasty. Based on the
problem formulation, this study helps the readers to find out the influence of
Korean culture in Choson dynasty on Ch’un-hyang’s relationship to her lover.
For the students, this study hopefully contributes in encouraging them to
take literature as a medium that can help them to understand the cultural values in
Korean society around Choson dynasty. Moreover, students can use this literary
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work in practicing their English skill e.g. reading and understanding literary
works, including poem, more from this novel. This study is also expected to be
beneficial for lecturers in teaching literary works and it also can be taught as
poetry and reading exercises. The writer hope this study will give a valuable
contribution toward other researchers who want to conduct a study on Samual
Kimm’s novel or cultural values in Korean society.
E. Definition of Terms
It is important to know the terms of conflict and conflict resolution for
achievement in this study because they are significant. They are:
1. Influence
Influence according to Oxford advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2007) is the
power to affect somebody’s actions, character or beliefs especially by
providing an example for them to follow, winning their admiration or
making them afraid to disagree. (p. 825)
And according to Longman Dictionary influence means power to have an
effect on the way someone or something develops, behaves, or thinks
without using direct force or commands (2001). From those definitions,
influence means the power in affecting someone else behaviour and the way
of thinking without direct interaction (p. 933).
Thus, in this thesis the influence that will be the focus of the study the
influence of Korean culture background on Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship.
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2. Cultural
Culture, according Longman dictionary (2001), is belonging or connected
with a particular society and its way of life. It is related to ideas, customs,
etc that have existed in a particular society for a long time.
The term that will be discussed later is about Korean cultural background
concerning the habits or behaviour in Korean society on Choson dynasty in
this novel.
3. Love relationship
Love relationship is a loving or sexual association between two people in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995: p. 996). Thus in this thesis
the love relationship that will be the focus of the study is between Ch’unhyang and Lee Mong-ryong, her husband.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The writer divides this chapter into 2 subtopics. The first is review of
related theories that consist of theory of psychological approach and sociocultural-historical approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of
culture and review of Korean culture, and the last is theory of love relationship.
The last one is theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part will present theories related to the study that will be useful to
reveal and research the information that is used to answer the problem.
1. Socio-cultural-historical approach
Rohrberger and Woods (1971) defines civilization as the attitudes and
actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these
attitudes and actions as its subject matter. The traditional historical approach to
literature usually takes as its basic some aspect of the socio-cultural frame of
reference, combining it with an interest in the biographical as well as
knowledge of and interest in literary history (p. 9).
Socio – cultural historical approach concerns on the society, culture and
historical of literary works. Philosophy of life and how people behave can be
the expressions of the values in the society and the moral terms of the culture
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and society in the exact period. By this approach, Chun-hyang cultural
background will be revealed based on the Korean culture in the Korean society
on Choson dynasty.
2. Character and Characterization
It is important to know and understand the characters in the story.
According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999), the meaning of
characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as being edowed with moral and dispositional
qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do
(the action) (p. 32-33). Therefore characters are important elements in the story
especially this study focuses on the analysis on the main character’s cultural
background.
In An Introduction of Fiction (1965), Stanton states that character is
commonly used in two ways. The first, character is individual who appears in
the story. The second, character refers to the mixture of interests, desires,
emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals.
Character shows his or her emotions in the story and gives a certain situation or
circlumstance in the story (para. 17).
Forster in Aspects of the Novel (1974) states “we may divide characters
into flat and round” (p. 46). It
explains flat characters that were called
‘humours’ in the seventeenth century, which also called as types or caricatures
sometime, are constructed round a single idea or quality; when there is more
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than one factor in them, we get the beginning of the curve towards the round.
“One great advantage of flat characters is that they are easily recognized
whenever they come in – recognized by the reader’s emotional eye, not by the
visual eye which merely notes the recurrence of a proper name” (p. 47).
While in How to Analyze Fiction, Kenney explains simple (flat)
characters as characters that are easy to be recognized because the readers see
only one side of the characters and these characters are familiar types to the
reader. Then, complex (round) characters cannot be described only in one
phrase. They have some capability in surprising the readers because of the
changes in their characters.
Rohrberbeger and Woods (1971) state that characters have an important
role in a story since they help the readers to participate vicariously in the
experience or the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of
the characters in the story (p. 19).
In order to understand more about the character itself, we need to know
their psychology or physical descriptions of the character. It is called
characterization. According to Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An
Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students
(1972), the author has some ways to make the readers understand about the
characterization. Those are:
a. Personal description: the author can describe a person’s appearance and
clothes. We are given the telling details: the face, skin, eyes, and the
castaway’s extraordinary clothing.
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b. Character as seen by another. Instead of describing a character directly
the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another.
c. Speech. The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the
persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person
speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another whenever he puts
forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character.
d. Past life. By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life
the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a
person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author,
through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the
medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others. The author can also give us clues to a person’s
character through the conversation of other people and the things they
say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say
often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about.
f. Reactions. The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by
letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
g. Direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person’s
character directly.
h. Thoughts. The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real
life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel we
accept this. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a
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secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a
novel.
i. Mannerisms. The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or
idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character.
3. Culture
In Sociology, Light, Keller, and Calhoun (1989) states that sociologists
do not restrict their idea of culture to fine arts or sophisticated styles of living.
“They define culture as
knowledge, artifacts, and
among a set of people
sociological use of word
way of life.” (p. 79)
all the learned customs, beliefs, values,
symbols that are constantly communicated
who share a common way of life. The
culture signifies a society’s entire learned
Light, Keller, and Calhoun (1989) also state that culture is not just a set
of elements that dictates behavior; it is also something that people themselves
develop and use. As stated by them, Sociologist Howard Becker (1989)
describes culture as shared understandings that people use to coordinate their
activities. People understand the social world by communicating to each other
constantly, creating and expressing the elements of the culture, and by living
then day by day (para. 80).
According to Light (1989) elements of culture can be divided into two
basic kinds which are material culture and nonmaterial culture.
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a. Material culture
It consists of all the physical objects, or artifacts, that people make and
attach meaning to books, clothing, schools, churches, and guided
missiles, to name just a few (para. 80).
b. Nonmaterial culture
It consists of human creations that are not embodied in physical objects
(values, beliefs, rules, customs, systems of government, the languages we
speak, and so forth) (para. 80).
However, based on Light, Keller, and Calhoun (1989) elements of
culture can be divided into values, norms, language, knowledge, and symbols
of all kinds. As follow:
a. Values
A value is a general idea that people share about what is good or bad,
desirable or undesirable. Values transcend any one particular situation.
The values people hold tend to color their overall way of life. Values are
reflected even in seemingly trivial day-to-day behaviors (para. 81).
b. Norms
A norm is a specific guideline for action; it is a rule that says how people
should behave in particular situations. Sometimes norms are made
explicit, as in written laws or biblical commandments. But more often,
norms are unspoken customs that people implicitly know and follow
(para. 82).
