Land use Change Assessment as An Effort To Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach

  nd

2 International Conference on Tropical Biology

  “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA,

  12-13 OCTOBER 2015

LAND USE CHANGE ASSESSMENT AS AN EFFORT TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION

  1

  2 RAHMAWATY , NAJMATUL KHAIRAT AND ABDUL RAUF

  1 Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia, email

  2 Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia, email

• Corresponding author

  ABSTRACT

  Changes in the land cover are one of the important issues in North Sumatra, especially in Belawan Watershed. Belawan Watershed was located across

  in one district and one city, namely: Deli Serdang District and Medan City. In order to mitigate climate change, this study aimed to evaluate the changes

  of land cover during eleven years period (2000 to 2011) and to determine the main factor causing the change of land cover in Belawan Watershed. The

  G eographic I nformation S ystem (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land cover changes and the A nalytical H ierarchy P rocess (AHP) with questionnaires and interviews were used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land cover (integrated approach). Field

  observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land cover. The results showed that during eleven years, extensive changes in land cover were the greatest in dry land farming mixed shrubs that became dry land agriculture. Economic factors were the main cause of changes, followed by social factors and ecological factors. Economic criteria selected by respondents as the most important priority for activities in Belawan Watershed could not be separated from economic activities that were aligned with spatial development. This certainly influenced the basis of economic or financial considerations to convert agricultural land into non-agricultural use either for residential, offices, and other facilities. In order to mitigate climate change in Belawan Watershed, it is expected that the role of all stakeholders, especially local governments should be improved so that changes in land cover can be minimized.

  Keywords: AHP, Belawan Watershed, climate change, GIS, mitigation

  INTRODUCTION Interaction between people and the land that may cause d the changes to land use change that have the potential ly give for large

  Commented [d1]: what resource? did you mean land resource? negative impact on the continuity of that resource. For that need their efforts To prevent the negative impact of land use change, it is necessarry to monitor the changes in land that the negative impact of land use change can be tackled and efforts to by manag ing e these

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 1

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  “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA,

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  land resources in the future with a good can be plan ned with reference to the and optimizing optimization of the benefits of sustainable Commented [d2]: what does sustainale resource refer to..i resource. Belawan Watershed is located mostly across the city of Medan and Deli Serdang d istrict with an area of 40,235.36 ha . The think you should mention it clearly what kind of sustainable location of this study is in Belawan Watershed which is administered mostly in Deli Serdang and Medan. Geographically, Belawan resource here Watershed is located at 98° 29'47.868" E-98° 42' 35,496" E and 03° 50' 23 676'-03° 15' 24 036" LU ( Fig .1).

  Commented [d3]: I think it is beter to write it in materials and methods Commented [d4]: Please provide more clear picture or map

  Figure 1: Study site map Belawan Watershed is located across at one district and one city, namely: Deli Serdang District (area of 38,029 ha (93.23%)) and Medan C ity (area of 2,760 ha (6.77%)). Given the importance of land use for life, it is necessary to study land use, especially in watershed areas with the designation which is supposed to prevent land degradation. , as well as with The remote sensing technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) will provide convenience in monitoring land cover change and to support management effort management of these resources sustainabilitysustainably . Analysis of factors causing changes in land cover using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) can provide several solutions that are in Belawan Watershed accompanied by an alternative provided, so as to improve the situation for the

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 2

  nd

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  “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA,

  12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  better in this area Belawan Watershed . Therefore, research on Analysis of Land Cover Change in Belawan Watershed for 2000-2011 period s is necessary.

  Commented [d5]: did you mean form 2000 to 2011? Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Belawan Watershed was used data land use data between 2000 and 2011 (11 years period old ). The data was were obtained based on the results of the last year of previous year’s data available in the Central Forest Area Consolidation (BPKH) , i.e. in the data from year 2011 which can be used as a comparison of to each interval data of from the last five to six years from the last year's data . Analysis of extensive changes in land cover in Belawan Watershed in year 2000-2011 can be obtained by comparing the area and the changes that occurred in 2000 and 2011. Land use c hanges in Medan City land use in the city of Medan is important to be studied because the land use change will affect the climate change in Medan City. need to know because it will also affect the field of climate change, especially in the city. In North Sumatra, research on land use has had been carried out (Rahmawaty et al. , 2011; Onrizal , 2010). The This study aimed to analyze land cover changes in land cover in the Belawan Watershed in from 2000 to 2011 and to analyze the factors causing land cover changes of causation land in Belawan Watershed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

  This study was conducted in from March 2013 to August 2013. Data collection was conducted from March 2013 to April 2013, and the data analysis was conducted in from May 2013 to August 2013. Data processing was performed at the Laboratory of Integrated Forest Management Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, North Sumatra University.

