silesr2017 005.
DigitalResources
Electronic Survey Report 2017-005
A Sociolinguistic Survey of the
Bhatri-speaking Communities
of Central India
Compiled by Dave Beine
A Sociolinguistic Survey
of the Bhatri-speaking Communities of Central India
Compiled by Dave Beine
Researched by
Dave Beine
Bruce Cain
Kathy Cain
Michael Jeyabalan
Ashok Sawlikar
Satya Soren
SIL International®
2017
SIL Electronic Survey Report 2017-005, May 2017
© 2017 SIL International®
All rights reserved
Abstract
This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was carried out between
February and November 1989. The goal of the survey was to assess the need for language development
work and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking peoples of Bastar District in Madhya
Pradesh and Koraput District in Orissa. Dialect intelligibility tests revealed that the whole Bhatrispeaking area can be considered one language area. Language use and attitudes questionnaires showed
that the language is thriving. Bilingualism in the major languages of Hindi, Oriya, and Halbi is
inadequate for people to use existing materials. Based on these findings the survey recommends that a
language project be undertaken in the Bhatri community.
(This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions
were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research
may be available. Historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis and helps us
understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies. Editor)
Contents
Tables
Preface
1
Introduction
1.1 The people
1.2 The language
2
Goals of the survey
2.1 Introduction of goals
2.2 Dialect area study
2.2.1 Lexical similarity
2.2.2 Dialect intelligibility
2.3 Language use and attitude study
2.4 Pilot bilingualism study
3
Procedures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lexical similarity procedures
3.3 Dialect intelligibility testing procedures
3.4 Language use and attitudes study procedures
3.5 Pilot bilingualism testing procedures
4
Summary of findings
4.1 Dialect area study
4.2 Bilingualism
5
Recommendations
5.1 For translation
5.2 For further survey
Appendix A: Wordlists
Appendix B: Texts and questions
Appendix C: Recorded Text Test data
References
iii
Tables
Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages
Table 2. Number of comparisons
Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores
Table 4. Bilingualism results
Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire
iv
Preface
A sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was initiated early in
February 1989 with a consultation and short introduction to survey methods held in Jeypore. The survey
proceeded through the hot season until mid-May of the same year. After a short recess, the project was
resumed in September 1989 and concluded in November of that same year.
There were many along the way who made the long, hot journey a more pleasant one, and whose
friendship and hospitality will never be forgotten.
Thanks should be expressed to Bruce and Kathy Cain for their warm introduction to the beautiful
train ride, their preliminary work, and for putting up with all the questions of a new survey worker.
Many of my notes made during the survey are no longer in my possession due to unfortunate
circumstances. There are many other people whom I would like to thank and many other observations I
could include if I still had access to that material. As it is, I have done my best to write an accurate
sociolinguistic assessment of the Bhatri language. It should be noted that I alone am responsible for any
mistakes or errors contained in this report.
Dave Beine
June 15, 1990
Kathmandu Nepal
v
1
1.1
Introduction
The people
The Bhatras, a “scheduled tribe” of Madhya Pradesh, are settled agriculturalists residing in the northeastern plains of Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District in the state of Madhya Pradesh.1 An even larger
number live in the northern half of Koraput District of the state of Orissa.2 The Bhatras of Bastar District
claim their descendency from Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh as their ancestral home and say they
came to Bastar District thirty generations ago as attendants to the first king of Bastar.3
The Bhatras seem to have four endogenous clans. These are the Amnit Bhatra, Bade Bhatra, Pita
Bhatra, and San Bhatra. The Amnit Bhatra are found mainly in Jeypore Tahsil of Koraput District while
the San Bhatra are found primarily in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District. The Bade and Pita Bhatra seem
to be found throughout the entire region. Tandon (1959:34) has suggested that these divisions can be
subdivided even further. He writes,
It seems that in Bastar, Bade and Pita Batra are again subdivided into a number of endogamous
groups according to the region where they live. Before integration of the states took place,
Jagdalpur Tahsil was divided into Parganas. The Bhatra of each Pargana were referred to by the
name of the Pargana in which they resided. Even after the abolition of the Pargana system, the
Pargana divisions of the Bhatra social organization still persist.
He also suggests that besides this, the Bhatra are further divided into a number of exogamous,
totemic, patralineal, and patralocal clans (ibid.).
Although the Bade Bhatra men pride themselves as keepers of the sacred Hindu thread, many of
their customs are far from Hindu. They have no restrictions against eating meat and they will not drink
milk as they say that it was meant to be consumed only by the calf. Each clan has its own deity which
may or may not be of Hindu origin. Although the 1981 census of India did not list a population figure for
the Bhatras, the 1971 census gave a figure of 71,145.
1.2
The language
The language of the Bhatra people is known as Bhatri. Bhatri [bgw] is the lingua franca of much of the
area and has become the mother tongue of many of the other castes and tribes residing in the area.
Many—Bhatras and non-Bhatras alike—refer to this language as Deshia (“country talk”) although one
Deshia scholar explained that Deshia includes the consonantal aspiration of the neighboring Indo-Aryan
languages, while Bhatri does not. For the purpose of this report we consider the two terms synonymous
and will refer to both as Bhatri. The local name for Bhatri is aisi jaisi got while neighboring Halbi [hlb] is
known as aia jaia got. The question has arisen how different Bhatri and Halbi really are; this will be
discussed further in section 4.2.
Grierson (1903) classified Bhatri as a corrupt form of Oriya [ory] with a few Marathi [mar] and
Chhattisgarhi [hne] forms intermingled. He considers it a true dialect of Oriya, while considering Halbi a
broken dialect of the east more closely akin to Marathi. He considered Bhatri as the link between Oriya
and Halbi. Bhattacharya (1957:16) has expressed surprise that Bhatri and Halbi have been treated by
Grierson as separate languages affiliated with Oriya and Marathi respectively. He has concluded that
1
Although the majority of the Bhatra population is found in Koraput District of Orissa, the Orissa census lists them
neither as a scheduled caste nor as a scheduled tribe.
2
[In 2011, the English rendering of the state’s name was officially changed from Orissa to Odisha—Editor]
3
According to Mukherji (1944), the Halbas have the same story about their origin.
1
2
Bhatri and Marathi are in fact mutually intelligible speeches. The classification of Bhatri has given rise to
some controversy, yet the language has thus far remained little studied.
One interesting note must be made at this point. In the 1981 census of India no reference was made
to the Bhatri language. Although it is the mother tongue of thousands in the state of Orissa, it was not
listed in the language tables for that state. One must make the assumption that they were simply
grouped with the mother-tongue speakers of Oriya. If this is the case, it can be seen that the censustaking officials must also have viewed Bhatri as a form of Oriya.
2
Goals of the survey
2.1
Introduction of goals
The goal of the survey was to clear up many of the questions concerning the Bhatri language and to
assess the need for language development and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking
peoples of Bastar and Koraput Districts. In order to meet the stated goal of this survey, many aspects of
both language use and language attitudes among the Bhatri-speaking communities needed to be
investigated. It was the goal of the survey to answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Are there significant dialect differences among the Bhatri-speaking communities which may
necessitate more than one Bhatri language development project? (Will one Bhatri project suffice for
the whole area, and if so, where would be the best place to center a project?)
How do the Bhatri-speaking communities feel towards other languages? (Might they need their own
language development project because of certain negative attitudes towards other dialects in which
vernacular literature already exists?)
How stable is the Bhatri language? (Are there indications of language loss or shift?)
Are the Bhatri-speaking communities bilingual enough to effectively use existing materials? (Can
they effectively use language materials in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi?)
In order to answer these questions our survey was directed into the following three types of study:
dialect area study, language use and attitude study, and bilingualism study. These are discussed below.
2.2
Dialect area study
The purpose of a dialect area study is to define, in linguistically quantifiable terms, the changes which
have taken place among speech varieties spoken throughout an entire geographical area, and between
the social strata of a given community of speakers of the same language. It is a linguistic law of nature
that speech varieties change over distance, thus making a dialect area study important. In order to
identify these changes in the Bhatri-speaking area, and to determine how they affect understanding
between the speech varieties, a dialect area study was carried out consisting of the following two
components: lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility.
2.2.1
Lexical similarity
To determine the degree of lexical similarity between the various Bhatri speech varieties, a 210-item
wordlist developed by researchers in South Asia was used. The wordlists collected during this survey can
be found in Appendix A of this report. The degree of lexical similarity has been expressed as a
percentage based on a comparison of equivalent words using the standard wordlist.
2.2.2
Dialect intelligibility
To discover the degree of inherent intelligibility between the varieties of Bhatri, simple language tests
known as recorded text tests (RTT) were used. The procedures followed were basically those put forth in
3
Eugene Casad’s book Dialect Intelligibility Testing (1974). The degree of inherent intelligibility is then
expressed as a percentage based on the mean (average) score of participants in such tests. In order to
ensure that what is being tested is inherent intelligibility and not learned comprehension, standard
deviation figures and sample size are also stated. A high standard deviation usually indicates that
subjects varied widely in their understanding of the text and that what is being tested is learned
comprehension.
2.3
Language use and attitude study
An investigation was carried out to discover how the several languages of the region are used and how
the speakers of Bhatri view their own language as well as other languages. The methods of investigation
into this domain included language use and attitude questionnaires and observation on the part of the
researchers.
2.4
Pilot bilingualism study
To investigate the extent of bilingualism in the Bhatri-speaking area with reference to Hindi (for those in
Madhya Pradesh), Oriya (for those in Orissa), and Halbi (for both states), pilot bilingualism testing was
carried out. Halbi was tested in both states because of its seemingly close relationship with Bhatri. This
was done to determine the degree of inherent and acquired intelligibility between Bhatri and Halbi.
Another reason for bilingualism testing in Halbi is that it is the reported lingua franca for northern
Bastar District. Bilingualism testing was carried out using simple language tests (RTT in standard Hindi
and Oriya) administered to a representative sample of the community. The result is expressed as a
percentage based on the average of the scores from members of different subgroups in the community.
3
3.1
Procedures
Introduction
Wordlist comparison, dialect intelligibility testing, language use and attitude questionnaires, and pilot
bilingualism tests were used together in this survey to determine to what extent different dialect areas
exist among the Bhatri-speaking communities and whether they are dependent on Bhatri to meet their
communication needs. Wordlists provide information concerning the linguistic relationship between the
speech varieties under investigation. They are useful in identifying those varieties which are extremely
similar in vocabulary, pronunciation, phonology, and grammar and those which are extremely different
in any of these areas. Dialect intelligibility tests help the researcher determine the degree of
understanding speakers of one dialect have of another. Language use and attitude studies along with
bilingual studies are also important in giving a fuller understanding of the attitudes toward the language.
All are necessary for a good understanding of the language situation among the Bhatri-speaking
communities. This section describes the procedures followed during the field study.
3.2
Lexical similarity procedures
The degree of linguistic similarity which exists among the speech varieties being studied was
investigated using a standard South Asia 210-item wordlist. This wordlist was developed by a group of
researchers conducting sociolinguistic studies in South Asia; for the wordlist see Appendix A of this
report. The words were elicited from a mother-tongue speaker of the speech variety under investigation.
A generic equivalent was sought first. If none was found, that was noted and a specific term was
recorded along with its precise meaning. The words were recorded using a modified International
Phonetic Alphabet. Each entry was checked a second time with a different mother-tongue speaker of the
same community. During the first elicitation emphasis was placed on obtaining words native to the area.
4
The second allowed for checking to weed out incorrect items, as well as for discovering apparently
different items which are simply synonyms.