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c. Symbols
Culture also gives us notions about what things in our world mean and
guidelines for behavior and ideas about what is ‘good’ and ‘right’. It
involves objects, gestures, sounds, or images that represent something
other than themselves that is actually symbols. Symbols vary in the range
of meanings that are assigned to them. Symbols that carry a great many
different meanings are called multivocal symbols. Then, symbols that
only have one meaning are called univocal symbols (para. 84).
d. Language
A language is a system of verbal and written symbols with rules about
how those symbols can be strung together to convey more complex
meanings. Language enables people to store meanings and experiences
and to pass this heritage on to new generations (para. 86).
e. Knowledge
Knowledge is the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over
time. It also consists of information about places, people, and events.
Often we have knowledge about things that we cannot verify for
ourselves but which we accept as ‘truths’. However, one person’s ‘true’
knowledge may be another person’s ‘mere’ belief (para. 88).
4. Review of Korean Culture
This novel is about Korean people live in Korean, so in this study, the
writer deals with Korean Culture and values. In Kwintessential site (
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http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/south-koreacountry-profile.html), it is stated that in Korean society and culture there are
four basic values which are Korean family values, Confucianism, Korean
Ancestors, and the concept of Kibun. These four values are deeply believed by
Korean people in Chosôn dynasty.
a. Korean family values
In Korean society, family is the most important part of life. On Choson
dynasty, Korean people are still in Confucian tradition, when the father is
the head of the family. The head of the family has responsibility to
provide food, clothing and shelter, and to approve the marriages of
family members. The eldest son also has special duties in the family.
Those special duties are related to, first his parents, then to brothers from
older to younger, then to his sons, then to his wife, and lastly to his
daughters.
From this site, it is stated that “family welfare is much more important
than the needs of the individual. Members of the family are tied to each
other because the actions of one family member reflect on the rest of the
family” (“Kwintessential”).
In A Handbook of Korea by Korean Overseas Information Services
(1987) has described the family custom in Korean society:
Traditionally, in a Korean home the head of the family was
regarded was regarded as the sources of authority. All family
members were expected to do what was orders or desired by the
family head. Strict instructions were to be obeyed without demur.
It would have been unthinkable for children or grandchildren to
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place themselves in opposition to the wishes of their elder (p.
147).
Order at home is maintained through obedience to superior, that is,
children obeying parents, the wife the husband, the servants the master”
(Korean Overseas Information Services, 1987 p. 147).
b. Social Relation Under Confucianism
Lee (1993) in Sourcebook of Korean Civilization states “… relations
within the family were extremely important for the smooth functioning of
this society, an attitude that was reinforced by Confucian ideology” (p.
318).
In Korean society, people have always attached to the fidelity concept.
Women, even if their husband died young, were encouraged to be faithful
by serving his parents and not remarrying. In some cases, girls whose
husbands-to-be died during the engagement period never married”
(Korean Overseas Information Services, 1987 p. 147).
Based on Kwintessential site, the teachings of Confucius describe the
position of the individual in Korean society. Confucius is a system of
behaviours and ethics that stress the obligations of people towards one
another based upon their relationship. The basic tenets are based upon
five different relationships: 1) ruler and subject, 2) husband and wife, 3)
parents and children, 4)brothers and sisters and 5) friend and friend.
Confucianism stresses duty, loyalty, honour, filial piety, respect for age
and seniority, and sincerity.
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Social relations in Korean society has described by Korean Overseas
Information Services (1987):
Under Confucianism, the proper relationship between the sexes
was based on one of the five human relationships – that of
husband and wife. This does not aim at discrimination, but holds
that both men and women have certain duties to perform and a set
of ethics to observe the other (p. 150).
The relation between husband and wife is related to the law in the society
that women should obey her father before married, her husband upon
married, and obey her son after her husband died (para. 151).
c. Relation to Ancestor and Gods
In Kwintessential site, it is stated that in Korean culture ancestors are
based on the male family line. Children are raised to believe they can
never repay their debt to their parents, hence the popularity of ancestor
worship.
In Korea, geomancy is a method of divination for locating sites for cities,
residences, and burial grounds. This belief holds that happiness and
prosperity will prevail over house built on an ideal site. The site of the
ancestor grave must be ideal as well, as the location is believed to exert a
lasting and decisive influence over the destinies of the entire family
(Korean Overseas Information Services, 1987 p. 157).
d. The concept of Kibun
As quoted from Kwintessential site “Kibun is a word with no literal
English translation; the closest terms are pride, face, mood, feelings, or
state of mind. If you hurt someone's kibun you hurt their pride, cause
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them to lose dignity, and lose face.” In Korean society,it is important to
protect every person’s kibun. korean people will try to avoid hurting
others’ kibun, and how to keep their own kibun at the same time.
5. Love Relationship
In Understanding Psychology, Kasschau (1995) describes two common
types of love according to Hatfield (1988). The first is passionate love which is
the type of love that is very intense, sensual, and all-consuming. Passionate
love has a feeling of great excitement, of intense sexuality, yet there is almost
an element of danger that may go away at any moment. The second is
companionate love which includes friendship, liking someone, mutual trusting,
and wanting to be with them. This kind of love is more stable, which includes
the commitment and intimacy. Kasschau also states, as Rubin identified,
romantic love has three major components which are need or attachment,
caring or the desire to give, and intimacy (para. 342).
Therefore in romantic love, people in love feel strong desires to be with
the other person who is their partner in love, to touch, to be praised and cared
for, to fulfill and to be fulfilled. Kasschau (1995) describes love as “a longing,
a hunger, a desire to process, a sickness that only one person can heal, suggests
the role need plays in romantic love” (p. 343). As like quoted from Heinlein
(1972) in this book, love is state in which the happiness of another person is
essential to our own. This kind of love is very altruistic, very giving. Without
caring, need becomes a series of self-centered, desperate demands; without
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need, caring is charity or kindness. Thus, in love, these two aspects are
important and intertwined (para. 343-344).
However, love can mean different things to different people and within
different relationships. People can say they love their parents, family members,
friends, but this love is different with their love to their boyfriend, girlfriend, or
spouse. These love have different meanings. As described by Kasschau (1995)
psychologist Zick Rubin (1973) distinguish between liking and loving.
According to Rubin, liking usually involves respect or high regard for another
person. Whereas love usually involves liking plus three other elements: great
attachment to and dependency on the person; a caring for or desire to help the
person; and the desire for an exclusive, intimate relationship with the person
(para. 433).
As described before, there are two types of love, passionate and
companionate love. In passionate love, the onset of romantic love is fairly swift
and sudden, when the development of companionate love is less dramatic. The
development of a close companionate relationship is influenced by the degree
to which each person is willing to reveal personal and private information
about himself or herself. Couples who are willing to trust each other and who
communicate their feelings and ideas freely are likely to have a close
relationship endure (para. 434).