  The Geographic I nformation S ystem (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land use changes. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with questionnaires questioner and interview was used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land use. Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land use. The Geographic information system (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land use changes (2000- 2011). The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with questioner and interview was used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land use. Field observations also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land use.

  Commented [d6]: decrease or increase of what? please clearly Computing the decrease or increase in area was conducted by Microsoft Office Excel. Land use change maps were derived from specify it maps of different years of acquisition by using geoprocessing analysis with by overlaying two thematic layers overlay resulting from different

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 3

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  “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA,

  12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  year interpretation. XTool extension in ArcView was used to analyze changes. Microsoft Excel software supported the conversion of the ’s tabulated data into a dbf IV format. The ArcView was used in converting the tabulated data into shape files and the merging of the different themes through the geoprocessing wizard.

  Commented [d7]: Please write more discussion with more

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  citation. It shows so many results but only a little discussion Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 0.64" + 1.27" + 1.91" +

  Belawan Watershed is located across included in the Deli Serdang District and Medan City . The total area of Deli Serdang is 83 % 2.54" + 3.18" + 3.82" + 4.45" + 5.73" + 6.36" + 7" + of the watershed area Belawan and 10.04 % of the total area of Medan . Sub-districts included in the region of Deli Serdang District of

  7.63" + 8.27" + 8.91" + 9.54" + 10.18" Hamparan Perak, Kutalimbaru, Namorambe, Pancurbatu, Sibolangit, and sunggal. The area of Medan are Medan District of Helvetia, Medan Belawan , Medan Marelan , Medan Selayang , Sunggal Medan and Medan Tuntungan. The area of each district included in the watershed

  Commented [d8]: This paragraph shoud be written in materials areas Belawan. The Human and methods People ’s need demand for land is marked by human people ’s needdesire to be own a residence, place of business and transportation.

  Human People ’s needs are always increasing as with the development of a region. Almost in every zone in Watershed Belawan which does not fit with the increasing of people . in this land utilization resulted in watershed ecosystems threatened

  ’s need is threatened with extinction with extinction due to human needs. Pattern space Space utilization in Belawan Watershed needs to be regulated by government agencies to maintain ecosystem sustainability Watershed Belawan .

  Land cover in the area of Watershed Belawan can generally be classified into twelve types of land cover, among others; i.e. primary dry forest, scrub, plantation, dry land agriculture, dry land agriculture mix, settlement, clearing, body of water, secondary mangrove forests, ponds, shrub swamps and rice paddies. Based on Table 1, it can be seen Table 1 lists broad types of land cover and land cover in 2000, and 2011. Changes of l and cover c lassification data acquisition of land cover change from 2000 to 2011 is was obtained classified by comparing the land cover in 2000 and 2011 two periods of the land cover in order to obtain land cover of the predetermined interval. Furthermore, the classification results observed provided data of any changes in the area of land to obtain land cover change from 2000 and 2011 , which was quite extensive (Table 1) . The vast amount and percentage of any changes in land cover in 2000, and 2011.

  Tabel 1. Land cover types changes in Belawan Watershed Periode in 2000-2011

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 4

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  D ry land farming/ agriculture 9,183.42 23,512.78 +14.329,36 S ettlement 4,466.12 4,466.12

  Belawan Watershed land s cover change from year to year in the total area of land in Belawan Watershed is 40,235.36 ha . Land cover in 2000 was dominated by dry land farming mixed shrubs of ( 14,857.79 ha ) followed by dry land farming /agriculture amounted to ( 9,183.42 h a ) , settlement amounted to ( 4,466.12 ) , plantation ( 3,846.94 ha ) of plantations , fishpond amounted to ( 2,267.27 h a ) , s hrubs mixed bush of ( 1,746.94 ha) hectares , rice field amounting to ( 1,070.68 ha) hectares of rice fields , secondary mangrove forests of ( 757.77 h a ) , open land of ( 668.86 ha) hectares , shrubs ( 569.61 ha) hectares of shrubs , dry land-primary forest ( 506.11 h a ) , and water body that has the smallest area is ( 292.81 ha) hectares of water bodies . As agree with Rahmawaty (2011) stated that e xtensive land cover types and in Belawan Watershed and Besitang Watershed s illustrate d the differences of watershed conditions in social, ecological and economic aspects . This is because of T he differences was caused by climatic conditions, relief and type of soil, hydrological cycle and vegetation cover which affects the potential use of different land types . Moreover, the differences of culture, education and daily habits of everyday society in every watershed is were different in each watershed. according to the criteria each watershed that drive the difference in each watershed.