Analysis was then carried out by grouping similar words together and calculating the percentage of
similar words in the wordlists. Similarity was not determined by the degree to which they are cognate,
but rather by their phonological similarity. The criteria used for similarity counting were those stated in
Blair 1990. If the results of the wordlist comparison showed less than sixty percent similarity between
two varieties then they were considered distinct languages. If the results showed a high percentage of
similarity of ninety percent or above, they were considered the same or closely related varieties. In
neither instance was intelligibility testing carried out. If the percentage of linguistic similarity was
between sixty and ninety percent, then intelligibility testing was carried out to provide a better
understanding of the intelligibility between the two varieties. The procedures followed while
determining lexical similarity percentages and the criteria for determining whether dialect intelligibility
testing was needed are described in Blair 1990.
3.3
Dialect intelligibility testing procedures
Given the stated goals of this survey, dialect intelligibility testing was of major importance. The results
provided a better understanding of the level of intelligibility that exists between dialects in the sixty to
ninety percent range of lexical similarity. If high levels of comprehension exist, dialect intelligibility
results are also useful in determining whether the comprehension is due to inherent similarity in the
dialects or some form of learning (see Blair 1990). The procedures followed in the creation and
administration of the recorded text tests (RTT) used in this survey are those described in Casad 1974,
with a few modifications (as noted in Blair 1990). A detailed summary of the procedures followed during
this survey can be found in these publications. The texts used, the scores of the test subjects, and
biographical information concerning the respondents can be found in Appendix B of this report.
3.4
Language use and attitudes study procedures
In determining the language use patterns and the attitudes toward these languages, two social research
techniques, open-ended questioning and observation, were employed. Questionnaires were administered
in many of the villages throughout the Bhatri-speaking area. Observations relevant to language use and
language attitudes were recorded by the researcher during the course of data collection.
3.5
Pilot bilingualism testing procedures
Bilingualism is a very important issue in determining the vitality of a language, the direction of any
language shift, and the need for vernacular literature. It was decided, therefore, at the outset of this
project that pilot bilingualism testing would be conducted in various villages of the Bhatri-speaking area.
Pilot bilingualism testing was conducted using the recorded text testing method (Blair 1990). The Hindi,
Halbi, and Oriya texts along with the scores and biographical information of the test subjects are
included in Appendix B of this report.
4
4.1
Summary of findings
Dialect area study
The collection and comparison of wordlists showed that all samples collected throughout the entire
region are very similar. All varieties of Bhatri were between 71 and 90 percent similar when compared
using the 210-item wordlist. The lexical similarity percentages can be seen in table 1. All entries
beginning with a “B” are varieties collected in the Bhatri-speaking areas. It was also decided to include
wordlists from Halbi (HBH), Oriya (OCU), and Adivasi Oriya (OAR), in order to see how similar these
dialects are in relation to Bhatri. The results can also be found in table 1. A key to the three-letter codes
5
used in this survey to identify the various language varieties, showing where the respective wordlists
were collected, can be found below. 4
Key to three-letter codes
OAR
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
OCU
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh
Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa
Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages
OAR
49 HBH
68 52 BAU
61 62 75 BSA
71 58 85 76 BJE
53 41 49 43 53 OCU
69 58 83 82 87 52 BKP
64 63 80 83 82 49 90 BUM
59 65 70 90 75 44 82 82 BCB
60 67 71 90 73 47 81 90 90 BAN
58 62 73 85 74 45 82 85 87 88 BAR
58 64 71 88 75 44 81 83 93 88 89 BAG
In some locations it proved impossible to collect certain words so it was not possible to compare
every word with an equivalent word in every dialect. In such cases the gloss was marked as a noncomparison for those dialects and the gloss was not counted for that pair of dialects. In some cases more
than one word was recorded and compared so it is possible to have more than 210 comparisons for a
pair of dialects. The number of comparisons for each pair of dialects can be seen in table 2.
4
These codes are specific to this report and are not to be confused with the ISO language codes from the Ethnologue
(Grimes 1988) used to identify languages.
6
Table 2. Number of comparisons
OAR
176 HBH
209 175 BAU
202 171 203 BSA
206 173 212 201 BJE
208 174 210 204 208 OCU
208 178 212 206 214 210 BKP
205 175 208 204 209 209 215 BUM
199 169 205 200 202 201 206 203 BCB
200 169 201 199 199 199 205 204 199 BAN
203 172 204 200 204 203 209 208 200 199 BAR
203 173 206 204 206 204 211 208 199 199 203 BAG
The dialect intelligibility tests revealed that all points in the Bhatri-speaking area understand all
other points at an adequate level to consider the area as one language area. The scores of each
community are found in table 3. The first line represents the average score. The second line illustrates
the standard deviation of the scores on the test. The third line represents the sample size.
Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores
Test Points
BKP
Reference Points
BAU
BUM
BKP
BAU
BUM
BAN
BSA
BCB
98
4.2
20
94
7.0
10
95
7.6
20
92
6.3
10
95
6.7
12
94
5.2
10
97
6.7
10
91
8.8
10
98
6.3
10
94
6.9
11
97
4.7
11
96
6.7
11
88
13.2
10
95
7.1
10
94
8.4
10
96
5.2
10
90
6.6
10
91
9.9
10
89
9.9
10
92
7.9
10
92
7.9
20
92
7.9
10
93
8.2
10
96
5.2
10
99
3.6
14
96
5.2
10
BAN
BSA
BCB
It should be noted that BAN and BUM as well as BCB and BSA were considered the same dialects
due to proximity as well as high lexical similarity percentages. Therefore, no testing other than hometown testing was deemed necessary in using texts from BAN and BCB. The tests from BUM and BSA were
used as the hometown tests in BAN and BCB respectively. This accounts for the gaps in the BAN and BCB
rows of table 3. Understanding is high enough from all test points that it seems that a project centered in
any of these places in the Bhatri-speaking area will be adequate. However, the Kotpad and Jagdalpur
7
Tahsils would be preferable since the largest population of Bhatri speakers are found here and language
attitudes are most strongly positive in these tahsils.
4.2
Bilingualism
Pilot bilingualism testing showed that the Bhatri-speaking communities surveyed in Madhya Pradesh are
not sufficiently bilingual in Hindi to effectively use Hindi materials. It likewise revealed that the Bhatri
communities surveyed in Orissa understood on average only 75 percent of the Oriya pilot test. The test
was simple and demanded only low levels of bilingual ability. Low results on the pilot test reveal that
people do not have knowledge of the second language even at a rudimentary level. Given the results on
the pilot test it would seem that the Bhatri-speaking communities of Bastar and Koraput Districts are not
sufficiently bilingual to use Hindi or Oriya materials effectively. The bilingualism results are shown in
table 4.
Reference Points
Table 4. Bilingualism results
Halbi
BKP
70
11.5
10
BAU
57
14.2
10
79
14.5
20
70
30.6
10
Hindi
Oriya
Test Points
BUM BAN
79
86
14.5
15.0
10
10
42
31.9
10
74
29.5
10
BSA
82
19.9
10
45
29.5
14
BCB
76
24.6
10
25
18.4
10
The scores of recorded text testing in Halbi provide some insight as to the linguistic closeness of
Bhatri and Halbi. The results in table 4 show that understanding of Halbi in the Bhatri-speaking
communities is mixed. Standard deviation figures suggest that the scores over 80 percent are due only to
Bhatri speakers’ learning of Halbi because of their geographical proximity to Halbi speakers rather than
to inherent intelligibility between the two languages. Those locations not contiguous to the Halbispeaking communities (BKP, BAU, BUM) had lower average scores and standard deviation figures of
between 11.5 and 14.5. The standard deviation among those villages with nearby Halbi speakers (BAN,
BSA, BCB) had a wider standard deviation of between 15.0 and 24.6. In theory, low standard deviation
figures indicate that intelligibility is inherent. Reciprocally, high standard deviation indicates that
intelligibility is at least partly a result of learning. It seems, therefore, that those communities which are
not contiguous to Halbi-speaking communities do not have an adequate understanding of Halbi to use
language materials in the Halbi language. Two-thirds of the Bhatri-speaking area is not contiguous to
communities of Halbi speakers.
This knowledge may help to explain the historical division of opinion between linguists as to the
degree of relationship between Bhatri and Halbi. It seems that the assertion that the two languages are
mutually intelligible (Bhattacharya 1957:16) may indeed be true, albeit marginally, in some of the
Bhatri-speaking area. It seems, however, given the high standard deviation figures on tests in areas
where the Bhatri speakers are found contiguous to Halbi speakers, that the comprehension observed is
learned rather than inherent. It is also true, as displayed in table 4, that in much of the area, Bhatri
speakers’ comprehension of Halbi is marginal at best.
Table 1 shows that the lexical similarity between the Halbi and Bhatri samples collected is between
41 and 67 percent. The lexical similarity between Bhatri and standard Oriya (OCU) is between 43 and 53
percent while the lexical similarity between Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya (OAR) is between 58 and 71
percent. Therefore, Grierson’s statement (Grierson 1903) that Bhatri is a kind of connecting link between
Oriya and Halbi and closer to Oriya than to Halbi is also possibly accurate if one considers Adivasi Oriya
8
to be a representative dialect of Oriya. When compared with other dialects of Oriya the similarity may
be less marked. The high standard deviation figures of Bhatri speakers tested on standard Oriya in
table 4, however, seem to suggest that the 70 to 80 percent comprehension is possibly due more to
learning of some kind than to inherent intelligibility. Standard deviation figures are lower on the Halbi
tests given to Bhatri speakers, but they are not low enough to conclude that the 57 to 86 percent
comprehension of these tests is due to inherent intelligibility alone. Thus, the debate will continue. One
thing is certain, however, namely that comprehension of Halbi and Oriya by Bhatri speakers is marginal
and not adequate for their understanding of materials in those languages.
The language use and attitudes study was designed to discover which languages are used by the
Bhatri-speaking community, and how they are used. Since many different castes use Bhatri as their
mother tongue, there was also interest in discovering if there were any positive or negative attitudes
toward any caste dialect that may exist. In order to reach this goal a language use and attitudes study
was conducted in selected villages throughout the entire region. The questions asked are listed in table 5.
Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire
1. What language(s) is/are spoken in your home?
2. What other languages do you speak?
3. What other castes in this village speak Bhatri?
4. Can you understand them?
5. Which dialect (of what caste) is the sweetest?
6. Could you marry someone from this other group?
7. What language do you use with your own caste?
8. What language do you use with other castes?
9. What language do you use with Oriya (in Orissa)/Hindi (in
Madhya Pradesh) speakers?
10. What language do you use at the market?
11. What language would you use with a bank officer?
12. What language do you use for private/public prayers?
13. What language do children use while playing?
14. Do you ever use Oriya/Hindi with Bhatri speakers? If so, why?
15. Do you know a person who can no longer speak Bhatri? If so, is
that good or bad?
16. Will Oriya/Hindi ever replace Bhatri?
The majority of those questioned responded that Bhatri is the language of choice in the critical
domains of home and religion. Most also responded that they use Bhatri in most of their daily social
interaction with their own caste and others. Most questioned do not acknowledge any dialect difference
between the castes that speak Bhatri. Sixty-five percent of those questioned felt that there is no
possibility of Bhatri dying out. Twenty percent felt that it would and fifteen percent voiced the opinion
that if people get educated they may stop speaking Bhatri. However, out of all questioned, only ten
percent acknowledged knowing someone who no longer speaks Bhatri. Some have very strong attitudes
like the man who stated, “No matter if you teach them Oriya, they will still speak Bhatri.”