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B. Theoretical Framework
This study is conducted to find the answer of the problems stated in the
problem formulation. The theories that have been explained in the previous part
are very useful to analyze the problem stated in the problem formulation and to
reveal the answer of the problem. Because this study focused on the main
character, her love relationship and the Korean culture, the theory of sociocultural-historical approach is used. Socio-cultural-historical approach helps to
reveal the Korean culture and society in Chosôn dynasty. Theory of character and
characterization also help in giving more understanding and explanation related to
Chun-hyang’s character. Next, theory of culture and review of Korean culture
help to reveal more about culture and society especially in Korea. This study also
uses theory of love relationship to answer the problem formulation. This study
deals with Chun-hyang’s love relationship with her husband, Mong-ryong, which
is why this theory can help the writer to reveal more about Chun-hyang’s love
relationship towards her husband. These theories help the writer to reveal the
influence of Korean culture background in Chosôn dynasty on Chun-hyang’s love
relationship.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology that will be used in this study.
This chapter covers three parts. The first part is object of the study. The second
part is approach of the study. Then the third part is method of the study. The
object of the study describes the work to be studied and what the work is
generally about. The approach of the study presents the approach employed in the
analysis. In the last part, the steps taken in analyzing the work from reading up to
recording the findings is described.
A. Object of the Study
In this thesis the writer would like to examine the novel entitled The
Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story which was written by Samuel Kimm.
This novel is the first novel of Ancient Korean Trilogy by Samuel Kimm which is
published in 1998 by Il JI SA Publishing House, Republic of Korea. This 251
pages novel has 16 chapters excluding the epilogue.
This novel tells about the love story of Ch’un-hyang, the daughter of
former kisaeng, Korean geisha, and Mong-ryong, the son of the Magistrate of the
town. From this novel, the writer would like to discuss the influence of Korean
society at Choson dynasty in Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship. Ch’un-hyang was
known as the most beautiful girl in the city, and Mong-ryong was the one who fell
in love with her first. After Mong-ryong expressed his true feeling towards Ch’un20
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hyang and got permission from Ch’un-hyang’s mother, Pink Moon, he decided to
marry Ch’un-hyang.
Unfortunately, after a while, Mong-ryong’s parents who came from
aristocrat family did not want to accept Ch’un-hyang who was the daughter of
former kisaeng as their daughter-in-law. Then, Mong-ryong should join his
parents to move to other town and studied hard in order to pass the nationally
famous Royal State Exam in Civil Administration. He planned to come back to
his wife after succeeded. However, after their family moved a new magistrate
came to the town.
The new Magistrate for Namwon, the city which was famous of its
kisaeng, was Master Pyon Hak-to. He was a cruel man who did not take care of
the city and just played around with all of the kisaeng in the town even though he
already had a wife. He had heard about the most beautiful lady named Ch’unhyang and wanted to meet her. In fact, he just wanted to have Ch’un-hyang and
spent the night with her. Ch’un-hyang who had faith with his husband preferred to
be punished until she die than fulfil the new magistrate’s wish to spend the night
with her. In her mind, she still had husband even though she did not know where
Mong-ryong was. Ch’un-hyang became a prisoner of the town and ready to take
her death punishment when Mong-ryong who was a Royal Emissary came to
arrest Master Pyon Hak-to. From this novel, the writer would like to analyze the
influence of Korean culture in Choson dynasty to Ch’un-hyang in reacting to her
lover, expressing her love, and even protecting her love relationship.
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B. Approach of the Study
The approach used in analyzing this study was socio-cultural-historical
approach. The writer used socio-cultural-historical approach since this study
concerns on the Korean culture in Chosun dynasty and its influence on Ch’unhyang’s love relationship. This approach helped the writer in revealing the Korean
society and their culture at that time in order to reveal the influence on the main
character. By using this approach, the influence of Korean cultural background on
Ch’un-hyang’s relationship to her lover is revealed.
C. Method of the Study
This study was a library study for this thesis and The Pure-Hearted Lady,
Ch’un-hyang Story, a novel written by Samuel Kimm was the primary source. The
writer took some steps to analyze the novel. The first step was the writer read the
novel for several times. In the first time, the writer read the novel to understand
the whole story. Then, in the following reading, the writer focused on the Korean
culture that is described in this novel and how Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship
happened in this novel. The next step was taking note to every detail and
description of the love relationship of the two main characters, Ch’un-hyang and
Mong-ryong. Then the writer tried to reveal the main character, Ch’un-hyang, ‘s
character and the influence of Korean culture to her love relationship. the writer
tried to reveal more information that can be used in answering the problem
formulation of this study.
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The next step was trying to find some literary book and other sources that
can be useful to analyze Korean culture in Choson dynasty and the love
relationship as seen in The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story novel.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The writer divides this chapter into three parts. The first part is Ch’unhyang’s cultural background. The second part is Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship.
The last part analyzes the influence of Ch’un-hyang’s cultural background on her
love relationship.
A. Ch’un-hyang’s Cultural Background
This part discusses the description of Ch’un-hyang’s cultural
background. The writer focuses on the Korean Culture in Ch’un-hyang’s family
life. Using the theory of Korean Culture and also character and characterization,
writer will analyze Ch’un-hyang’s cultural background.
1. Korean Family values
As described in Kwintessential site, family is the most important aspect
in Korean life (http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/southkorea-country-profile.html). Father is the head of the family and responsible for
the whole family needs. Based on Korean culture, family need is more important
than individual need, so the head of the family should care for every member in
the family. Based on Korean Overseas Information Services (1987), all family
members are expected to do what is ordered or desired by the family head. Strict
instructions are to be obeyed without demur. However, it’s not only the duty of
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the head of family; every member of the family should pay attention to other
members’ personal needs and family need.
In The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story by Samuel Kimm, Ch’unhyang only has his mother, Pink Moon, who was a former kisaeng. Ch’un-hyang’s
father was a chief but already passed away. In the introduction to the foreign
readers page of this novel, the author describes kisaeng as Korean geisha.
The kisaeng’s routine was to serve and entertain the aristocratic families
and high-ranking public dignitaries. Geisha and kisaeng mean almost the
same thing. (p. x)
In the olden days, men of the aristocracy spent many hours with kisaengs,
but never did they approach marriage with them – kisaengs were for
fulfilling sexual pleasures, not for love and marriage! (p. 49)
Pink Moon was the only family member before Ch’un-hyang married to
Mong-ryong who had his father and mother as family member. Ch’un-hyang only
had her mother as the head of the family.