  Rice f ield 1,070.68 1,837.19 +766,51 Total 40,235.36 40,235.36

  D ry land farming mixed shrubs 14,857.79 -14.857,78

  Shrubs mixed bush 1,746.94 1,344.46 -402,46

  F ishpond 2,267.27 2,702.05 +434,78

  Open land 668.86 411.18 -239,24 Water body 292.81 292.81 Secondary mangrove forest 757.77 690.55 -67,22

  Plantation 3,847.96 3,902.45 +54,49

  12-13 OCTOBER 2015 Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 5

  D ry land-primary forest 506.11 506.11 S hrubs 569.61 569.61

  a)

  2011 ( H

  between 2000 and

  a) Changes occurred

  a) in 2011 ( h

  Land cover types in 2000 ( h

  Commented [d9]: Rahmawati et al., 2011? Please check all the citation with similar case

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  12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  Extensive land cover in 2011 showed an increase for as plantation s of ( 3,902.46 ha ) , followed by dry land farming/ agriculture amounted to ( 2,3512.78 ha) hectares , fish pond s of ( 2,702.05 ha) hectares , rice field and is followed by the type of land cover ( 1,837.19 ha ) of rice also increased. While it was also a Declining land cover was in 2011 was observed in shrubs mixed bush against the land cover in 2011 which amounted to ( 1,344.46 ha) shrub swamp Ha and open land of ( 411.18 ha) hectares . The Matrix of extensive changes in of land use in Belawan Watershed period from 2000 to 2011 is presented in can be seen in Table 2.

  Table 2 should have been moved here.

  Commented [d10]: This figure is not discussed anywgere in this Figure 2. Rice field in Belawan Watershed paper. It is better to delete it.

  Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left: 0" In Table 2 it can be seen that Table 2 showed that 27.89 ha of plantation in 2000 changed into dry land farming/agriculture in 2011, changes in land cover types that cover types of plantation land into dry land farming of 27.89 hectares , 18.43 ha of open land in 2000

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 6

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  changed into plantation s in 2011, of 18.438 hectares , 67.22 ha of secondary mangrove forests in 2000 changed into fishpond in 2011, into farms amounted to 67.22 ha , 338.51 ha of shrub mixed bush in 2000 changed into fish pond in 2011 shrub swamp into a pond of 338, 51 Ha , 63.95 ha of shrub mixed bush in 2000 changed into plantation in year 2011, shrub swamps to plantations of 63.95 Ha , 29.05 ha of dry land farming mixed shrubs in 2000 changed into fishpond in 2011, dry land agriculture mixture into ponds at 29.05, Ha and 50.45 ha of dry land farming mixed shrubs in 2000 changed into open land in 2011. land cover types into a mixture of dry land agriculture amounted to 50.45 hectares of open land, land Map of land cover changes can be seen at in Figure 3.

  Commented [d11]: Please provide more clear figure Figure 3. Map of Land Use Changes in Belawan Watershed in 2000-2011

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  Table 2. Matrix of extensive changes in land use in Belawan Watershed period from 2000 to 2011

  Total in

  Land cover in 2011 (ha)

  2000

  D ry land- D ry land

  Open Water Land cover Plantation primary

  Secondary Shrubs farming S hrubs land body F ishpond

  Rice forest D ry land mangrove mixed mixed in 2000

  S ettlement f ield ( h

  a) farming /agriculture forest bush shrubs

  (ha) D ry land -

  primary forest 506 . ,11 506 .

  11 S hrubs 569 .

  61

  569 ,

  61 P lantation 3 , 820 .

  06 27 .

  89 3 , 847 .

  95 D ry land farming /

  agriculture 8 , 706 .

  59 476 .

  81 9 , 183 .