From the results of the language use and attitudes study it can be seen that the Bhatri language is
thriving. Bhatri is used exclusively as the language of choice in the most critical domains of home and
religion. In most of the Bhatri-speaking area it is also the language of the community although
respondents report using Hindi (in Madhya Pradesh) and Oriya (in Orissa) with government officials. In
most other domains speakers list Bhatri as the language of choice. The Bhatri-speaking communities
maintain a positive attitude toward their own language and it seems that Bhatri is in no danger of dying
out in the near future.
9
5
5.1
Recommendations
For translation
Since the Bhatri-speaking communities understand one another quite well, are not adequately bilingual
in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi, and have positive language attitudes toward their mother tongue, it is
recommended that a language development project in Bhatri be undertaken. It appears that literature
centered anywhere in the area would be easily understood. It is recommended, however, that the project
be centered where the language is in most vigorous use. This would be in Kotpad Tahsil of Koraput
District of Orissa or in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh.
5.2
For further survey
Wordlist comparison showed a lexical similarity ranging from fifty-eight to seventy-one percent between
Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya. This suggests marginal comprehension between the two. Therefore,
intelligibility testing should be done using an Adivasi Oriya text in the Bhatri area. If Bhatri speakers
should score well on an Adivasi Oriya recorded text test, language attitudes toward Adivasi Oriya may
have to be assessed also.
Appendix A: Wordlists
Key to codes for speech varieties:
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh
Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa
Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
1.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
body
ɡaɡorˑ
sor̩ir̩o
a̽ɡ
ɡaɡe̠rˑ
ɡaɡe̠rˑ
ɡv̠ɡe̠r̩
ɡaɡr̩o
dⁿe̽ha/ɡaɡe̩r
ɡaɡv̠r̩
ɡaɡv̠r̩
ɡaɡe̠r̩
ɡaɡv̠r̩
2.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
head
mundˑ
mu̽ndˑc̠
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑe̠
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑ
mu̽ndˑe̠
mu̽dˑa
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑ
mu̽d
3.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
hair
sendˑi
balˑe̠
kes
bal
bal
bal
bale̠
kes
bal
kes
bal
bal
4.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
face
mu̽k
mu̽ha
mu̽.̩
mu̽
mu̽
mu̽e ̠
mu̽he̠
mu̽ha
tⁿv̠mnˑa
mu̽
mu̽
tⁿv̠mna
5.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
eye
anki
akhi
ai ̽k
a̽ki
a̽ki
aki
a̽khi
akhi
a̽ki
aki
a̽ki
akhi
6.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ear
kan
kanˑo
kan
kan
kan
kan
kan.̩o
kan
kan
kan
kan
kan
10
11
7.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
nose
nak
nakho
nak
nak
nak
nake̠
nake̠
nakhe̠
nak
nak
nak
nak
8.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mouth
tˑondˑ
patˑ.̩i
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tu̽dˑe̠
tⁿondˑe̠
to̽d
to̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
9.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
teeth
dant
dⁿantⁿo
dat
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿe̠tⁿ
dⁿa̽nntⁿe̠
dⁿa̽tⁿe̠
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
10.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tonɡue
zib
dʒi̩ bhe̠
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒi̩ be̠
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
zib
11.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
breast
dud
dⁿudⁿe̠
momo
–
–
dⁿudⁿe̠
dⁿudⁿe̠
dⁿudⁿ
dⁿudⁿh
dⁿudⁿ
dⁿudⁿ
dⁿudⁿ
12.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
belly
petˑ
petⁿto
petˑ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑe̠
petˑĥ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑĥ
13.
OAR
OC
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
arm
atˑ
hatˑo
hat
hatⁿ
hatⁿ
atⁿ
hatⁿe̠
dˑenˑa
hatⁿ
atⁿ
ba̽ha
hatⁿ
14.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
elbow
kompur
koini
kohni
koe̠ni
koe̠ni
koe̠ni
koe̠ni
koe̠.̩ni
kv̠ûni
kohoni
ko.̩ni
ko.̩cn̠ i
15.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
palm
podom
tolˑohato
he̠trˑi
pe̠dⁿe̠m
atⁿe̠ri
pe̠dⁿe̠m
pe̠dⁿe̠me̠
pe̠dⁿe̠m
pv̠dⁿv̠m
atⁿrˑi
hatⁿrˑi
pv̠dⁿv̠m
12
16.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
finɡer
anˑtˑi
anˑɡuti
andˑki
anˑtˑi
a̽dˑki
anˑɡti
anˑɡuthi
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
17.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
nail
nak
no.̩kĥo
ne̠k
ne̠k
ne̠k
ne̠k
ne̠khe̠
nakh
nv̠k
nv̠kh
nv̠k
nv̠k
18.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
leɡ
ɡodˑ
ɡudˑo
pa̽j
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑe̠
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
19.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
skin
sam
tʃar̩
̠ o̽
̩ êm
tʃa̩ mrˑa
tʃa̩ m
tʃa̩ mrˑi
tʃa̩ m
tʃame̠
̩
tsamrˑi
tʃa̩ mrˑi
tsamrˑi
tʃa̩ mrˑi
tʃa̩ mrˑi
20.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
bone
adˑ
ha.̩dˑo
harˑa
harˑ
arˑa
harˑ
harˑe̠
harˑ
arˑa
arˑa
harˑa
harˑa
21.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
heart
kodeli
he̠ru
̩ dⁿaio
dʒ̩iu
kaldʒa̩
–
dʒi̩ be̠n dⁿv̠k dⁿv̠k
dʒi̩ bê̠ne̠
dʒi̩ be̠n dĥe̠k dĥe̠k
dʒ̩iû
dʒ̩iû
dʒ̩iû
dʒ̩iû
22.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
blood
boni
r̩akto
lohu
boni
le̠u
boni
boni
boni
lv̠u
lv̠u
le̠u
lv̠u
23.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
urine
mutˑ
mutⁿto
mutˑ
pisab
pisab
mutⁿe̠
mutⁿhe̠
mutⁿe̠
mu̽tⁿ
mu̽tⁿʔpise̠b
pisab
mutⁿ
24.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
feces
ɡu
dʒ̩arˑa
haɡa
ɡue̠
be̠d
̽ ⁿarˑ
ɡu̽e ̠
be̠dⁿarˑa
dʒ̩harˑa
ɡu.̩
ɡu
ɡu
ɡu
13
25.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
villaɡe
ɡurˑa
ɡra.̩mo̽
ɡa̽w
ɡa̽
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽vo
ɡa̽vêo
26.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
house
ɡor
ɡĥorˑo
ɡĥe̠r
ɡe̠r
ɡe̠r
ɡe̠r
ɡĥe̠re̩ ̠
ɡhe̠r ̩
ɡv̠r ̩
ɡv̠r ̩
ɡhe̠r ̩
ɡhar̩
27.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
roof
sani
tʃĥ̩ a.̩to
tʃh̩ ani
tʃa̩ ni
–
tʃa.̩
̩ nˑi
tʃa̩ la
tʃa̩ uni
tʃa̩ l
–
tʃa̩ uni
osna
28.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
door
kopatˑ
kobato
polaʔke̠patˑ
besi
ke̠pat
besiʔkopv̠t
kabat
ke̠pat
kv̠pat
kv̠pat
ke̠pat
batˑ
29.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
firewood
katˑʔdaru
ka.̩to
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
30.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
broom
badˑni
tʃa̩ ntʃoni
̩
barˑe̠n
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
31.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mortar
musol
kotⁿtuni
kote̠n
sil
sil
pokna
silʔpokna
sil
sil
sil
sil
sil
32.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
pestle
zantˑa
potĥorˑo
muse̠r
ɡorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
33.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
hammer
mutˑlaʔsute
hatⁿudˑi
mutˑla
mutˑla
bar̩si
mutˑla
bar̩siʔmutˑla
mutˑlaʔbar̩si
mutˑla
bar̩si
mutˑli
mutˑli
14
34.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
knife
katˑra
kati
ke̠dˑri
ke̠rˑri
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
kv̠rˑr̩i
kv̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
35.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
axe
tˑenˑia
tanˑɡi.̩a
tˑe̠ɡ
̽ eaʔkurˑhar
tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar
tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar
tanˑɡijaʔkurˑar
tanˑɡijaʔkur̩arˑi
kurˑar̩
tanˑaija
kurˑar̩
kur̩arˑ
tˑanˑɡija
36.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rope
dˑori
dˑowudˑi
borhi
dor
dˑori
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
dˑori
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
37.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
thread
suta
su.̩tⁿa
sut
sutⁿa
sutⁿ
sutⁿv̠
sutⁿa
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
38.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
needle
suza
su̽n.̩tʃi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
suzi
sudʒi̩
39.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cloth
luɡa
lu.̩ɡa
photˑe̠i
ke̠dⁿi
pe̠ti
pe̠tˑi kanv̠
pe̠ti
potˑiʔkv̠prˑa
kv̠prˑa
kv̠prˑa
kv̠prˑa
pv̠ti
40.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rinɡ
mundi
mudˑi
mu̽di
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽di
mu̽di
mudⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
41.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
sun
bel
sudʒo
̩
ber̩
bel
ber̩
bel
bel
ber̩
ber̩
ber̩
ber̩
ber̩
42.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
moon
zon
dʒ̩anha
dʒ̩on
dʒe̩ n
̠
dʒ̩on
dʒv
̠
̩ n
dʒ̩ana
dʒv
̠
̩ n
dʒ̩on
dʒ̩on
dʒ̩on
dʒ̩on
15
43.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
sky
soroɡ
akasau
se̠re̠ɡ
badⁿe̠l
badⁿr̩i
badⁿli
badⁿli
badⁿe̠l
badⁿr̩i
badⁿv̠r ̩
badⁿr̩i
badⁿr̩i
44.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
star
tara
nakʃatⁿr̩
a
̩
tara
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
45.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rain
paniʔborsa
bor̩osa
paniʔbe̠rs̩ v̠
be̠rs̩ v̠
be̠rs̩ v̠
pani
panˑi
pani
pani
bv̠rs̩ a
pani
pani
46.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
water
pani
pani
pani
pani
pani
pani
panˑi
pani
pani
pani
pani
pani
47.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
river
ɡadˑʔnodi
ne̠dˑi
ne̠d
̽ i
ne̠dⁿi
ne̠d
̽ ⁿi
nv̠dˑi
ne̠dⁿi
ne̠dⁿi
lv̠d
̽ ⁿi
nv̠d
̽ ⁿi
te̠ri̩
ne̠dⁿi
48.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cloud
badol
meɡĥ.̩o
badri
badⁿe̠l
badⁿr̩i
bv̠dⁿe̠l
badⁿli
badⁿli
badⁿr̩i
badⁿv̠r ̩
badⁿr̩i
badⁿr̩i
49.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
liɡhtninɡ
bizuli
bidʒu
̩ li
dʒ̩aɡuk
bi ̩dʒ̩li
dʒ̩aɡsi
bidʒl̩ i
bidʒu
̩ li
bidʒl̩ i
dʒ̩aɡasi
bidʒl̩ i
dʒ̩aɡsi
dʒ̩aɡsi
50.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rainbow
indor dun
indⁿr̩o dⁿanase̠
51.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
wind
bau
dʒ̩ĥor̩aka
lehra
pe̠ûbe̠n
leher̩a
pe̠be̠nʔlehera
pe̠be̠ne̠ʔlehe̩ra
pe̠be̠nʔleher̩a
leher̩a
leher̩a
leher̩a
leher̩a
̤
dⁿe̠nu pe̠nti
dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿanu pe̠ntⁿi
indra dⁿanu
dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿhv̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿv̠nu
dv̠nu ka̽dˑ
16
52.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
stone
pakan
pe̠tⁿhe̠re̩ ̠
pokna
pokna
pokna
poknaʔɡorˑi
poknaʔɡorˑi
pokna
pokna
pokna
poknaʔɡotˑi
pokna
53.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
path
batˑ
batoʔr̩astr̩a
batˑ
batˑ
kor̩i
batˑʔhirˑi
hirˑi
hirˑi
ir̩i
ir̩i
ir̩i
batˑ
54.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
sand
bali
bali
baru
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