“… Her late father was a chief of the six boards in the central
government. He came to town once on temporary duty and stayed here
f
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THE INFLUENCE OF KOREAN CULTURAL BACKGROUND
ON CH’UN-HYANG’S LOVE RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN SAMUEL
KIMM’S THE PURE-HEARTED LADY, CH’UN-HYANG STORY
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Francisca Imas Soraya
Student number: 071214018
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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THE INFLUENCE OF KOREAN CULTURAL BACKGROUND
ON CH’UN-HYANG’S LOVE RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN SAMUEL
KIMM’S THE PURE-HEARTED LADY, CH’UN-HYANG STORY
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Francisca Imas Soraya
Student number: 071214018
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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This Thesis is dedicated to:
Jesus Christ
My lovely Father and Mother
My lovely Sisters and Brother
And Myself
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ABSTRACT
Soraya, Francisca Imas. 2011. The Influence of Korean Cultural Background on
Ch’un-hyang’s Love Relationship as Seen in Samuel Kimm’s The Pure-hearted
Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzes the novel of Samuel Kimm, The Pure-hearted Lady,
Ch’un-hyang Story. This novel portrays the love story of Ch’un-hyang as the main
character and how she struggles in protecting her love. Culture is an important
part in the society. Korean culture in this novel is seen as the important part of the
society. Meanwhile, the main character’s struggle in protecting her love
relationship is not simple. It leads the writer to discuss the relation between
Korean cultural background and Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship.
The research problem stated in this study is what are the influences of
Korean cultural background on Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship?
This study is a library study. There are two kinds of sources namely
primary source and secondary source which are used in this study. The primary
source of this study is the novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story by
Samuel Kimm while the secondary sources are books, internet sources, and
journals which are related to the study. This study employs the theory of culture
and review of Korean culture, theory of character and characterization, and theory
of love relationship. The approaches used in this study is socio-cultural-historical
approach.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Ch’un-hyang’s love
relationship is influenced by her Korean cultural background. The Korean cultural
background that is experienced in Ch’un-hyang’s life are the Korean family
values, family relations, beliefs in ancestor and god, and the concept of kibun. The
concept of kibun that makes Korean culture different to culture in other country
leads Ch’un-hyang in keeping her love relationship and being faithful. Ch’unhyang experiences passionate and companionate love relationship, also faith and
faithfulness love. Thus, those Korean cultural values influence Ch’un-hyang in
keeping her family values, being faithful, and struggling to keep her love
relationship. Finally, the writer would like to suggest the future researcher to
analyze and study the relation of Korean culture and conflicts that happens in the
novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story by Samuel Kimm. Another
suggestion is to implement The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story as a
material in teaching Basic Reading 2.
Keywords: Korean culture, love relationship, The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’unhyang Story
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ABSTRAK
Soraya, Francisca Imas. 2011. The Influence of Korean Culture Background on
Ch’un-hyang’s Love Relationship as Seen in Samuel Kimm’s The Pure-hearted
Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisis novel karya Samuel Kimm, The Pure-hearted
Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story. Novel ini melukiskan tentang kisah cinta Ch’un-hyang
sebagai karakter utama dan perjuangannya dalam mempertahankan cintanya.
Kebudayaan adalah bagian penting dalam masyarakat. Di dalam novel ini,
kebudayaan Korea terlihat sebagai bagian penting di masyarakat. Sementara itu,
perjuangan karakter utama dalam memperjuangkan hubungan cintanya pun
tidaklah mudah. Hal ini menuntun penulis untuk membahas hubungan antara latar
belakang kebudayaan Korea dengan hubungan percintaan yang dialami Ch’unhyang.
Rumusan masalah yang menjadi focus dalam studi ini adalah apa
pengaruh latar belakang kebudayaan Korea terhadap hubungan cinta Ch’unhyang?
Studi ini adalah sebuah studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber yang
digunakan dalam studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber sekunder. Sumber
utama dari studi ini adalah novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story
karya Samuel Kimm sementara sumber sekundernya adalah buku, sumber
internet, dan jurnal terkait. Studi ini menggunakan teori budaya dan ulasan
kebudayaan Korea, teori karakter dan karakterisasi, dan juga toeri tentang
hubungan cinta. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah pendekatan
social-budaya-historis.
Berdasarkan analisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hubungan cinta yang
dialami Ch’un-hyang terpengaruh oleh latar belakang kebudayaan Koreanya.
Latar belakang kebudayaan Korea yang dialami oleh Ch’un-hyang dalam
kehidupannya adalah nilai-nilai keluarga di Korea, hubungan keluarga,
kepercayaan terhadap leluhur dan dewa, dan konsep mengenai kibun. Konsep
kibun yang membedakan kebudayaan Korea dari kebudayaan negara lain
menuntun Ch’un-hyang dalam menjaga hubungan cintanya dan menjadi setia.
Ch’un-hyang mengalami hubungan cinta yang bergairah dan bersahabat, serta
cinta yang penuh kepercayaan dan kesetiaan. Dengan demikian, nilai-nilai
kebudayaan Korean tersebut mempengaruhi Ch’un-hyang dalam menjaga nilai
keluarga yang dimilikinya, setia, dan perjuangannya dalam menjaga hubungan
cintanya. Akhirnya, peneliti ingin menyarankan peneliti selanjutnya untuk
menganalisis hubungan antara kebudayaan Korea dengan konflik-konflik yang
terjadi dalam novel The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story karya Samuel
Kimm. Saran selanjutnya adalah untuk menerapkan novel The Pure-hearted Lady,
Ch’un-hyang Story sebagai materi pembelajaran dalam mengajar Basic Reading 2.
Kata kunci: kebudayaan Korean, hubungan cinta, The Pure-hearted Lady, Ch’unhyang Story
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ
for the blessing so that I am able to finish this thesis. I would like to thank Him
who has given me strength and always guide me in every step that I take in this
life.
My highest gratitude is addressed for my beloved parents, Papa and
Mama, who always be there to give me support and endless love, also my sisters,
Silvia Ayu and Winny Aditya, and my brother Antonius Angga who always be
there for me and stand by my side. Thank you so much for the support and love.
May God bless them and always give them happiness.
I would like to express my special gratitude to my major sponsor, Henny
Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the guidance, advice, support, and valuable
suggestion for my thesis. My big thanks are also addressed for all lecturers of
English Language Education Study Program for their guidance during my
study in Sanata Dharma University. I would also like to express my gratitude to
secretariat staffs of English Language Education Study Program, Mbak Danik
and Mbak Tari who always being nice to me. Then, I would like to thank Mr.
Sutoyo Suh from Korea for the guidance and support. May God bless them.