  41 S ettlement 4 , 466 .

  12 4 , 466 .

  12 Open land 18 . 43 360 .

  73 289 .

  69 668 .

  86 Water body 292 .

  81 292 .

  81 Secondary mangrove forest 690 .

  55 67 .

  22 757 .

  77 F ishpond 2 , 267 .

  26 2 , 267 .

  26 Shrubs mixed bush 63 .

  95 338 .

  51 1 , 344 .

  46 1 , 746 .

  92 D ry land farming mixed shrubs 14 , 778 .

  28 50 . 454

  29.05 14 , 857 .

  78 1 , 070 .

  68 Rice f ield 1 , 070 .

  68 Total in 2011 506 . 11 569 .

  61 3 , 902 .

  44 23 , 512 .

  78 4 , 466 . 12 411 . 18 292 . 81 690 .

  55 2 , 702 .

  04 1 , 344 .

  46 1 , 837 . 19 42 , 502 .

  62 Changes

• (ha) +54 .

  49 +14 , 329 . 36 239 . 24 -67 . 22 +434 . 78 -402 . 46 -14 , 857 . 78 +766 .

  51 Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 8

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  Changes (%) 1 .

  42 164 . 58 -66 . 32 -9 .

  73 19 . 17 -29 .

  93 71 .

  59 Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 9

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  The dominant c hanges of in the dominant land area from the year 2000 to 2011 are occurred on dry land farming/ agriculture , which This is consistent with the statement of by

  Irawan (2005) and Rahmawaty (2011). Dry-land farming/ agriculture land types are most ly Commented [d12]: Rahmawati et.al., 2011?

  located in the upstream and downstream parts of the watershed i.e. located in the village

  Belawan Kelambir Lima village of Medan Marelan Subdistrict and Kelumpang village of

  Pancur Batu Subdistrict. which belong to the sub-district and subdistrict of Medan Marelan Pancur Batu. The society in the upstream part of Belawan Watershed mostly practiced dryland farming, especially Custom pattern in the upper reaches of society that makes farming land in the watershed areas Belawan made in place for dryland farming more dominating as sugar cane, corn crops , and vegetables ( Fig . 3).

  Watershed conditions were still well maintained and clean which attracted the

  surrounding community to conduct bathing and washing activities on the bank of the river making the community both in the downstream and upstream watershed activity bathing and washing clothes on the banks of the river ( Fig . 4).

  Figure 4. The condition of the upstream part of Belawan Watershed in the upstream Among the 83% of the total watershed Belawan included in Deli Serdang district, whereas the largest districts in the district of Deli Serdang is in Belawan Watershed is the

  District Kutalimbaru almost 27% extent of 83% of the total watershed Belawan Deli Serdang. Meanwhile districts included in Belawan Watershed smallest is the District Namorambe 0.02% (5 ha ). According to Wijaya (2004) among factors causing changes in Commented [d13]: what is te relevance f this information to

  the discussioin? this information should have been explained when

  land cover , among others, are population growth, livelihood, accessibility and life support describing study area. facilities, and government policy. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Sumatra Province, Deli Serdang District in 2007 had the number of men in Deli Serdang is 822 , 341 , 811.774 male inhabitants and the number of female soul total number of 1,634,115

  female inhabitants, with a population growth rate of 2.25% per year. the P opulation density

  2

  in Deli Serdang is 679.00 inhabitants per km , which support the theory that the increase

  of land use is caused by this makes the use of land is increasing due to the large population increase.

  The dominant factor in causing the watershed land cover change in Belawan

  Watershed is was determined from the criteria comparison results of the comparison criteria and alternatives are taken from interviews related to the on ten respondents. Weighting values using the S oftware expert choice in 2000 will generate d weighted value weighting of

  each criterion and alternative s . In Table 3 can be seen presents the comparisons of weighted value of the level of the social, ecology and economy criteria considered in terms

  of economic, ecological, and social that to contribute directly to land cover changes in land cover in Belawan Watershed for each respondent These values were derived only from

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assessments by respondents and not necessarily determine the factors causing land cover

change in Belawan Watershed. Comparison weighting value based on these criteria are still

in the form of an assessment of each of the respondents who have combined and unknown

priority and cannot be concluded in all factors of land cover change in Belawan Watershed.

Weighting Weighted values were based on the criteria of each respondent and should have

  the consistency of less than 10% or 0.10 and it can be said to be considered weighting value is correct or accurate.

