Biofiltrasi Menggunakan KulturSaccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC9763 dan Ragi Kering Instan dengan Media Komposit Karbon aktif dan Onggok untuk Mengurangi gas ammonia pada Industri Karet

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  

Biofiltrasi Menggunakan KulturSaccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC9763 dan Ragi

Kering Instan dengan Media Komposit Karbon aktif dan Onggok untuk

Mengurangi gas ammonia pada Industri Karet

  

Winda Marthalia dan Devi Oktiani

Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Bandar Lampung Jl. By Pass Soekarno Hatta KM.1 Rajabasa Bandar Lampung Indonesia Telp. 0721-706353

e-mail: winda_agawa@yahoo.com

  

ABSTRAK

  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan alternatif penyelesaian permasalahan bau amonia pada industri karet. Biofiltrasi dalam skala laboratorium menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 dan khamir kering instan menggunakan media campuran karbon aktif dan onggok (limbah padat industri tapioka) digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar amonia di udara. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh jumlah inokulum terhadap efektivitas penurunan kadar amonia. Penelitian in membandingkan antara penggunaan isolat Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763dan ragi kering instan yang mengandung Saccharomyces cerevisiae yang ada di pasaran. Dilakukan pengujian terhadap kadar amonia udara setelah proses biofiltrasi. Dilakukan penjerapan udara yang telah melewati kolom biofiltrasi menggunakan larutan asam sulfat dan selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran kadar amonia pada larutan penjerap menggunakan metoda indofenol secara spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah inokulum ragi yang digunakan maka semakin efektif penurunan amonia. Ragi kering instan lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan kultur

  

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763.Saccharomyces cerevisiae baik dalam bentuk kultur murni

maupun dalam bentuk instan dapat menurunkan kadar amonia di udara.

  Kata kunci: Amonia, kultur Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, ragi instan, onggok, karbon aktif.

  137 Biofiltrasi Menggunakan KulturSaccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC9763 dan Ragi Kering Instan

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BiofiltrationwithCultureof Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 andInstant

Dried Yeast withComposite Media ofActivated Carbon andTapioca Solid Waste

for ReductionofAmmonia Gas in Rubber Industry

  

Winda Marthalia and Devi Oktiani

Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Bandar Lampung Jl. By Pass Soekarno Hatta KM.1 Rajabasa Bandar Lampung Indonesia Telp. 0721-706353

e-mail: winda_agawa@yahoo.com

  

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to give the alternative solution related to ammonia gas odor in

rubber industry. Biofiltration in laboratory scale with the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ATCC 9763 and instant dried yeast with activated carbon and tapioca solid waste as media applied

for the reduction of ammonia content in air. This research analyzed the effect of yeast inoculums

volume on ammonia reduction. This research compared culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC

9763 and instant dried yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which commonly sold in the market.

Ammonia gas in outlet from biofiltration process was absorbed in sulfuric acid solution, and

ammonia content was analyzed based on indophenol method using spectrophotometry. The result

indicated that the number of yeast increases the effectiveness of ammonia reduction. The instant

dried yeast is more effective than culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763. Saccharomyces

cerevisiae in culture formula and instant dried yeast can be used for lowering ammonia content in

the air.

  

Keywords: Ammonia, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 culture, instant dried yeast, tapioca

solid waste, activated carbon.

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  INTRODUCTION

  Indonesia is one of the natural rubber production and exporting country. Indonesia produces natural rubber intermediate products includes ribbed smoked sheets (RSS), air dried sheets (ADS), block rubber, crepe rubber, crumb rubber, and concentrated rubber latex. The production process of these products causes water and air pollution. The air pollution, especially the ammonia (NH

  3 ) odor,

  arises from the production process and waste water. The manufacturing and storage process emit various gases, vapors, fumes, and aerosols due to the leaching out of chemicals and high temperature vulcanization (Jagadaleetal., 2015).

  There are two variety of rubber sheet, RSS and ADS, its production process causes odor. The main difference of ADS and RSS is in the drying process, ADS exploits air, while RSS uses smokes (Dasetal., 2016). The main environment problem in the rubber sheet industry is the smoke from fuel wood burning which caused by the presence of hazardous components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, while in the rubber latex industry, the waste water and the odor arises from ammonia used for latex preservation (Tekasakul & Tekasakul, 2006). In rubber glove industry the problem is the wastewater which is treated in the same way in rubber latex industry. The latex is usually treated with 0.2% or 0.7% ammonia solution. The ammonia solution added to the rubber latex is the source of a strong ammonia smell (Tekasakul & Tekasakul, 2006).

  Ammonia is a colorless, toxic, reactive, and corrosive gas with a prickly odor. Ammonia vapor is an irritant to the eyes and the respiratory tract, and acute exposure to high concentration can cause death (Ganduetal., 2015). Previous studies about ammonia in air concerned about its odor, environmental acidification, and pollution of ground and surface water because of its high deposition velocity (Nanda etal., 2012). Ammonia, quantitatively, is the largest emission from agricultural operations (Anejaetal., 2008).