My gratitude also goes to all of my lovely friends, especially my SOSI
Gank, Nandini Wijna D., Ariesty Nevriany, Nur Febrian J., and Rosa Galuh
K., who always give me the endless support and the happiest time in college. I
would also like to thank the Beers, “Mami” Kitin Aprilia, Adaninggar Septi,
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Mas “Kadal”, and Mbak Cecil also the Enigmas, “Om Sisak”, Luci, Ata, and
Celi for sharing happiness, laughter, and support especially in the hard time. I
would like to express my gratitude to Mas Sidha and Mas Risang for being the
proof readers for my thesis. Also Mas Sedik for all the help. Then I would like to
thank also to all of my friends Ayas, Ines, Nidya, Mbak Nisa, “Papi” Tito,
Patrick, Wiwid “Krucil”, and “Gobe” for the time we spent together in English
Language Education Study Program. I would like to appreciate also Nisa, Wenny,
Yogis, Hehen, Rosi, Minji, Ayu, and Yoga for the amazing time we spent
together. At last, my special gratitude is addressed to my lovely Cho Kyuhyun
who always accompanies me while writing this thesis. I thank them all for all
experiences and great moment in my life.
Lastly, I express my gratitude to all the people that cannot be mentioned
one by one for being there and part of my life. May God bless us.
Francisca Imas Soraya
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL PAGES …………………………………………………….....
ii
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………………. iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……………………………… v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………………...
vi
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….…… vii
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………….… viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….…... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………. xiv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the Study ………………………….….…… 1
B. Problem Formulation …………………………….………… 4
C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………..… 4
D. Benefits of the Study ………………………………………. 4
E. Definition of Terms ………………………………………… 5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
7
A. Review of Related Theories …………………….…………. 7
1. Socio-cultural-historical Approach ………………..…… 7
2. Character and Characterization ………………….……… 8
3. Culture ……………….………………………..………… 11
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4. Review of Korean Culture …………………...…………. 13
5. Love Relationship ………………………..……..….…… 17
B. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………… 19
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
20
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………… 20
B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………. 22
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………….
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
22
24
A. Ch’un-hyang’s Cultural Background ………………………. 24
1. Korean Family Values ………………………………… 24
2. Family Relations …...…………………………………… 27
3. Beliefs in Ancestor and God …………………………… 29
4. The Concept of Kibun ………………………………..… 31
B. Ch’un-hyang’s Love Relationship …………………...……… 34
1. Passionate Love …………………………..……...……… 34
2. Companionate Love ………..……………………..……. 35
3. Faith and Faithfulness …………….……………………. 37
C. The Influence of Ch’un-hyang’s Cultural Background on Her
Love Relationship …………………………………………… 42
1. Being Able to Keep the Family Values………………… 42
2. Being a Faithful Wife ……………………………….…. 45
3. Struggle in Keeping Love Relationship ……………..…. 46
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CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
50
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………..…… 50
B. Suggestions ……………………………….………………… 53
1. Suggestion for Future Researchers ……………..………. 53
2. Suggestion for English Language Education Study Program
Basic Reading 2 Lecturers ……………………………… 54
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………. 57
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1
Summary of the Novel………………….………..……….…….. 60
Appendix 2
Biography of Samuel Kimm………..…………………….…….. 62
Appendix 3
Lesson Plan...……………………………………………………. 64
Appendix 4
Teaching Material ………………………………………………. 67
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives the introduction of the study. It consists of five parts.
They are background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study,
benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study will
explain the reason why the writer choose this novel and choose the topic of this
study. The second part, problem formulation, presents two problems followed by
the objectives of the study. Then the benefits of the study reveal the use of this
study for students and readers. The last part is definition of terms that define the
terms that needs to be clarified for this study.
A. Background of the Study
Literary works are really related to people’s life. People can acknowledge
many valuable things from literary works. There are many kinds of literary works
which are poetry, drama, and fiction or novel. Every literary work has their
special things and unique side. One of the famous kinds of literary works in
society is novel. There are many genres of novel and many people read it every
day.
Novel as one of literary works is really common in people’s daily life
because there are many genres and nowadays there are many new authors who are
able to write a great modern novel and also fiction novel. Because of these
reasons, every person is able to find his/her favourite novel to read according to
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his/her interest in specific genre of novel. It gives pleasure while reading literary
works that is novel. People who love to read about classic novel or modern novel
can easily find it nowadays. People who like fiction novel, love story, relationship
story, tragedy, or many other genre or kind of novel can find it from many
countries written by famous author. There are also some authors who recreate old
story in a society or historical story into a novel and make it known by many more
people.
The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story is one story of an ancient
Korean trilogy by Samuel Kimm that is published in 1998. He is a Korean author
who rehashed and recreated Ancient Korean Trilogy; The Pure-Hearted Lady
Ch’un-hyang Story, The Filial Daughter Shim Ch’ong Story, and The Story of
Two Brothers: Nol-bu and Hung-bu. For the first story, he rehashed and recreated
The Pure-Hearted Lady Ch’un-hyang Story which tells about Ch’un-hyang life
because of his love towards Mong-ryong. This novel tells about Ch’un-hyang’s
love story towards Mong-ryong in Choson dynasty. Then, it tells Ch’un-hyang’s
struggle in protecting herself, and her love relationship towards her husband,
Mong-ryong who left her because of his parents, when there was another man
who wanted to have her as a prostitute.
Culture is one of the most important things in the society. It is interesting
to study the culture of a certain society. The setting of this novel is in Korea on
Choson dynasty which is happened in more than 600 years ago. The writer always
finds it interesting to know about Korean. It mesmerizes the writer to study the
Korean culture. In Choson dynasty, most of the people at that time would obey
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and respect their culture, norm, and traditional rules in their society related to their
culture. There is a special thing from Korean culture that differentiates this culture
with culture in other countries. It is the concept of kibun. Kibun does not have
English
word
but
as
stated
in
Kwintessential
site
(http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/south-korea-countryprofile.html), the meaning of kibun is the feeling, pride, face, mood, and also state
of mind. In Korea, kibun is really important and every person in the society will
always take care of their each other kibun.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discover how Korean culture
can influence Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship. Love is not a simple thing. There
will always be interesting story behind every love which experienced by every
person. There is no limitation of interest for the writer to reveal more about love.
Thus, this study will only focus on Ch’un-hyang as the main character, Korean
culture in Choson dynasty and the way the culture influence her in act in response
and respect her love relationship.
There are some theories applied in this study. They are theory of culture
and review of Korean culture, theory love relationship, and also theory of
character and characterization. The approach of this study is socio-culturalhistorical approach. Theory of culture and review of Korean culture are used to
reveal the Korean culture in the Korean society on Choson dynasty while theory
of love relationship is used to unveil Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship towards her
husband, Lee Mong-ryong. Then, the character and characterization will help the
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writer to reveal Ch’un-hyang’s character related to her love relationship. Thus,
this study is expected to be worthwhile for all of the readers.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the novel and the background, the writer would like to present a
problem which is going to be analyzed in this thesis. The problem is what are the
influences of Korean cultural background on Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study is conducted to answer the question presented in the problem
formulation. Therefore it seeks to find the influence of Ch’un-hyang’s Korean
cultural background in Choson dynasty on Ch’un-hyang’s relationship with her
lover in Samuel Kimm’s novel, The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to be beneficial for the students and the readers to
enrich the knowledge of literary study. Through literary work, readers can learn
the cultural values in Korean that happened in Choson dynasty. Based on the
problem formulation, this study helps the readers to find out the influence of
Korean culture in Choson dynasty on Ch’un-hyang’s relationship to her lover.