  Having obtained the data weighting values based on the criteria at each stage of the

respondents, it can be done The weighted value was then recapitulated and ranked

recapitulation combination and ranking to obtain overall conclusions on the level of criteria

against on factors that cause causing land cover changes in land cover in the watershed

  Belawan Watershed. , weighting the data values can be seen in Table 3. Table 3. Criteria for Considered to Cause Land Cover Change

  Criteria Geometric Average Priority Rank Social . 20 .

  28

  2 Ecolog y . 37 .

  25

  3 Econom y . 23 .

  46

  1 Total .

  81

  1 The most dominant factor that leads leading to land cover changes in land cover in the Belawan W atershed Belawan is was the economic criteria. According to Rustiadi (2001) that in order to support higher economic growth, management of land resources

  

management was often tactless and d id not consider sustainability aspects

  (for short term). while This study showed that if there is no efforts conducted to manage the

  

land cover change, the Belawan Watershed sustainability will be threatened and the

  resources of high-quality land will experience reduction and humans people will continue to depend on land resources in Belawan Watershed resulting to low quality of land. to be low.

  Education is among factors influencing people on how to sustainably utilize the

existing land in Belawan Watershed. Factors education of the population on which to base

benchmarks for them to utilize existing land and not pay attention to ecological factors in

the watershed areas Belawan. Most residents in the area of Belawan Watershed is are in

the elementary and secondary levels education, based on research data ( Syahrial 2009).

  In addition to educational factors, socio-cultural factors are also important to be considered

  

in real people have contributed in consideration of land management. and by Komarsa

  (2001) stated that socio-cultural factors is are concerned with the educational background, occupation, age, motivation and perception, views or attitude to life and customs which greatly affects the changes occurred in Belawan Watershed. Economic factors are the dominant factor causing the change in land cover and can be anticipated by providing an alternative s to reduce the occurrence of damage in Belawan Watershed. Criteria and alternatives offered is are the result of interviews related to the on ten respondents in order to obtain the six alternatives on offer ed in to each of the

  the respondents’ assessments on respondents (Table 4).

  Tabel 4. Priority scale for alternative s offered using AHP Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using

  Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 11

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  Alternative Geometrik Average Priority Ranking Z oning . 112 . 126

  5 S patial planning . 148 . 174

  4 L and acquisition . 151 . 177

  3 M anufacture of infiltration wells . 096 . 111

  6 S ocialization . 154 . 179

  2 L aw enforcement . 201 . 232

  1 Total . 862

  1 Weighting

  V alue s were weighted based on alternative levels of each respondent,

  then the results of these data were combined to can be done phase combination to obtain a scale of priorities and ranking of each alternative on to be offer ed (Table 4). From the

  

results of the D ata summary will be used to determine concluded that an alternative s to

manage the factors that cause causing land cover changes in land cover in the Belawan

Watershed.

  Alternatives offered on in solving problems of in the watershed land cover change

  

in Belawan Watershed is were the zoning, spatial planning, land acquisition, manufacture

of infiltration wells, socialization, and law enforcement. Zoning is a barrier zone that

  essentially stipulated in the laws. Z oning is associated with the land use itself as a protected zone in conservation zone rules in the law firm. Spatial planning is more directed to local regulations that have been made and are planned based on region for each region. This

  

L and acquisition alternative was offered because of the supposed watershed area s must

  have a 30% forest area of 30% of the total area to be holding a as green open space in the areas of Belawan watershed.

  The condition of T he upstream part of Belawan W atershed contained sand mining

  along the riverbanks, the refore, alternative was offered to make of making infiltration wells to prevent erosion and flooding. Socialization leads to the liveliness of the public and to maintain public awareness of watershed areas. Law enforcement alternative was offered to

  

guard the strictness of the rules is the source or the strict rules that bind the community

when breaking the existing policies. and that have been made.

  Hall of Watershed Management (BP DAS) has already make publicly announced

  

approaches directly to the public as held dissemination to the public that in the watershed

  areas must have a 30% vegetation cover of 30% of the watershed area so that it can to be

  

run regenerated as a watershed where the function . One of socialization that directly

involves community participation . The Among socialization activities carried out was as

  planting one billion trees carried through collaboration with the Indonesian Heritage Foundation preceeded by socializing greening plan to all communities in the Belawan Watershed is covering 8 villages.