55.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fire
zoi
n� ̽.̩a
aiɡ
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩ai
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
56.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
smoke
du̽a
dⁿhua̽
kume̠l
dⁿunˑɡija
me̠si
du̽aʔdunˑɡija
dⁿunˑija
kuhu̽ra̩
dⁿhu̽a
kuhu̽ra̩
kumr̩a
kumr̩a
57.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ash
sar
pa̽usa
lakrˑi
lak.̩ri̩
le̠ke̠rˑi
lv̠krˑi
lakrˑi
lv̠krˑi
lakrˑi
lakrˑi
lakrˑi
lakrˑi
58.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mud
matˑi
kadⁿue̠
matˑi
kadⁿe̠
matˑi
kadⁿe̠
kadⁿe̠
tʃike̠
̩ lʔkadⁿo
tʃikv̠
̩ l
tʃikv̠
̩ l
tʃike̠
̩ l
tʃikv̠
̩ l
59.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
dust
duli
dⁿhulˑi
–
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dˑurˑla
dⁿhurˑka
dⁿhur̩li
60.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡold
sona
sun.̩a
son
suna
suna
suna
suna
son
son
son
son
son
17
61.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tree
ɡotʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ruk
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃĥ̩
ɡatʃĥ̩
ɡv̠tʃĥ̩
ɡv̠tʃĥ̩
ɡe̠tʃĥ̩
ɡe̠tʃĥ̩
62.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
leaf
potor
potr̩o
pan
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pv̠te̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r
pv̠tⁿv̠r ̩
pan
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
63.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
root
ser
tʃe̩ rˑo
tʃe̩ rˑo
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃere̠
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tser̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
64.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
thorn
kantˑa
konˑtⁿa
katˑa
katˑa
katˑa
kv̠tˑa
ke̠n
̽ ta
kv̠tˑa
katˑa
katˑa
katˑa
katˑa
65.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
flower
pul
pĥulo
phul
pul
pul
pul
phula
ɵ̩ĥula
pĥul
pul
phul
phul
66.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fruit
pol
pholo
phor
pe̠l
pak
pakʔpv̠l
pe̠lˑe̠
ɵ̩el̠
pak
pv̠l
phv̠l
pak
67.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
manɡo
amb
ambo
ama
am.̩a
ama
am
ama
ama
ama
ama
ama
ama
68.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
banana
kodli
kodoli
kera
ke̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
kv̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
ker̩a
kv̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
ker̩a
69.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
wheat
ɡonˑdan
ɡohomo̽
–
ɡe̠û
̽
ɡe̠û
̽
ɡe̠û
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
ɡv̠u
̽
ɡv̠u
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
18
70.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
millet
kua zona
–
dʒo
̽ ri
̩ d
kanˑɡu
–
dʒe̩ d
̠̽ ⁿr̩v̠
dʒo
̩ r̽ a̩
dʒe̩ d
̠̽ ⁿr̩a
–
dʒo
̩ dⁿr̩a
dʒo
̽ dⁿr̩a
̩ n
dʒo
d
̩ ̽ ⁿr̩a
71.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rice
tʃa̩ ul
tʃa̩ wulo
tʃa̩ ur
tʃa̩ ûl
tʃa̩ ûl
tʃa̩ ul
tʃa̩ ul
tʃa̩ ul
tʃaûr̩
̩
tʃa̩ ûl
tʃhaur̩
̩
tʃaur̩
̩
72.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
potato
kanda
alˑu
alu
kv̠n
̽ dⁿa
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
73.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
eɡɡplant
–
bainˑɡonˑo̽
–
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
74.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡroundnut
bu� ̽sena
tʃi̩ na
mu̽hpe̠li
tʃe̠̩ ne̠
mo̽pv̠li
tʃv̠̩ nˑa
tʃe̠̩ na
mu̽ɡpĥe̠li
mupv̠li
mupv̠li
mu̽ɡpĥe̠li
mupe̠li
75.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
chili
moritʃ ̩
me̠ritʃe̠̩
miri
mir̩i
mir̩i
me̠ri̩ tʃ ̩
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
76.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tumeric
oldi
holdi
–
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
ar̩di
v̠rd
̩ i
v̠ldⁿi
ar̩dⁿi
77.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡarlic
loson
r̩es̠ unˑa
le̠sun
le̠sun
le̠sun
le̠sun
lasun
lasun
lv̠sun
lv̠sun
le̠sun
le̠sun
78.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
onion
uli
piadʒ̩o
ɡo̽dri
uli
uliʔɡo̽dri
uli
uli
ɡo̽dri
ɡo̽dri
ɡo̽dⁿr̩i
ɡo̽dⁿr̩i
ɡo̽dⁿr̩i
19
79.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cauliflower
pul kobi
phul kobi
–
kowbi
ɡowbi
pul kobi
pul ɡubi
phul ɡubi
phul ɡubi
pul ɡubi
pul ɡobi
phul ɡubi
80.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tomato
beza
bilatⁿi
ba̽ɡa
bedʒr̩ a̩
banˑɡa
bedʒr̩ a̩
bedʒr̩ a̩
bedʒr̩ i̩
banˑɡo
bv̠ɡ
̽ ula
bv̠nˑɡula
banˑɡa
81.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cabbaɡe
purˑa kobi
be̠ndⁿĥa kobi
–
purˑa kobi
tʃi̩ pta ɡobi
parˑa kobi
purˑa ɡubi
purˑa ɡubi
bandⁿa ɡobi
purˑa ɡobi
bandⁿa ɡobi
bandⁿa ɡubi
82.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
oil
sikon
tⁿelo
tel
tʃike̠
̩ n
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿele̠
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿel
83.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
salt
lon
lunˑe̠
lon
lon
lon
non
lon
non
lon
non
non
lon
84.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
meat
maus
manˑtso
ma̽s
mc̠ûs
me̠û
̽ s
me̠û
̽ s
ma̽us
mas
mv̠u
̽ s
ma̽s
–
me̠u
̽ s
85.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fat
bos
tʃe̠̩ rb
̩ iʔbu.̩so
–
bc̠s̽
–
be̠s̽
tʃe̠̩ rb
̩ iʔbasil
basil
bv̠sil
bv̠sil
bv̠sil
tʃv̠̩ rb
̩ i
86.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fish
matʃ ̩
ma.̩tʃo̩
me̠tʃr̩ i
matʃ ̩
matʃh̩
matʃ ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
87.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
chicken
ɡanza
kukudˑa
kukrˑa
kowkrˑa
kowkrˑa
kukrˑv̠
kukrˑa
kakrˑa
kukrˑa
kowkrˑa
kukrˑa
kukowrˑa
20
88.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
eɡɡ
dˑim
onˑda
ɡar
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
ɡar̩e ̠
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
ɡa.̩r ̩
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
89.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cow
ɡai
ɡai
ɡaj
ɡaj
ɡaj
ɡai
ɡaj
ɡai
ɡaj
ɡaj
ɡai
ɡai
90.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
buffalo
bo� ̽si
moi.̩ʃa̩
bho̽jsa
be̠î̽ sa
bhe̽jsa
be̠j̽ sa
be̠� ̽si
bho� ̽sa
bhv̠j̽ sa
bhv̠i̽ sa
bhe̽îsa
bhe̽îsa
91.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
milk
dud
kĥir̩o
ɡore̠s
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩vs̠
ɡor̩vs̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
92.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
horns
sinˑ
sinˑɡe̠
s� ̽ɡ
sinˑ
sinˑ
sinˑɡ
sinˑɡ
sinˑɡ
sinˑ
sinˑ
s� ̽ɡĥ
s� ̽ɡ
93.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tail
lenz
landʒ̩o
ne̽ɡrˑa
le̽dʒ̩
lenˑɡrˑa
le̽dʒ̩
lenˑɡrˑa
le̽dʒr̩ ˑi
lenˑɡrˑa
lenɡrˑi
le̽nˑɡrˑa
lenˑɡrˑi
94.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡoat
seli
tʃĥ̩ elˑi
bokrˑa
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃer̩
̩ i
tʃĥ̩ er̩i
tʃer̩
̩ i
95.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
doɡ
kukur
kukur̩a
kukur
kowkur̩
kowkur̩
kukur̩
kukur̩
kokur̩
kowkur̩
kowkur̩
kukur̩
kukur̩
96.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
snake
sab
sapo
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
21
97.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
monkey
makrˑi
manˑke̠rˑe̠
be̽era
makrˑi
be̽dⁿr̩a
be̽dⁿr̩a
makrˑiʔbe̩ndra
be̽dⁿr̩a
bendⁿr̩a
be̽dⁿr̩a
bendⁿr̩a
be̽dⁿr̩a
98.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mosquito
bursundi
moʃa̩
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
99.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ant
santi
matʃi̩
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃv̠̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ tˑi
100.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
spider
patˑ makrˑi
budhianˑi
makrˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
mv̠krˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
makorˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
101.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
name
nau
na.mc̠
na̽w
na̽
naô
na
naô
naô
naô
naô
naô
naô
102.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
man
danˑrˑa
moniʃo̩
me̠nuk
me̠nus
mane
mv̠nus
munus
munus
mv̠nuk
–
munus
munukĥ
103.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
woman
danˑɡrˑi
stⁿr̩i
bajle
maî ̩ tˑoki
baî ̩le
baî ̩le
baile
baile
baile
baile
baile
baile
104.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
child
pila
pil.a
–
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
105.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
father
bapa
bapa
̤
baba
bua
bua
bua
baba
bua
baba
baba
bua
22
106.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mother
aiaʔma
ma
–
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
107.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
older brother
ana
no̽na
–
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
108.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ʏounɡer brother
san bai
tʃo̩ tˑa bĥai
–
pila
–
pila
–
–
–
–
–
–
109.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
older sister
bai
dⁿidⁿi
–
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
bai
bai
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
110.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ʏounɡer sister
boini
bĥouni
–
tˑoki
nuni
tˑoki
noniʔbohoni
noni
noni
noni
noni
noni
111.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
son
po
pu.o
–
betˑa
betˑa
pi ̩la
betˑa
betˑa
–
betˑa
betˑa
betˑa
112.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
dauɡhter
zi
dʒi̩ .̩o
–
betˑi
betˑi
toki
betˑi
betˑi
noni
noni
betˑi
betˑi
113.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
husband
munosʔsami
suami
–
me̠nus
munus
Electronic Survey Report 2017-005
A Sociolinguistic Survey of the
Bhatri-speaking Communities
of Central India
Compiled by Dave Beine
A Sociolinguistic Survey
of the Bhatri-speaking Communities of Central India
Compiled by Dave Beine
Researched by
Dave Beine
Bruce Cain
Kathy Cain
Michael Jeyabalan
Ashok Sawlikar
Satya Soren
SIL International®
2017
SIL Electronic Survey Report 2017-005, May 2017
© 2017 SIL International®
All rights reserved
Abstract
This sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was carried out between
February and November 1989. The goal of the survey was to assess the need for language development
work and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking peoples of Bastar District in Madhya
Pradesh and Koraput District in Orissa. Dialect intelligibility tests revealed that the whole Bhatrispeaking area can be considered one language area. Language use and attitudes questionnaires showed
that the language is thriving. Bilingualism in the major languages of Hindi, Oriya, and Halbi is
inadequate for people to use existing materials. Based on these findings the survey recommends that a
language project be undertaken in the Bhatri community.