For the students, this study hopefully contributes in encouraging them to
take literature as a medium that can help them to understand the cultural values in
Korean society around Choson dynasty. Moreover, students can use this literary
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work in practicing their English skill e.g. reading and understanding literary
works, including poem, more from this novel. This study is also expected to be
beneficial for lecturers in teaching literary works and it also can be taught as
poetry and reading exercises. The writer hope this study will give a valuable
contribution toward other researchers who want to conduct a study on Samual
Kimm’s novel or cultural values in Korean society.
E. Definition of Terms
It is important to know the terms of conflict and conflict resolution for
achievement in this study because they are significant. They are:
1. Influence
Influence according to Oxford advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2007) is the
power to affect somebody’s actions, character or beliefs especially by
providing an example for them to follow, winning their admiration or
making them afraid to disagree. (p. 825)
And according to Longman Dictionary influence means power to have an
effect on the way someone or something develops, behaves, or thinks
without using direct force or commands (2001). From those definitions,
influence means the power in affecting someone else behaviour and the way
of thinking without direct interaction (p. 933).
Thus, in this thesis the influence that will be the focus of the study the
influence of Korean culture background on Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship.
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2. Cultural
Culture, according Longman dictionary (2001), is belonging or connected
with a particular society and its way of life. It is related to ideas, customs,
etc that have existed in a particular society for a long time.
The term that will be discussed later is about Korean cultural background
concerning the habits or behaviour in Korean society on Choson dynasty in
this novel.
3. Love relationship
Love relationship is a loving or sexual association between two people in
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995: p. 996). Thus in this thesis
the love relationship that will be the focus of the study is between Ch’unhyang and Lee Mong-ryong, her husband.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The writer divides this chapter into 2 subtopics. The first is review of
related theories that consist of theory of psychological approach and sociocultural-historical approach, theory of character and characterization, theory of
culture and review of Korean culture, and the last is theory of love relationship.
The last one is theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
This part will present theories related to the study that will be useful to
reveal and research the information that is used to answer the problem.
1. Socio-cultural-historical approach
Rohrberger and Woods (1971) defines civilization as the attitudes and
actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these
attitudes and actions as its subject matter. The traditional historical approach to
literature usually takes as its basic some aspect of the socio-cultural frame of
reference, combining it with an interest in the biographical as well as
knowledge of and interest in literary history (p. 9).
Socio – cultural historical approach concerns on the society, culture and
historical of literary works. Philosophy of life and how people behave can be
the expressions of the values in the society and the moral terms of the culture
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and society in the exact period. By this approach, Chun-hyang cultural
background will be revealed based on the Korean culture in the Korean society
on Choson dynasty.
2. Character and Characterization
It is important to know and understand the characters in the story.
According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999), the meaning of
characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by the reader as being edowed with moral and dispositional
qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do
(the action) (p. 32-33). Therefore characters are important elements in the story
especially this study focuses on the analysis on the main character’s cultural
background.
In An Introduction of Fiction (1965), Stanton states that character is
commonly used in two ways. The first, character is individual who appears in
the story. The second, character refers to the mixture of interests, desires,
emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals.
Character shows his or her emotions in the story and gives a certain situation or
circlumstance in the story (para. 17).
Forster in Aspects of the Novel (1974) states “we may divide characters
into flat and round” (p. 46). It
explains flat characters that were called
‘humours’ in the seventeenth century, which also called as types or caricatures
sometime, are constructed round a single idea or quality; when there is more
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than one factor in them, we get the beginning of the curve towards the round.
“One great advantage of flat characters is that they are easily recognized
whenever they come in – recognized by the reader’s emotional eye, not by the
visual eye which merely notes the recurrence of a proper name” (p. 47).
While in How to Analyze Fiction, Kenney explains simple (flat)
characters as characters that are easy to be recognized because the readers see
only one side of the characters and these characters are familiar types to the
reader. Then, complex (round) characters cannot be described only in one
phrase. They have some capability in surprising the readers because of the
changes in their characters.
Rohrberbeger and Woods (1971) state that characters have an important
role in a story since they help the readers to participate vicariously in the
experience or the story by sharing imaginatively the feelings or the activities of
the characters in the story (p. 19).
In order to understand more about the character itself, we need to know
their psychology or physical descriptions of the character. It is called
characterization. According to Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An
Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students
(1972), the author has some ways to make the readers understand about the
characterization. Those are:
a. Personal description: the author can describe a person’s appearance and
clothes. We are given the telling details: the face, skin, eyes, and the
castaway’s extraordinary clothing.
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b. Character as seen by another. Instead of describing a character directly
the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another.
c. Speech. The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the
persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person
speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another whenever he puts
forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character.
d. Past life. By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life
the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a
person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author,
through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the
medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others. The author can also give us clues to a person’s
character through the conversation of other people and the things they
say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say
often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about.
f. Reactions. The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character by
letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events.
g. Direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person’s
character directly.
h. Thoughts. The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real
life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel we
accept this. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a
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secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a
novel.
i. Mannerisms. The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or
idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character.
3. Culture
In Sociology, Light, Keller, and Calhoun (1989) states that sociologists
do not restrict their idea of culture to fine arts or sophisticated styles of living.
“They define culture as
knowledge, artifacts, and
among a set of people
sociological use of word
way of life.” (p. 79)
all the learned customs, beliefs, values,
symbols that are constantly communicated
who share a common way of life. The
culture signifies a society’s entire learned
Light, Keller, and Calhoun (1989) also state that culture is not just a set
of elements that dictates behavior; it is also something that people themselves
develop and use. As stated by them, Sociologist Howard Becker (1989)
describes culture as shared understandings that people use to coordinate their
activities. People understand the social world by communicating to each other
constantly, creating and expressing the elements of the culture, and by living
then day by day (para. 80).
According to Light (1989) elements of culture can be divided into two
basic kinds which are material culture and nonmaterial culture.
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a. Material culture
It consists of all the physical objects, or artifacts, that people make and
attach meaning to books, clothing, schools, churches, and guided
missiles, to name just a few (para. 80).
b. Nonmaterial culture
It consists of human creations that are not embodied in physical objects
(values, beliefs, rules, customs, systems of government, the languages we
speak, and so forth) (para. 80).
However, based on Light, Keller, and Calhoun (1989) elements of
culture can be divided into values, norms, language, knowledge, and symbols
of all kinds. As follow:
a. Values
A value is a general idea that people share about what is good or bad,
desirable or undesirable. Values transcend any one particular situation.