  Efforts in the B usiness approach to the community ha s been done, but the people

  who live in the watershed areas are still conducting land conversion. There should be a decisive participation on the part of from government officials such as district head of each region, so that they can monitor the state of the watershed according to the function. There

  

should also be firm enforced rules in the society as a tool to remind the community on how

important it is to sustainably utilize the Belawan Watershed. and there should be rule of

law in any society who violate the rules in force and government officials such as district

head has the authority to the people to remind and give a firm policy to local communities

for people who are still doing conversion of land on the banks of the river of Belawan

watershed.

  

CONCLUSION S

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  During eleven years period ( the period 2000- 2011), the extensive land use changes

  occurred on dry land farming/agriculture, changes in land use were greatest in dry land farming mixed shrubs become dry land farming followed by changes in s econdary

  mangrove forest to become s fishpond. The dominant factors causing that cause land use changes in land use in the Belawan Watershed based on AHP analysis is was economy,

  while the law enforcement was the first rank as alternative offered to solve the land use change issue in Belawan Watershed. in terms of the economy .

  REFERENCES

  Irawan. 2005. Conversion of rice field: Potential Impact, Utilization Patterns and Determinant Factors (Konversi Lahan Sawah: Potensi Dampak, Pola Pemanfaatannya, dan Faktor Determinan). Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi Volume 23, Nomor, Juni 2005. Bogor: Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian.

  Komarsa. G. 2001. Analisa Penggunaan Lahan sawah dan Tegalan di Daerah Aliran Sungai Cimanuk Hulu Jawa Bara. Disertasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. IPB. Onrizal. 2010. Mangrove Forest Change on the Pantai Timur of North Sumatra Period

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  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change Mitigation in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated Approach by Rahmawaty, Khairat and Rauf | 13

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Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  

LAND USE CHANGE ASSESSMENT AS AN EFFORT TO

MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE IN BELAWAN WATERSHED

USING INTEGRATED APPROACH

1*

  1

  2 RAHMAWATY , NAJMATUL KHAIRAT AND ABDUL RAUF

  1 Forestry Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155,

  Indonesia, email

  2 Agroecotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara,

  Medan 20155, Indonesia, email

• Corresponding author

  

ABSTRACT

  Changes in the land cover are one of important issues in North Sumatra, especially in Belawan Watershed. Belawan Watershed was located across Deli Serdang District and Medan City. In order to mitigate climate change, this study aimed to evaluate the changes of land cover during eleven years period (2000 to 2011) and to determine the main factor causing the change of land cover in Belawan Watershed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land cover changes and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with questionnaires and interviews were used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land cover (integrated approach). Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land cover. The results showed that during eleven years, extensive changes in land cover were the greatest in dry land farming mixed shrubs that became dry land agriculture. Economic factors were the main cause of changes, followed by social factors and ecological factors. Economic criteria selected by respondents as the most important priority for activities in Belawan Watershed could not be separated from economic activities that were aligned with spatial development. This certainly influenced the basis of economic or financial considerations to convert agricultural land into non-agricultural use either for residential, offices, and other facilities. In order to mitigate climate change in Belawan Watershed, it is expected that the role of all stakeholders, especially local governments should be improved so that changes in land cover can be minimized.

  Keywords: AHP, Belawan Watershed, climate change, GIS, mitigation

  

INTRODUCTION

  Interaction between people and land may cause land use change that potentially give large negative impact on the continuity of that resource. To prevent the negative impact of land use change, it is necessarry to monitor the changes in land by managing these land resources in the future with a good plan and optimizing the benefits of sustainable land resource.

  Belawan Watershed is located across Deli Serdang District (area of 38,029 ha (93.23%)) and Medan City (area of 2,760 ha (6.77%)). Given the importance of land use for life, it is necessary to study land use, especially in watershed areas which is supposed to prevent land degradation The remote sensing technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) will provide convenience in monitoring land cover change and to support management effort of these resources sustainability. Analysis of factors causing changes in land cover using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) can provide several solutions in Belawan Watershed to improve the situation. Therefore, research on Analysis of Land Cover Change in Belawan Watershed for 2000-2011 periods is necessary. Among the

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated

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2 International Conference on Tropical Biology “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges, Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  83% of the total watershed Belawan is included located in Deli Serdang district ., whereas

  the largest districts in the district of Deli Serdang is in This Belawan Watershed in Deli Serdang has the largest is the in Dd istrict in Kutalimbaru with total area almost 27% extent out of 83% of the total watershed Belawan Deli Serdang. Meanwhile , districts included in Belawan Watershed the smallest area is the in District Namorambe District

with only 0.02% (5 ha ) of the total area . Commented [H1]: Please make a clear simple sentence.