(This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions
were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research
may be available. Historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis and helps us
understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies. Editor)
Contents
Tables
Preface
1
Introduction
1.1 The people
1.2 The language
2
Goals of the survey
2.1 Introduction of goals
2.2 Dialect area study
2.2.1 Lexical similarity
2.2.2 Dialect intelligibility
2.3 Language use and attitude study
2.4 Pilot bilingualism study
3
Procedures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lexical similarity procedures
3.3 Dialect intelligibility testing procedures
3.4 Language use and attitudes study procedures
3.5 Pilot bilingualism testing procedures
4
Summary of findings
4.1 Dialect area study
4.2 Bilingualism
5
Recommendations
5.1 For translation
5.2 For further survey
Appendix A: Wordlists
Appendix B: Texts and questions
Appendix C: Recorded Text Test data
References
iii
Tables
Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages
Table 2. Number of comparisons
Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores
Table 4. Bilingualism results
Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire
iv
Preface
A sociolinguistic survey of the Bhatri-speaking communities of Central India was initiated early in
February 1989 with a consultation and short introduction to survey methods held in Jeypore. The survey
proceeded through the hot season until mid-May of the same year. After a short recess, the project was
resumed in September 1989 and concluded in November of that same year.
There were many along the way who made the long, hot journey a more pleasant one, and whose
friendship and hospitality will never be forgotten.
Thanks should be expressed to Bruce and Kathy Cain for their warm introduction to the beautiful
train ride, their preliminary work, and for putting up with all the questions of a new survey worker.
Many of my notes made during the survey are no longer in my possession due to unfortunate
circumstances. There are many other people whom I would like to thank and many other observations I
could include if I still had access to that material. As it is, I have done my best to write an accurate
sociolinguistic assessment of the Bhatri language. It should be noted that I alone am responsible for any
mistakes or errors contained in this report.
Dave Beine
June 15, 1990
Kathmandu Nepal
v
1
1.1
Introduction
The people
The Bhatras, a “scheduled tribe” of Madhya Pradesh, are settled agriculturalists residing in the northeastern plains of Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District in the state of Madhya Pradesh.1 An even larger
number live in the northern half of Koraput District of the state of Orissa.2 The Bhatras of Bastar District
claim their descendency from Warangal District of Andhra Pradesh as their ancestral home and say they
came to Bastar District thirty generations ago as attendants to the first king of Bastar.3
The Bhatras seem to have four endogenous clans. These are the Amnit Bhatra, Bade Bhatra, Pita
Bhatra, and San Bhatra. The Amnit Bhatra are found mainly in Jeypore Tahsil of Koraput District while
the San Bhatra are found primarily in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District. The Bade and Pita Bhatra seem
to be found throughout the entire region. Tandon (1959:34) has suggested that these divisions can be
subdivided even further. He writes,
It seems that in Bastar, Bade and Pita Batra are again subdivided into a number of endogamous
groups according to the region where they live. Before integration of the states took place,
Jagdalpur Tahsil was divided into Parganas. The Bhatra of each Pargana were referred to by the
name of the Pargana in which they resided. Even after the abolition of the Pargana system, the
Pargana divisions of the Bhatra social organization still persist.
He also suggests that besides this, the Bhatra are further divided into a number of exogamous,
totemic, patralineal, and patralocal clans (ibid.).
Although the Bade Bhatra men pride themselves as keepers of the sacred Hindu thread, many of
their customs are far from Hindu. They have no restrictions against eating meat and they will not drink
milk as they say that it was meant to be consumed only by the calf. Each clan has its own deity which
may or may not be of Hindu origin. Although the 1981 census of India did not list a population figure for
the Bhatras, the 1971 census gave a figure of 71,145.
1.2
The language
The language of the Bhatra people is known as Bhatri. Bhatri [bgw] is the lingua franca of much of the
area and has become the mother tongue of many of the other castes and tribes residing in the area.
Many—Bhatras and non-Bhatras alike—refer to this language as Deshia (“country talk”) although one
Deshia scholar explained that Deshia includes the consonantal aspiration of the neighboring Indo-Aryan
languages, while Bhatri does not. For the purpose of this report we consider the two terms synonymous
and will refer to both as Bhatri. The local name for Bhatri is aisi jaisi got while neighboring Halbi [hlb] is
known as aia jaia got. The question has arisen how different Bhatri and Halbi really are; this will be
discussed further in section 4.2.
Grierson (1903) classified Bhatri as a corrupt form of Oriya [ory] with a few Marathi [mar] and
Chhattisgarhi [hne] forms intermingled. He considers it a true dialect of Oriya, while considering Halbi a
broken dialect of the east more closely akin to Marathi. He considered Bhatri as the link between Oriya
and Halbi. Bhattacharya (1957:16) has expressed surprise that Bhatri and Halbi have been treated by
Grierson as separate languages affiliated with Oriya and Marathi respectively. He has concluded that
1
Although the majority of the Bhatra population is found in Koraput District of Orissa, the Orissa census lists them
neither as a scheduled caste nor as a scheduled tribe.
2
[In 2011, the English rendering of the state’s name was officially changed from Orissa to Odisha—Editor]
3
According to Mukherji (1944), the Halbas have the same story about their origin.
1
2
Bhatri and Marathi are in fact mutually intelligible speeches. The classification of Bhatri has given rise to
some controversy, yet the language has thus far remained little studied.
One interesting note must be made at this point. In the 1981 census of India no reference was made
to the Bhatri language. Although it is the mother tongue of thousands in the state of Orissa, it was not
listed in the language tables for that state. One must make the assumption that they were simply
grouped with the mother-tongue speakers of Oriya. If this is the case, it can be seen that the censustaking officials must also have viewed Bhatri as a form of Oriya.
2
Goals of the survey
2.1
Introduction of goals
The goal of the survey was to clear up many of the questions concerning the Bhatri language and to
assess the need for language development and vernacular literacy programs among the Bhatri-speaking
peoples of Bastar and Koraput Districts. In order to meet the stated goal of this survey, many aspects of
both language use and language attitudes among the Bhatri-speaking communities needed to be
investigated. It was the goal of the survey to answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Are there significant dialect differences among the Bhatri-speaking communities which may
necessitate more than one Bhatri language development project? (Will one Bhatri project suffice for
the whole area, and if so, where would be the best place to center a project?)
How do the Bhatri-speaking communities feel towards other languages? (Might they need their own
language development project because of certain negative attitudes towards other dialects in which
vernacular literature already exists?)
How stable is the Bhatri language? (Are there indications of language loss or shift?)
Are the Bhatri-speaking communities bilingual enough to effectively use existing materials? (Can
they effectively use language materials in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi?)
In order to answer these questions our survey was directed into the following three types of study:
dialect area study, language use and attitude study, and bilingualism study. These are discussed below.
2.2
Dialect area study
The purpose of a dialect area study is to define, in linguistically quantifiable terms, the changes which
have taken place among speech varieties spoken throughout an entire geographical area, and between
the social strata of a given community of speakers of the same language. It is a linguistic law of nature
that speech varieties change over distance, thus making a dialect area study important. In order to
identify these changes in the Bhatri-speaking area, and to determine how they affect understanding
between the speech varieties, a dialect area study was carried out consisting of the following two
components: lexical similarity and dialect intelligibility.
2.2.1
Lexical similarity
To determine the degree of lexical similarity between the various Bhatri speech varieties, a 210-item
wordlist developed by researchers in South Asia was used. The wordlists collected during this survey can
be found in Appendix A of this report. The degree of lexical similarity has been expressed as a
percentage based on a comparison of equivalent words using the standard wordlist.
2.2.2
Dialect intelligibility
To discover the degree of inherent intelligibility between the varieties of Bhatri, simple language tests
known as recorded text tests (RTT) were used. The procedures followed were basically those put forth in
3
Eugene Casad’s book Dialect Intelligibility Testing (1974). The degree of inherent intelligibility is then
expressed as a percentage based on the mean (average) score of participants in such tests. In order to
ensure that what is being tested is inherent intelligibility and not learned comprehension, standard
deviation figures and sample size are also stated. A high standard deviation usually indicates that
subjects varied widely in their understanding of the text and that what is being tested is learned
comprehension.
2.3
Language use and attitude study
An investigation was carried out to discover how the several languages of the region are used and how
the speakers of Bhatri view their own language as well as other languages. The methods of investigation
into this domain included language use and attitude questionnaires and observation on the part of the
researchers.
2.4
Pilot bilingualism study
To investigate the extent of bilingualism in the Bhatri-speaking area with reference to Hindi (for those in
Madhya Pradesh), Oriya (for those in Orissa), and Halbi (for both states), pilot bilingualism testing was
carried out. Halbi was tested in both states because of its seemingly close relationship with Bhatri. This
was done to determine the degree of inherent and acquired intelligibility between Bhatri and Halbi.
Another reason for bilingualism testing in Halbi is that it is the reported lingua franca for northern
Bastar District. Bilingualism testing was carried out using simple language tests (RTT in standard Hindi
and Oriya) administered to a representative sample of the community. The result is expressed as a
percentage based on the average of the scores from members of different subgroups in the community.
3
3.1
Procedures
Introduction
Wordlist comparison, dialect intelligibility testing, language use and attitude questionnaires, and pilot
bilingualism tests were used together in this survey to determine to what extent different dialect areas
exist among the Bhatri-speaking communities and whether they are dependent on Bhatri to meet their
communication needs. Wordlists provide information concerning the linguistic relationship between the
speech varieties under investigation. They are useful in identifying those varieties which are extremely
similar in vocabulary, pronunciation, phonology, and grammar and those which are extremely different
in any of these areas. Dialect intelligibility tests help the researcher determine the degree of
understanding speakers of one dialect have of another. Language use and attitude studies along with
bilingual studies are also important in giving a fuller understanding of the attitudes toward the language.
All are necessary for a good understanding of the language situation among the Bhatri-speaking
communities. This section describes the procedures followed during the field study.
3.2
Lexical similarity procedures
The degree of linguistic similarity which exists among the speech varieties being studied was
investigated using a standard South Asia 210-item wordlist. This wordlist was developed by a group of
researchers conducting sociolinguistic studies in South Asia; for the wordlist see Appendix A of this
report. The words were elicited from a mother-tongue speaker of the speech variety under investigation.
A generic equivalent was sought first. If none was found, that was noted and a specific term was
recorded along with its precise meaning. The words were recorded using a modified International
Phonetic Alphabet. Each entry was checked a second time with a different mother-tongue speaker of the
same community. During the first elicitation emphasis was placed on obtaining words native to the area.
4
The second allowed for checking to weed out incorrect items, as well as for discovering apparently
different items which are simply synonyms.
Analysis was then carried out by grouping similar words together and calculating the percentage of
similar words in the wordlists. Similarity was not determined by the degree to which they are cognate,
but rather by their phonological similarity. The criteria used for similarity counting were those stated in
Blair 1990. If the results of the wordlist comparison showed less than sixty percent similarity between
two varieties then they were considered distinct languages. If the results showed a high percentage of
similarity of ninety percent or above, they were considered the same or closely related varieties. In
neither instance was intelligibility testing carried out. If the percentage of linguistic similarity was
between sixty and ninety percent, then intelligibility testing was carried out to provide a better
understanding of the intelligibility between the two varieties. The procedures followed while
determining lexical similarity percentages and the criteria for determining whether dialect intelligibility
testing was needed are described in Blair 1990.