The values people hold tend to color their overall way of life. Values are
reflected even in seemingly trivial day-to-day behaviors (para. 81).
b. Norms
A norm is a specific guideline for action; it is a rule that says how people
should behave in particular situations. Sometimes norms are made
explicit, as in written laws or biblical commandments. But more often,
norms are unspoken customs that people implicitly know and follow
(para. 82).
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c. Symbols
Culture also gives us notions about what things in our world mean and
guidelines for behavior and ideas about what is ‘good’ and ‘right’. It
involves objects, gestures, sounds, or images that represent something
other than themselves that is actually symbols. Symbols vary in the range
of meanings that are assigned to them. Symbols that carry a great many
different meanings are called multivocal symbols. Then, symbols that
only have one meaning are called univocal symbols (para. 84).
d. Language
A language is a system of verbal and written symbols with rules about
how those symbols can be strung together to convey more complex
meanings. Language enables people to store meanings and experiences
and to pass this heritage on to new generations (para. 86).
e. Knowledge
Knowledge is the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over
time. It also consists of information about places, people, and events.
Often we have knowledge about things that we cannot verify for
ourselves but which we accept as ‘truths’. However, one person’s ‘true’
knowledge may be another person’s ‘mere’ belief (para. 88).
4. Review of Korean Culture
This novel is about Korean people live in Korean, so in this study, the
writer deals with Korean Culture and values. In Kwintessential site (
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http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/south-koreacountry-profile.html), it is stated that in Korean society and culture there are
four basic values which are Korean family values, Confucianism, Korean
Ancestors, and the concept of Kibun. These four values are deeply believed by
Korean people in Chosôn dynasty.
a. Korean family values
In Korean society, family is the most important part of life. On Choson
dynasty, Korean people are still in Confucian tradition, when the father is
the head of the family. The head of the family has responsibility to
provide food, clothing and shelter, and to approve the marriages of
family members. The eldest son also has special duties in the family.
Those special duties are related to, first his parents, then to brothers from
older to younger, then to his sons, then to his wife, and lastly to his
daughters.
From this site, it is stated that “family welfare is much more important
than the needs of the individual. Members of the family are tied to each
other because the actions of one family member reflect on the rest of the
family” (“Kwintessential”).
In A Handbook of Korea by Korean Overseas Information Services
(1987) has described the family custom in Korean society:
Traditionally, in a Korean home the head of the family was
regarded was regarded as the sources of authority. All family
members were expected to do what was orders or desired by the
family head. Strict instructions were to be obeyed without demur.
It would have been unthinkable for children or grandchildren to
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place themselves in opposition to the wishes of their elder (p.
147).
Order at home is maintained through obedience to superior, that is,
children obeying parents, the wife the husband, the servants the master”
(Korean Overseas Information Services, 1987 p. 147).
b. Social Relation Under Confucianism
Lee (1993) in Sourcebook of Korean Civilization states “… relations
within the family were extremely important for the smooth functioning of
this society, an attitude that was reinforced by Confucian ideology” (p.
318).
In Korean society, people have always attached to the fidelity concept.
Women, even if their husband died young, were encouraged to be faithful
by serving his parents and not remarrying. In some cases, girls whose
husbands-to-be died during the engagement period never married”
(Korean Overseas Information Services, 1987 p. 147).
Based on Kwintessential site, the teachings of Confucius describe the
position of the individual in Korean society. Confucius is a system of
behaviours and ethics that stress the obligations of people towards one
another based upon their relationship. The basic tenets are based upon
five different relationships: 1) ruler and subject, 2) husband and wife, 3)
parents and children, 4)brothers and sisters and 5) friend and friend.
Confucianism stresses duty, loyalty, honour, filial piety, respect for age
and seniority, and sincerity.
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Social relations in Korean society has described by Korean Overseas
Information Services (1987):
Under Confucianism, the proper relationship between the sexes
was based on one of the five human relationships – that of
husband and wife. This does not aim at discrimination, but holds
that both men and women have certain duties to perform and a set
of ethics to observe the other (p. 150).
The relation between husband and wife is related to the law in the society
that women should obey her father before married, her husband upon
married, and obey her son after her husband died (para. 151).
c. Relation to Ancestor and Gods
In Kwintessential site, it is stated that in Korean culture ancestors are
based on the male family line. Children are raised to believe they can
never repay their debt to their parents, hence the popularity of ancestor
worship.
In Korea, geomancy is a method of divination for locating sites for cities,
residences, and burial grounds. This belief holds that happiness and
prosperity will prevail over house built on an ideal site. The site of the
ancestor grave must be ideal as well, as the location is believed to exert a
lasting and decisive influence over the destinies of the entire family
(Korean Overseas Information Services, 1987 p. 157).
d. The concept of Kibun
As quoted from Kwintessential site “Kibun is a word with no literal
English translation; the closest terms are pride, face, mood, feelings, or
state of mind. If you hurt someone's kibun you hurt their pride, cause
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them to lose dignity, and lose face.” In Korean society,it is important to
protect every person’s kibun. korean people will try to avoid hurting
others’ kibun, and how to keep their own kibun at the same time.
5. Love Relationship
In Understanding Psychology, Kasschau (1995) describes two common
types of love according to Hatfield (1988). The first is passionate love which is
the type of love that is very intense, sensual, and all-consuming. Passionate
love has a feeling of great excitement, of intense sexuality, yet there is almost
an element of danger that may go away at any moment. The second is
companionate love which includes friendship, liking someone, mutual trusting,
and wanting to be with them. This kind of love is more stable, which includes
the commitment and intimacy. Kasschau also states, as Rubin identified,
romantic love has three major components which are need or attachment,
caring or the desire to give, and intimacy (para. 342).
Therefore in romantic love, people in love feel strong desires to be with
the other person who is their partner in love, to touch, to be praised and cared
for, to fulfill and to be fulfilled. Kasschau (1995) describes love as “a longing,
a hunger, a desire to process, a sickness that only one person can heal, suggests
the role need plays in romantic love” (p. 343). As like quoted from Heinlein
(1972) in this book, love is state in which the happiness of another person is
essential to our own. This kind of love is very altruistic, very giving. Without
caring, need becomes a series of self-centered, desperate demands; without
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need, caring is charity or kindness. Thus, in love, these two aspects are
important and intertwined (para. 343-344).
However, love can mean different things to different people and within
different relationships. People can say they love their parents, family members,
friends, but this love is different with their love to their boyfriend, girlfriend, or
spouse. These love have different meanings. As described by Kasschau (1995)
psychologist Zick Rubin (1973) distinguish between liking and loving.
According to Rubin, liking usually involves respect or high regard for another
person. Whereas love usually involves liking plus three other elements: great
attachment to and dependency on the person; a caring for or desire to help the
person; and the desire for an exclusive, intimate relationship with the person
(para. 433).
As described before, there are two types of love, passionate and
companionate love. In passionate love, the onset of romantic love is fairly swift
and sudden, when the development of companionate love is less dramatic. The
development of a close companionate relationship is influenced by the degree
to which each person is willing to reveal personal and private information
about himself or herself. Couples who are willing to trust each other and who
communicate their feelings and ideas freely are likely to have a close
relationship endure (para. 434).