  Actually what do you want to say here? Just write a standard

  Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Belawan Watershed used land use data from English. 2000 and 2011 (11 years period). The data were obtained based on the results of previous year’s data available in the Central Forest Area Consolidation (BPKH), Ministry of Forestry, i.e. data from2011 can be used as a comparison to each interval data from the last five to six years. Analysis of extensive changes in land cover in Belawan Watershed in 2000-2011 can be obtained by comparing the area and the changes that occurred in 2000 and 2011. Land use changes in Medan City are important to be studied because the land use change will affect the climate change in Medan City. In North Sumatra, research on land use had been carried out (Rahmawaty et al., 2011; Onrizal, 2010). This study aimed to analyze land cover changes in Belawan Watershed from 2000 to 2011 and to analyze the factors causing land cover changes in Belawan Watershed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

  This study was conducted from March to August 2013 in Belawan Watershed (Fig.1). Data collection was conducted from March to April 2013, and the data analysis was conducted from May to August 2013. Data processing was performed at the Laboratory of Integrated Forest Management Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, North Sumatra University.

  Belawan Watershed is located across Deli Serdang District and Medan City. The total area of Deli Serdang is 83 % of the watershed area Belawan and 10.04 % of the total area of Medan. Sub-districts included in the region of Deli Serdang District of Hamparan Perak, Kutalimbaru, Namorambe, Pancurbatu, Sibolangit, and sunggal. The area of Medan are Medan District of Helvetia, Medan Belawan , Medan Marelan , Medan Selayang , Sunggal Medan and Medan Tuntungan. The area of each district included in the watershed areas Belawan. Belawan Watershed is located mostly across the city of Medan and Deli Serdang district with an area of 40,235.36 ha. The location of this study is in Belawan Watershed which is administered mostly in Deli Serdang and Medan. Geographically, Belawan Watershed is located at 98° 29'47.868" E-98° 42' 35,496" E and 03° 50' 23 676'-03° 15' 24 036" LU (Fig.1).

  Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated

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2 International Conference on Tropical Biology “Ecological Restoration in Southeast Asia: Challenges,

Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  Belawan Watershed Map

  Figure 1: Study site map The Geographic Information System (GIS) with overlay technique was used to analyze land use changes. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with questionnaires and interview was used to determine the cause of changes and the factors driving the changes in land use. Field observations were also made to the biophysical conditions due to changes in land use. Computing the decrease or increase of land use change in area was conducted by Microsoft Office Excel. Land use change maps were derived from maps of different years of acquisition by using geoprocessing analysis by overlaying two thematic layers resulting from year

  ’s interpretation. XTool extension in ArcView was used to analyze changes. Microsoft Excel software supported the conversion of the tabulated data into a dbf IV format. The ArcView was used in converting the tabulated data into shape files and the merging of the different themes through the geoprocessing wizard.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  People ’s demand for land is marked by people’s need to own a residence, place of business and transportation. People

  ’s needs are always increasing with the development of a region. Almost every zone in Watershed Belawan which does not fit with the increasing of people

  ’s need is threatened with extinction Space utilization in Land Use Change Assessment as an Effort to Mitigate Climate Change in Belawan Watershed Using Integrated

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Gains, and Future Directions ”, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor-INDONESIA, 12-13 OCTOBER 2015

  Belawan Watershed needs to be regulated by government agencies to maintain ecosystem sustainability.

  Land cover in Watershed Belawan can generally be classified into twelve types i.e. primary dry forest, scrub, plantation, dry land agriculture, dry land agriculture mix, settlement, clearing, body of water, secondary mangrove forests, ponds, shrub swamps and rice paddies. Table 1 lists broad types of land cover in 2000, and 2011. Changes of land cover classification data from 2000 to 2011 was obtained by comparing the land cover in 2000 and 2011 to obtain land cover of the predetermined interval. Furthermore, the classification results provided data of any changes in the area to obtain land cover change from 2000 and 2011, which was quite extensive (Table 1).