3.3
Dialect intelligibility testing procedures
Given the stated goals of this survey, dialect intelligibility testing was of major importance. The results
provided a better understanding of the level of intelligibility that exists between dialects in the sixty to
ninety percent range of lexical similarity. If high levels of comprehension exist, dialect intelligibility
results are also useful in determining whether the comprehension is due to inherent similarity in the
dialects or some form of learning (see Blair 1990). The procedures followed in the creation and
administration of the recorded text tests (RTT) used in this survey are those described in Casad 1974,
with a few modifications (as noted in Blair 1990). A detailed summary of the procedures followed during
this survey can be found in these publications. The texts used, the scores of the test subjects, and
biographical information concerning the respondents can be found in Appendix B of this report.
3.4
Language use and attitudes study procedures
In determining the language use patterns and the attitudes toward these languages, two social research
techniques, open-ended questioning and observation, were employed. Questionnaires were administered
in many of the villages throughout the Bhatri-speaking area. Observations relevant to language use and
language attitudes were recorded by the researcher during the course of data collection.
3.5
Pilot bilingualism testing procedures
Bilingualism is a very important issue in determining the vitality of a language, the direction of any
language shift, and the need for vernacular literature. It was decided, therefore, at the outset of this
project that pilot bilingualism testing would be conducted in various villages of the Bhatri-speaking area.
Pilot bilingualism testing was conducted using the recorded text testing method (Blair 1990). The Hindi,
Halbi, and Oriya texts along with the scores and biographical information of the test subjects are
included in Appendix B of this report.
4
4.1
Summary of findings
Dialect area study
The collection and comparison of wordlists showed that all samples collected throughout the entire
region are very similar. All varieties of Bhatri were between 71 and 90 percent similar when compared
using the 210-item wordlist. The lexical similarity percentages can be seen in table 1. All entries
beginning with a “B” are varieties collected in the Bhatri-speaking areas. It was also decided to include
wordlists from Halbi (HBH), Oriya (OCU), and Adivasi Oriya (OAR), in order to see how similar these
dialects are in relation to Bhatri. The results can also be found in table 1. A key to the three-letter codes
5
used in this survey to identify the various language varieties, showing where the respective wordlists
were collected, can be found below. 4
Key to three-letter codes
OAR
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
OCU
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh
Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa
Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Table 1. Lexical similarity percentages
OAR
49 HBH
68 52 BAU
61 62 75 BSA
71 58 85 76 BJE
53 41 49 43 53 OCU
69 58 83 82 87 52 BKP
64 63 80 83 82 49 90 BUM
59 65 70 90 75 44 82 82 BCB
60 67 71 90 73 47 81 90 90 BAN
58 62 73 85 74 45 82 85 87 88 BAR
58 64 71 88 75 44 81 83 93 88 89 BAG
In some locations it proved impossible to collect certain words so it was not possible to compare
every word with an equivalent word in every dialect. In such cases the gloss was marked as a noncomparison for those dialects and the gloss was not counted for that pair of dialects. In some cases more
than one word was recorded and compared so it is possible to have more than 210 comparisons for a
pair of dialects. The number of comparisons for each pair of dialects can be seen in table 2.
4
These codes are specific to this report and are not to be confused with the ISO language codes from the Ethnologue
(Grimes 1988) used to identify languages.
6
Table 2. Number of comparisons
OAR
176 HBH
209 175 BAU
202 171 203 BSA
206 173 212 201 BJE
208 174 210 204 208 OCU
208 178 212 206 214 210 BKP
205 175 208 204 209 209 215 BUM
199 169 205 200 202 201 206 203 BCB
200 169 201 199 199 199 205 204 199 BAN
203 172 204 200 204 203 209 208 200 199 BAR
203 173 206 204 206 204 211 208 199 199 203 BAG
The dialect intelligibility tests revealed that all points in the Bhatri-speaking area understand all
other points at an adequate level to consider the area as one language area. The scores of each
community are found in table 3. The first line represents the average score. The second line illustrates
the standard deviation of the scores on the test. The third line represents the sample size.
Table 3. Dialect intelligibility scores
Test Points
BKP
Reference Points
BAU
BUM
BKP
BAU
BUM
BAN
BSA
BCB
98
4.2
20
94
7.0
10
95
7.6
20
92
6.3
10
95
6.7
12
94
5.2
10
97
6.7
10
91
8.8
10
98
6.3
10
94
6.9
11
97
4.7
11
96
6.7
11
88
13.2
10
95
7.1
10
94
8.4
10
96
5.2
10
90
6.6
10
91
9.9
10
89
9.9
10
92
7.9
10
92
7.9
20
92
7.9
10
93
8.2
10
96
5.2
10
99
3.6
14
96
5.2
10
BAN
BSA
BCB
It should be noted that BAN and BUM as well as BCB and BSA were considered the same dialects
due to proximity as well as high lexical similarity percentages. Therefore, no testing other than hometown testing was deemed necessary in using texts from BAN and BCB. The tests from BUM and BSA were
used as the hometown tests in BAN and BCB respectively. This accounts for the gaps in the BAN and BCB
rows of table 3. Understanding is high enough from all test points that it seems that a project centered in
any of these places in the Bhatri-speaking area will be adequate. However, the Kotpad and Jagdalpur
7
Tahsils would be preferable since the largest population of Bhatri speakers are found here and language
attitudes are most strongly positive in these tahsils.
4.2
Bilingualism
Pilot bilingualism testing showed that the Bhatri-speaking communities surveyed in Madhya Pradesh are
not sufficiently bilingual in Hindi to effectively use Hindi materials. It likewise revealed that the Bhatri
communities surveyed in Orissa understood on average only 75 percent of the Oriya pilot test. The test
was simple and demanded only low levels of bilingual ability. Low results on the pilot test reveal that
people do not have knowledge of the second language even at a rudimentary level. Given the results on
the pilot test it would seem that the Bhatri-speaking communities of Bastar and Koraput Districts are not
sufficiently bilingual to use Hindi or Oriya materials effectively. The bilingualism results are shown in
table 4.
Reference Points
Table 4. Bilingualism results
Halbi
BKP
70
11.5
10
BAU
57
14.2
10
79
14.5
20
70
30.6
10
Hindi
Oriya
Test Points
BUM BAN
79
86
14.5
15.0
10
10
42
31.9
10
74
29.5
10
BSA
82
19.9
10
45
29.5
14
BCB
76
24.6
10
25
18.4
10
The scores of recorded text testing in Halbi provide some insight as to the linguistic closeness of
Bhatri and Halbi. The results in table 4 show that understanding of Halbi in the Bhatri-speaking
communities is mixed. Standard deviation figures suggest that the scores over 80 percent are due only to
Bhatri speakers’ learning of Halbi because of their geographical proximity to Halbi speakers rather than
to inherent intelligibility between the two languages. Those locations not contiguous to the Halbispeaking communities (BKP, BAU, BUM) had lower average scores and standard deviation figures of
between 11.5 and 14.5. The standard deviation among those villages with nearby Halbi speakers (BAN,
BSA, BCB) had a wider standard deviation of between 15.0 and 24.6. In theory, low standard deviation
figures indicate that intelligibility is inherent. Reciprocally, high standard deviation indicates that
intelligibility is at least partly a result of learning. It seems, therefore, that those communities which are
not contiguous to Halbi-speaking communities do not have an adequate understanding of Halbi to use
language materials in the Halbi language. Two-thirds of the Bhatri-speaking area is not contiguous to
communities of Halbi speakers.
This knowledge may help to explain the historical division of opinion between linguists as to the
degree of relationship between Bhatri and Halbi. It seems that the assertion that the two languages are
mutually intelligible (Bhattacharya 1957:16) may indeed be true, albeit marginally, in some of the
Bhatri-speaking area. It seems, however, given the high standard deviation figures on tests in areas
where the Bhatri speakers are found contiguous to Halbi speakers, that the comprehension observed is
learned rather than inherent. It is also true, as displayed in table 4, that in much of the area, Bhatri
speakers’ comprehension of Halbi is marginal at best.
Table 1 shows that the lexical similarity between the Halbi and Bhatri samples collected is between
41 and 67 percent. The lexical similarity between Bhatri and standard Oriya (OCU) is between 43 and 53
percent while the lexical similarity between Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya (OAR) is between 58 and 71
percent. Therefore, Grierson’s statement (Grierson 1903) that Bhatri is a kind of connecting link between
Oriya and Halbi and closer to Oriya than to Halbi is also possibly accurate if one considers Adivasi Oriya
8
to be a representative dialect of Oriya. When compared with other dialects of Oriya the similarity may
be less marked. The high standard deviation figures of Bhatri speakers tested on standard Oriya in
table 4, however, seem to suggest that the 70 to 80 percent comprehension is possibly due more to
learning of some kind than to inherent intelligibility. Standard deviation figures are lower on the Halbi
tests given to Bhatri speakers, but they are not low enough to conclude that the 57 to 86 percent
comprehension of these tests is due to inherent intelligibility alone. Thus, the debate will continue. One
thing is certain, however, namely that comprehension of Halbi and Oriya by Bhatri speakers is marginal
and not adequate for their understanding of materials in those languages.
The language use and attitudes study was designed to discover which languages are used by the
Bhatri-speaking community, and how they are used. Since many different castes use Bhatri as their
mother tongue, there was also interest in discovering if there were any positive or negative attitudes
toward any caste dialect that may exist. In order to reach this goal a language use and attitudes study
was conducted in selected villages throughout the entire region. The questions asked are listed in table 5.
Table 5. Questions on language use and attitudes questionnaire
1. What language(s) is/are spoken in your home?
2. What other languages do you speak?
3. What other castes in this village speak Bhatri?
4. Can you understand them?
5. Which dialect (of what caste) is the sweetest?
6. Could you marry someone from this other group?
7. What language do you use with your own caste?
8. What language do you use with other castes?
9. What language do you use with Oriya (in Orissa)/Hindi (in
Madhya Pradesh) speakers?
10. What language do you use at the market?
11. What language would you use with a bank officer?
12. What language do you use for private/public prayers?
13. What language do children use while playing?
14. Do you ever use Oriya/Hindi with Bhatri speakers? If so, why?
15. Do you know a person who can no longer speak Bhatri? If so, is
that good or bad?
16. Will Oriya/Hindi ever replace Bhatri?
The majority of those questioned responded that Bhatri is the language of choice in the critical
domains of home and religion. Most also responded that they use Bhatri in most of their daily social
interaction with their own caste and others. Most questioned do not acknowledge any dialect difference
between the castes that speak Bhatri. Sixty-five percent of those questioned felt that there is no
possibility of Bhatri dying out. Twenty percent felt that it would and fifteen percent voiced the opinion
that if people get educated they may stop speaking Bhatri. However, out of all questioned, only ten
percent acknowledged knowing someone who no longer speaks Bhatri. Some have very strong attitudes
like the man who stated, “No matter if you teach them Oriya, they will still speak Bhatri.”
From the results of the language use and attitudes study it can be seen that the Bhatri language is
thriving. Bhatri is used exclusively as the language of choice in the most critical domains of home and
religion. In most of the Bhatri-speaking area it is also the language of the community although
respondents report using Hindi (in Madhya Pradesh) and Oriya (in Orissa) with government officials. In
most other domains speakers list Bhatri as the language of choice. The Bhatri-speaking communities
maintain a positive attitude toward their own language and it seems that Bhatri is in no danger of dying
out in the near future.
9
5
5.1
Recommendations
For translation
Since the Bhatri-speaking communities understand one another quite well, are not adequately bilingual
in Hindi, Oriya, or Halbi, and have positive language attitudes toward their mother tongue, it is
recommended that a language development project in Bhatri be undertaken. It appears that literature
centered anywhere in the area would be easily understood. It is recommended, however, that the project
be centered where the language is in most vigorous use. This would be in Kotpad Tahsil of Koraput
District of Orissa or in Jagdalpur Tahsil of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh.