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B. Theoretical Framework
This study is conducted to find the answer of the problems stated in the
problem formulation. The theories that have been explained in the previous part
are very useful to analyze the problem stated in the problem formulation and to
reveal the answer of the problem. Because this study focused on the main
character, her love relationship and the Korean culture, the theory of sociocultural-historical approach is used. Socio-cultural-historical approach helps to
reveal the Korean culture and society in Chosôn dynasty. Theory of character and
characterization also help in giving more understanding and explanation related to
Chun-hyang’s character. Next, theory of culture and review of Korean culture
help to reveal more about culture and society especially in Korea. This study also
uses theory of love relationship to answer the problem formulation. This study
deals with Chun-hyang’s love relationship with her husband, Mong-ryong, which
is why this theory can help the writer to reveal more about Chun-hyang’s love
relationship towards her husband. These theories help the writer to reveal the
influence of Korean culture background in Chosôn dynasty on Chun-hyang’s love
relationship.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology that will be used in this study.
This chapter covers three parts. The first part is object of the study. The second
part is approach of the study. Then the third part is method of the study. The
object of the study describes the work to be studied and what the work is
generally about. The approach of the study presents the approach employed in the
analysis. In the last part, the steps taken in analyzing the work from reading up to
recording the findings is described.
A. Object of the Study
In this thesis the writer would like to examine the novel entitled The
Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story which was written by Samuel Kimm.
This novel is the first novel of Ancient Korean Trilogy by Samuel Kimm which is
published in 1998 by Il JI SA Publishing House, Republic of Korea. This 251
pages novel has 16 chapters excluding the epilogue.
This novel tells about the love story of Ch’un-hyang, the daughter of
former kisaeng, Korean geisha, and Mong-ryong, the son of the Magistrate of the
town. From this novel, the writer would like to discuss the influence of Korean
society at Choson dynasty in Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship. Ch’un-hyang was
known as the most beautiful girl in the city, and Mong-ryong was the one who fell
in love with her first. After Mong-ryong expressed his true feeling towards Ch’un20
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hyang and got permission from Ch’un-hyang’s mother, Pink Moon, he decided to
marry Ch’un-hyang.
Unfortunately, after a while, Mong-ryong’s parents who came from
aristocrat family did not want to accept Ch’un-hyang who was the daughter of
former kisaeng as their daughter-in-law. Then, Mong-ryong should join his
parents to move to other town and studied hard in order to pass the nationally
famous Royal State Exam in Civil Administration. He planned to come back to
his wife after succeeded. However, after their family moved a new magistrate
came to the town.
The new Magistrate for Namwon, the city which was famous of its
kisaeng, was Master Pyon Hak-to. He was a cruel man who did not take care of
the city and just played around with all of the kisaeng in the town even though he
already had a wife. He had heard about the most beautiful lady named Ch’unhyang and wanted to meet her. In fact, he just wanted to have Ch’un-hyang and
spent the night with her. Ch’un-hyang who had faith with his husband preferred to
be punished until she die than fulfil the new magistrate’s wish to spend the night
with her. In her mind, she still had husband even though she did not know where
Mong-ryong was. Ch’un-hyang became a prisoner of the town and ready to take
her death punishment when Mong-ryong who was a Royal Emissary came to
arrest Master Pyon Hak-to. From this novel, the writer would like to analyze the
influence of Korean culture in Choson dynasty to Ch’un-hyang in reacting to her
lover, expressing her love, and even protecting her love relationship.
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B. Approach of the Study
The approach used in analyzing this study was socio-cultural-historical
approach. The writer used socio-cultural-historical approach since this study
concerns on the Korean culture in Chosun dynasty and its influence on Ch’unhyang’s love relationship. This approach helped the writer in revealing the Korean
society and their culture at that time in order to reveal the influence on the main
character. By using this approach, the influence of Korean cultural background on
Ch’un-hyang’s relationship to her lover is revealed.
C. Method of the Study
This study was a library study for this thesis and The Pure-Hearted Lady,
Ch’un-hyang Story, a novel written by Samuel Kimm was the primary source. The
writer took some steps to analyze the novel. The first step was the writer read the
novel for several times. In the first time, the writer read the novel to understand
the whole story. Then, in the following reading, the writer focused on the Korean
culture that is described in this novel and how Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship
happened in this novel. The next step was taking note to every detail and
description of the love relationship of the two main characters, Ch’un-hyang and
Mong-ryong. Then the writer tried to reveal the main character, Ch’un-hyang, ‘s
character and the influence of Korean culture to her love relationship. the writer
tried to reveal more information that can be used in answering the problem
formulation of this study.
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The next step was trying to find some literary book and other sources that
can be useful to analyze Korean culture in Choson dynasty and the love
relationship as seen in The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story novel.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The writer divides this chapter into three parts. The first part is Ch’unhyang’s cultural background. The second part is Ch’un-hyang’s love relationship.
The last part analyzes the influence of Ch’un-hyang’s cultural background on her
love relationship.
A. Ch’un-hyang’s Cultural Background
This part discusses the description of Ch’un-hyang’s cultural
background. The writer focuses on the Korean Culture in Ch’un-hyang’s family
life. Using the theory of Korean Culture and also character and characterization,
writer will analyze Ch’un-hyang’s cultural background.
1. Korean Family values
As described in Kwintessential site, family is the most important aspect
in Korean life (http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/southkorea-country-profile.html). Father is the head of the family and responsible for
the whole family needs. Based on Korean culture, family need is more important
than individual need, so the head of the family should care for every member in
the family. Based on Korean Overseas Information Services (1987), all family
members are expected to do what is ordered or desired by the family head. Strict
instructions are to be obeyed without demur. However, it’s not only the duty of
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the head of family; every member of the family should pay attention to other
members’ personal needs and family need.
In The Pure-Hearted Lady, Ch’un-hyang Story by Samuel Kimm, Ch’unhyang only has his mother, Pink Moon, who was a former kisaeng. Ch’un-hyang’s
father was a chief but already passed away. In the introduction to the foreign
readers page of this novel, the author describes kisaeng as Korean geisha.
The kisaeng’s routine was to serve and entertain the aristocratic families
and high-ranking public dignitaries. Geisha and kisaeng mean almost the
same thing. (p. x)
In the olden days, men of the aristocracy spent many hours with kisaengs,
but never did they approach marriage with them – kisaengs were for
fulfilling sexual pleasures, not for love and marriage! (p. 49)
Pink Moon was the only family member before Ch’un-hyang married to
Mong-ryong who had his father and mother as family member. Ch’un-hyang only
had her mother as the head of the family.
“… Her late father was a chief of the six boards in the central
government. He came to town once on temporary duty and stayed here
f