5.2
For further survey
Wordlist comparison showed a lexical similarity ranging from fifty-eight to seventy-one percent between
Bhatri and Adivasi Oriya. This suggests marginal comprehension between the two. Therefore,
intelligibility testing should be done using an Adivasi Oriya text in the Bhatri area. If Bhatri speakers
should score well on an Adivasi Oriya recorded text test, language attitudes toward Adivasi Oriya may
have to be assessed also.
Appendix A: Wordlists
Key to codes for speech varieties:
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
Adivasi Oriya from Araku Valley, Visak District, Andhra Pradesh
Oriya from Cuttack Tahsil, Cuttack District, Orissa
Halbi from Bhatpal, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Auli, Nowrangapur Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Sargipal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Jeypore Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Kotpad Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Umarkot Tahsil, Koraput District, Orissa
Bhatri from Chote Badal, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Anantpur, Kondagaon Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Karpaud, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
Bhatri from Amaguda, Jagdalpur Tahsil, Bastar District, Madhya Pradesh
1.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
body
ɡaɡorˑ
sor̩ir̩o
a̽ɡ
ɡaɡe̠rˑ
ɡaɡe̠rˑ
ɡv̠ɡe̠r̩
ɡaɡr̩o
dⁿe̽ha/ɡaɡe̩r
ɡaɡv̠r̩
ɡaɡv̠r̩
ɡaɡe̠r̩
ɡaɡv̠r̩
2.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
head
mundˑ
mu̽ndˑc̠
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑe̠
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑ
mu̽ndˑe̠
mu̽dˑa
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑ
mu̽dˑ
mu̽d
3.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
hair
sendˑi
balˑe̠
kes
bal
bal
bal
bale̠
kes
bal
kes
bal
bal
4.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
face
mu̽k
mu̽ha
mu̽.̩
mu̽
mu̽
mu̽e ̠
mu̽he̠
mu̽ha
tⁿv̠mnˑa
mu̽
mu̽
tⁿv̠mna
5.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
eye
anki
akhi
ai ̽k
a̽ki
a̽ki
aki
a̽khi
akhi
a̽ki
aki
a̽ki
akhi
6.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ear
kan
kanˑo
kan
kan
kan
kan
kan.̩o
kan
kan
kan
kan
kan
10
11
7.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
nose
nak
nakho
nak
nak
nak
nake̠
nake̠
nakhe̠
nak
nak
nak
nak
8.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mouth
tˑondˑ
patˑ.̩i
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tu̽dˑe̠
tⁿondˑe̠
to̽d
to̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
tˑo̽dˑ
9.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
teeth
dant
dⁿantⁿo
dat
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿe̠tⁿ
dⁿa̽nntⁿe̠
dⁿa̽tⁿe̠
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
dⁿatⁿ
10.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tonɡue
zib
dʒi̩ bhe̠
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒi̩ be̠
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
dʒ̩ib
zib
11.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
breast
dud
dⁿudⁿe̠
momo
–
–
dⁿudⁿe̠
dⁿudⁿe̠
dⁿudⁿ
dⁿudⁿh
dⁿudⁿ
dⁿudⁿ
dⁿudⁿ
12.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
belly
petˑ
petⁿto
petˑ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑe̠
petˑĥ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑ
petˑĥ
13.
OAR
OC
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
arm
atˑ
hatˑo
hat
hatⁿ
hatⁿ
atⁿ
hatⁿe̠
dˑenˑa
hatⁿ
atⁿ
ba̽ha
hatⁿ
14.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
elbow
kompur
koini
kohni
koe̠ni
koe̠ni
koe̠ni
koe̠ni
koe̠.̩ni
kv̠ûni
kohoni
ko.̩ni
ko.̩cn̠ i
15.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
palm
podom
tolˑohato
he̠trˑi
pe̠dⁿe̠m
atⁿe̠ri
pe̠dⁿe̠m
pe̠dⁿe̠me̠
pe̠dⁿe̠m
pv̠dⁿv̠m
atⁿrˑi
hatⁿrˑi
pv̠dⁿv̠m
12
16.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
finɡer
anˑtˑi
anˑɡuti
andˑki
anˑtˑi
a̽dˑki
anˑɡti
anˑɡuthi
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
a̽dˑki
17.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
nail
nak
no.̩kĥo
ne̠k
ne̠k
ne̠k
ne̠k
ne̠khe̠
nakh
nv̠k
nv̠kh
nv̠k
nv̠k
18.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
leɡ
ɡodˑ
ɡudˑo
pa̽j
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑe̠
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
ɡorˑ
19.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
skin
sam
tʃar̩
̠ o̽
̩ êm
tʃa̩ mrˑa
tʃa̩ m
tʃa̩ mrˑi
tʃa̩ m
tʃame̠
̩
tsamrˑi
tʃa̩ mrˑi
tsamrˑi
tʃa̩ mrˑi
tʃa̩ mrˑi
20.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
bone
adˑ
ha.̩dˑo
harˑa
harˑ
arˑa
harˑ
harˑe̠
harˑ
arˑa
arˑa
harˑa
harˑa
21.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
heart
kodeli
he̠ru
̩ dⁿaio
dʒ̩iu
kaldʒa̩
–
dʒi̩ be̠n dⁿv̠k dⁿv̠k
dʒi̩ bê̠ne̠
dʒi̩ be̠n dĥe̠k dĥe̠k
dʒ̩iû
dʒ̩iû
dʒ̩iû
dʒ̩iû
22.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
blood
boni
r̩akto
lohu
boni
le̠u
boni
boni
boni
lv̠u
lv̠u
le̠u
lv̠u
23.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
urine
mutˑ
mutⁿto
mutˑ
pisab
pisab
mutⁿe̠
mutⁿhe̠
mutⁿe̠
mu̽tⁿ
mu̽tⁿʔpise̠b
pisab
mutⁿ
24.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
feces
ɡu
dʒ̩arˑa
haɡa
ɡue̠
be̠d
̽ ⁿarˑ
ɡu̽e ̠
be̠dⁿarˑa
dʒ̩harˑa
ɡu.̩
ɡu
ɡu
ɡu
13
25.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
villaɡe
ɡurˑa
ɡra.̩mo̽
ɡa̽w
ɡa̽
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽o
ɡa̽vo
ɡa̽vêo
26.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
house
ɡor
ɡĥorˑo
ɡĥe̠r
ɡe̠r
ɡe̠r
ɡe̠r
ɡĥe̠re̩ ̠
ɡhe̠r ̩
ɡv̠r ̩
ɡv̠r ̩
ɡhe̠r ̩
ɡhar̩
27.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
roof
sani
tʃĥ̩ a.̩to
tʃh̩ ani
tʃa̩ ni
–
tʃa.̩
̩ nˑi
tʃa̩ la
tʃa̩ uni
tʃa̩ l
–
tʃa̩ uni
osna
28.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
door
kopatˑ
kobato
polaʔke̠patˑ
besi
ke̠pat
besiʔkopv̠t
kabat
ke̠pat
kv̠pat
kv̠pat
ke̠pat
batˑ
29.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
firewood
katˑʔdaru
ka.̩to
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
dⁿar̩u
30.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
broom
badˑni
tʃa̩ ntʃoni
̩
barˑe̠n
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
barˑni
31.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mortar
musol
kotⁿtuni
kote̠n
sil
sil
pokna
silʔpokna
sil
sil
sil
sil
sil
32.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
pestle
zantˑa
potĥorˑo
muse̠r
ɡorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
lorˑa
33.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
hammer
mutˑlaʔsute
hatⁿudˑi
mutˑla
mutˑla
bar̩si
mutˑla
bar̩siʔmutˑla
mutˑlaʔbar̩si
mutˑla
bar̩si
mutˑli
mutˑli
14
34.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
knife
katˑra
kati
ke̠dˑri
ke̠rˑri
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
kv̠rˑr̩i
kv̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
ke̠rˑr̩i
35.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
axe
tˑenˑia
tanˑɡi.̩a
tˑe̠ɡ
̽ eaʔkurˑhar
tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar
tanˑɡiaʔkurˑar
tanˑɡijaʔkurˑar
tanˑɡijaʔkur̩arˑi
kurˑar̩
tanˑaija
kurˑar̩
kur̩arˑ
tˑanˑɡija
36.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rope
dˑori
dˑowudˑi
borhi
dor
dˑori
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
dˑori
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
dˑor̩i
37.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
thread
suta
su.̩tⁿa
sut
sutⁿa
sutⁿ
sutⁿv̠
sutⁿa
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
sutⁿ
38.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
needle
suza
su̽n.̩tʃi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
sudʒi̩
suzi
sudʒi̩
39.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cloth
luɡa
lu.̩ɡa
photˑe̠i
ke̠dⁿi
pe̠ti
pe̠tˑi kanv̠
pe̠ti
potˑiʔkv̠prˑa
kv̠prˑa
kv̠prˑa
kv̠prˑa
pv̠ti
40.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rinɡ
mundi
mudˑi
mu̽di
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽di
mu̽di
mudⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
mu̽dⁿi
41.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
sun
bel
sudʒo
̩
ber̩
bel
ber̩
bel
bel
ber̩
ber̩
ber̩
ber̩
ber̩
42.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
moon
zon
dʒ̩anha
dʒ̩on
dʒe̩ n
̠
dʒ̩on
dʒv
̠
̩ n
dʒ̩ana
dʒv
̠
̩ n
dʒ̩on
dʒ̩on
dʒ̩on
dʒ̩on
15
43.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
sky
soroɡ
akasau
se̠re̠ɡ
badⁿe̠l
badⁿr̩i
badⁿli
badⁿli
badⁿe̠l
badⁿr̩i
badⁿv̠r ̩
badⁿr̩i
badⁿr̩i
44.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
star
tara
nakʃatⁿr̩
a
̩
tara
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
tⁿar̩a
45.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rain
paniʔborsa
bor̩osa
paniʔbe̠rs̩ v̠
be̠rs̩ v̠
be̠rs̩ v̠
pani
panˑi
pani
pani
bv̠rs̩ a
pani
pani
46.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
water
pani
pani
pani
pani
pani
pani
panˑi
pani
pani
pani
pani
pani
47.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
river
ɡadˑʔnodi
ne̠dˑi
ne̠d
̽ i
ne̠dⁿi
ne̠d
̽ ⁿi
nv̠dˑi
ne̠dⁿi
ne̠dⁿi
lv̠d
̽ ⁿi
nv̠d
̽ ⁿi
te̠ri̩
ne̠dⁿi
48.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cloud
badol
meɡĥ.̩o
badri
badⁿe̠l
badⁿr̩i
bv̠dⁿe̠l
badⁿli
badⁿli
badⁿr̩i
badⁿv̠r ̩
badⁿr̩i
badⁿr̩i
49.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
liɡhtninɡ
bizuli
bidʒu
̩ li
dʒ̩aɡuk
bi ̩dʒ̩li
dʒ̩aɡsi
bidʒl̩ i
bidʒu
̩ li
bidʒl̩ i
dʒ̩aɡasi
bidʒl̩ i
dʒ̩aɡsi
dʒ̩aɡsi
50.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rainbow
indor dun
indⁿr̩o dⁿanase̠
51.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
wind
bau
dʒ̩ĥor̩aka
lehra
pe̠ûbe̠n
leher̩a
pe̠be̠nʔlehera
pe̠be̠ne̠ʔlehe̩ra
pe̠be̠nʔleher̩a
leher̩a
leher̩a
leher̩a
leher̩a
̤
dⁿe̠nu pe̠nti
dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿanu pe̠ntⁿi
indra dⁿanu
dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿhe̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿhv̠nu ka̽dˑ
dⁿv̠nu
dv̠nu ka̽dˑ
16
52.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
stone
pakan
pe̠tⁿhe̠re̩ ̠
pokna
pokna
pokna
poknaʔɡorˑi
poknaʔɡorˑi
pokna
pokna
pokna
poknaʔɡotˑi
pokna
53.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
path
batˑ
batoʔr̩astr̩a
batˑ
batˑ
kor̩i
batˑʔhirˑi
hirˑi
hirˑi
ir̩i
ir̩i
ir̩i
batˑ
54.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
sand
bali
bali
baru
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
bali
55.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fire
zoi
n� ̽.̩a
aiɡ
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩ai
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
dʒ̩oj
56.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
smoke
du̽a
dⁿhua̽
kume̠l
dⁿunˑɡija
me̠si
du̽aʔdunˑɡija
dⁿunˑija
kuhu̽ra̩
dⁿhu̽a
kuhu̽ra̩
kumr̩a
kumr̩a
57.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ash
sar
pa̽usa
lakrˑi
lak.̩ri̩
le̠ke̠rˑi
lv̠krˑi
lakrˑi
lv̠krˑi
lakrˑi
lakrˑi
lakrˑi
lakrˑi
58.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mud
matˑi
kadⁿue̠
matˑi
kadⁿe̠
matˑi
kadⁿe̠
kadⁿe̠
tʃike̠
̩ lʔkadⁿo
tʃikv̠
̩ l
tʃikv̠
̩ l
tʃike̠
̩ l
tʃikv̠
̩ l
59.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
dust
duli
dⁿhulˑi
–
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dⁿur̩li
dˑurˑla
dⁿhurˑka
dⁿhur̩li
60.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡold
sona
sun.̩a
son
suna
suna
suna
suna
son
son
son
son
son
17
61.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tree
ɡotʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ruk
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃ ̩
ɡe̠tʃĥ̩
ɡatʃĥ̩
ɡv̠tʃĥ̩
ɡv̠tʃĥ̩
ɡe̠tʃĥ̩
ɡe̠tʃĥ̩
62.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
leaf
potor
potr̩o
pan
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pv̠te̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r
pv̠tⁿv̠r ̩
pan
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
pe̠tⁿe̠r ̩
63.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
root
ser
tʃe̩ rˑo
tʃe̩ rˑo
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃere̠
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tser̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
tʃer̩
̩
64.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
thorn
kantˑa
konˑtⁿa
katˑa
katˑa
katˑa
kv̠tˑa
ke̠n
̽ ta
kv̠tˑa
katˑa
katˑa
katˑa
katˑa
65.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
flower
pul
pĥulo
phul
pul
pul
pul
phula
ɵ̩ĥula
pĥul
pul
phul
phul
66.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fruit
pol
pholo
phor
pe̠l
pak
pakʔpv̠l
pe̠lˑe̠
ɵ̩el̠
pak
pv̠l
phv̠l
pak
67.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
manɡo
amb
ambo
ama
am.̩a
ama
am
ama
ama
ama
ama
ama
ama
68.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
banana
kodli
kodoli
kera
ke̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
kv̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
ker̩a
kv̠dⁿli
ke̠dⁿli
ker̩a
69.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
wheat
ɡonˑdan
ɡohomo̽
–
ɡe̠û
̽
ɡe̠û
̽
ɡe̠û
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
ɡv̠u
̽
ɡv̠u
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
ɡe̠u
̽
18
70.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
millet
kua zona
–
dʒo
̽ ri
̩ d
kanˑɡu
–
dʒe̩ d
̠̽ ⁿr̩v̠
dʒo
̩ r̽ a̩
dʒe̩ d
̠̽ ⁿr̩a
–
dʒo
̩ dⁿr̩a
dʒo
̽ dⁿr̩a
̩ n
dʒo
d
̩ ̽ ⁿr̩a
71.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
rice
tʃa̩ ul
tʃa̩ wulo
tʃa̩ ur
tʃa̩ ûl
tʃa̩ ûl
tʃa̩ ul
tʃa̩ ul
tʃa̩ ul
tʃaûr̩
̩
tʃa̩ ûl
tʃhaur̩
̩
tʃaur̩
̩
72.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
potato
kanda
alˑu
alu
kv̠n
̽ dⁿa
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
alu
73.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
eɡɡplant
–
bainˑɡonˑo̽
–
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
banˑɡa
74.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡroundnut
bu� ̽sena
tʃi̩ na
mu̽hpe̠li
tʃe̠̩ ne̠
mo̽pv̠li
tʃv̠̩ nˑa
tʃe̠̩ na
mu̽ɡpĥe̠li
mupv̠li
mupv̠li
mu̽ɡpĥe̠li
mupe̠li
75.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
chili
moritʃ ̩
me̠ritʃe̠̩
miri
mir̩i
mir̩i
me̠ri̩ tʃ ̩
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
mir̩i
76.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tumeric
oldi
holdi
–
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
e̠ldⁿi
ar̩di
v̠rd
̩ i
v̠ldⁿi
ar̩dⁿi
77.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡarlic
loson
r̩es̠ unˑa
le̠sun
le̠sun
le̠sun
le̠sun
lasun
lasun
lv̠sun
lv̠sun
le̠sun
le̠sun
78.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
onion
uli
piadʒ̩o
ɡo̽dri
uli
uliʔɡo̽dri
uli
uli
ɡo̽dri
ɡo̽dri
ɡo̽dⁿr̩i
ɡo̽dⁿr̩i
ɡo̽dⁿr̩i
19
79.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cauliflower
pul kobi
phul kobi
–
kowbi
ɡowbi
pul kobi
pul ɡubi
phul ɡubi
phul ɡubi
pul ɡubi
pul ɡobi
phul ɡubi
80.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tomato
beza
bilatⁿi
ba̽ɡa
bedʒr̩ a̩
banˑɡa
bedʒr̩ a̩
bedʒr̩ a̩
bedʒr̩ i̩
banˑɡo
bv̠ɡ
̽ ula
bv̠nˑɡula
banˑɡa
81.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cabbaɡe
purˑa kobi
be̠ndⁿĥa kobi
–
purˑa kobi
tʃi̩ pta ɡobi
parˑa kobi
purˑa ɡubi
purˑa ɡubi
bandⁿa ɡobi
purˑa ɡobi
bandⁿa ɡobi
bandⁿa ɡubi
82.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
oil
sikon
tⁿelo
tel
tʃike̠
̩ n
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿele̠
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿel
tⁿel
83.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
salt
lon
lunˑe̠
lon
lon
lon
non
lon
non
lon
non
non
lon
84.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
meat
maus
manˑtso
ma̽s
mc̠ûs
me̠û
̽ s
me̠û
̽ s
ma̽us
mas
mv̠u
̽ s
ma̽s
–
me̠u
̽ s
85.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fat
bos
tʃe̠̩ rb
̩ iʔbu.̩so
–
bc̠s̽
–
be̠s̽
tʃe̠̩ rb
̩ iʔbasil
basil
bv̠sil
bv̠sil
bv̠sil
tʃv̠̩ rb
̩ i
86.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
fish
matʃ ̩
ma.̩tʃo̩
me̠tʃr̩ i
matʃ ̩
matʃh̩
matʃ ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
matʃĥ̩
87.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
chicken
ɡanza
kukudˑa
kukrˑa
kowkrˑa
kowkrˑa
kukrˑv̠
kukrˑa
kakrˑa
kukrˑa
kowkrˑa
kukrˑa
kukowrˑa
20
88.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
eɡɡ
dˑim
onˑda
ɡar
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
ɡar̩e ̠
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
ɡa.̩r ̩
ɡar̩
ɡar̩
89.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
cow
ɡai
ɡai
ɡaj
ɡaj
ɡaj
ɡai
ɡaj
ɡai
ɡaj
ɡaj
ɡai
ɡai
90.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
buffalo
bo� ̽si
moi.̩ʃa̩
bho̽jsa
be̠î̽ sa
bhe̽jsa
be̠j̽ sa
be̠� ̽si
bho� ̽sa
bhv̠j̽ sa
bhv̠i̽ sa
bhe̽îsa
bhe̽îsa
91.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
milk
dud
kĥir̩o
ɡore̠s
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩vs̠
ɡor̩vs̠
ɡor̩es̠
ɡor̩es̠
92.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
horns
sinˑ
sinˑɡe̠
s� ̽ɡ
sinˑ
sinˑ
sinˑɡ
sinˑɡ
sinˑɡ
sinˑ
sinˑ
s� ̽ɡĥ
s� ̽ɡ
93.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
tail
lenz
landʒ̩o
ne̽ɡrˑa
le̽dʒ̩
lenˑɡrˑa
le̽dʒ̩
lenˑɡrˑa
le̽dʒr̩ ˑi
lenˑɡrˑa
lenɡrˑi
le̽nˑɡrˑa
lenˑɡrˑi
94.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ɡoat
seli
tʃĥ̩ elˑi
bokrˑa
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃe̩ li
tʃer̩
̩ i
tʃĥ̩ er̩i
tʃer̩
̩ i
95.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
doɡ
kukur
kukur̩a
kukur
kowkur̩
kowkur̩
kukur̩
kukur̩
kokur̩
kowkur̩
kowkur̩
kukur̩
kukur̩
96.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
snake
sab
sapo
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
sap
21
97.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
monkey
makrˑi
manˑke̠rˑe̠
be̽era
makrˑi
be̽dⁿr̩a
be̽dⁿr̩a
makrˑiʔbe̩ndra
be̽dⁿr̩a
bendⁿr̩a
be̽dⁿr̩a
bendⁿr̩a
be̽dⁿr̩a
98.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mosquito
bursundi
moʃa̩
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
ɡu̽dˑi
99.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ant
santi
matʃi̩
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃv̠̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ ti
tʃa̩ tˑi
tʃa̩ tˑi
100.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
spider
patˑ makrˑi
budhianˑi
makrˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
mv̠krˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
makorˑa
makrˑa
makrˑa
101.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
name
nau
na.mc̠
na̽w
na̽
naô
na
naô
naô
naô
naô
naô
naô
102.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
man
danˑrˑa
moniʃo̩
me̠nuk
me̠nus
mane
mv̠nus
munus
munus
mv̠nuk
–
munus
munukĥ
103.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
woman
danˑɡrˑi
stⁿr̩i
bajle
maî ̩ tˑoki
baî ̩le
baî ̩le
baile
baile
baile
baile
baile
baile
104.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
child
pila
pil.a
–
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
pila
105.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
father
bapa
bapa
̤
baba
bua
bua
bua
baba
bua
baba
baba
bua
22
106.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
mother
aiaʔma
ma
–
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
aja
107.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
older brother
ana
no̽na
–
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
dⁿadⁿa
108.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ʏounɡer brother
san bai
tʃo̩ tˑa bĥai
–
pila
–
pila
–
–
–
–
–
–
109.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
older sister
bai
dⁿidⁿi
–
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
bai
bai
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
dⁿidⁿi
110.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
ʏounɡer sister
boini
bĥouni
–
tˑoki
nuni
tˑoki
noniʔbohoni
noni
noni
noni
noni
noni
111.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
son
po
pu.o
–
betˑa
betˑa
pi ̩la
betˑa
betˑa
–
betˑa
betˑa
betˑa
112.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
dauɡhter
zi
dʒi̩ .̩o
–
betˑi
betˑi
toki
betˑi
betˑi
noni
noni
betˑi
betˑi
113.
OAR
OCU
HBH
BAU
BSA
BJE
BKP
BUM
BCB
BAN
BAR
BAG
husband
munosʔsami
suami
–
me̠nus
munus