  According to the ministry of environment’s regulation,

the ammonia content in air should be less than 2 ppm (KLH, 1996). The traditional methods for

treatment of ammonia are based on physical and chemical processes. Recently, biological process

has received much attention (Gandu etal., 2015). When ammonia is discharged into open

atmosphere, the odor mitigated within short distance through dispersion and dilution (Joshi etal.,

2000).

  A biofilter is a column filled with the porous and humid packing material and indigenous microorganisms or inoculated microorganisms that are able to degrade pollutants to the filter bed media (Chetpattananondh etal., 2005). Biofilter is widely used for odor and air pollution treatment, with high flow rates and pollutant concentration less than 1000 ppm (Zhuetal.,2016). Air pollutants are degraded by several microorganisms; these are bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes.

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  In gas biofiltration, the contaminated gas pass through biofilter, the pollutants are transported into the biofilm where they are utilized by microbes as a carbon source, or an energy source, or both. The organic contaminants are converted to odorless compounds such as CO

  2 , water vapor, and

  organic biomass (Chan, 2006). Biofiltration is classified into open or closed and vertical or horizontal by gas flow direction (Chen & Hoff, 2009). This research was applied in laboratory scale vertical open biofilter. The success of biofilter used for controlling odors is based on absorption and regeneration process (Chen & Hoff, 2009). Odor gasses, passing through a biofilter, are absorbed on the surface of the biofilter medium particles.

  The performance of biofiltration depends on the medium that provide the optimal environment conditions for the growth or living of microbial population. A good filter material should have a large surface area, high water retention capacity without becoming saturated, low bulk density, high porosity, structural integrity, and a buffer capacity towards acidification and high contaminant loads (Chan, 2006).

  The quality of the filter media has been reported as one of the key factors in biofilter performance. Composite based media has been extensively used because of its cheap price and has several microbial communities for degrading various pollutants (Pagans, Font, & Sanchez, 2007).

  The choice and preparation of a proper inoculums to obtain a healthy population of microorganisms is a fundamental for successful biofilter operation (Chan, 2006). When treating a gas mixture with many components, different microbial species are active, and it is difficult to anticipate the biofilter treatment result. Microorganisms with various substrates will convert the easily degradable compounds at the inlet of the filter. The contaminants must be biodegradable and non-toxic for the microbes. The highly soluble organic compounds with simple bond structures are easy to remove compare to inorganic compounds (Chan, 2006).

  The following are previous studies about biofiltration. The bacteria used in biofiltration, in example Nitrosomonas europea(Chung, Ho, & Tseng, 2007), Nitrosomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp.,

  

Nitrosomonassp. for biofiltration (Kimet al., 2015), Planctomycetes for biofiltration (Keuter, 2011),

Thiobacillus sp. (Kim etal., 2003), active sludge (Lebreroetal., 2011), gas phase compost biofilter

  (Maiaetal., 2012). Various media and packing bed used in biofiltration in example, ceramic beads and molasses with bacterial consortium (Pseudomonas sp., Nitrosomonas sp., Nitrobacter sp.) (Muter etal., 2014), microbial soil in biofiltration (Nelson & Bohn, 2011). The industrial waste which contains organics and nutrients can be used as media or substrate, as an example commercial fertilizer or secondary effluent can be used as nutrient supply (Rattanapan & Ounsaneha, 2012).

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  The application of biofiltration in industry: the application of ammonia gas reduction in livestock farm (Jinanan & Leungprasert, 2015), the application of biofiltration in cattle manure and rice husk mixture (Kavyashree, Ramya, Sanjay, Chandan, Shilpa, & Rashmi, 2015), the biofilter packed with mixed of top soil and rubber leaves at crumb rubber industry (Yanietal., 2012). Previous studies about yeast in biofiltration, yeast for metal removal (Fogarty, 1998),

  

Saccharomyces cerevisiae for metal removal(Norris & Kelly, 1977), yeast biofilter and abattoir

wastewater (Rabahetal., 2011).

  The biological treatment techniques for odor control have gained popularity in comparison to traditional physical and chemical removal methods (Gopal etal., 2014). Biological treatment is an attractive alternative for low concentration gas streams because of its low energy consumption, relatively moderate operating cost, and minimal by-products generation (Kumaretal., 2011). Biofiltration is advantageous because it does not require large amounts of energy during operations and produce a relatively low toxicity waste stream (Kumar etal., 2013).

  MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials

  Biofilter media was powder activated carbon and cassava solid waste. Cassava solid waste was collected from the tapioca industry. This experiment compared two different yeast, culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 9763 and instant dried yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiaethat sold in the market and commonly used in bakery.

  Ammonia gas in this experiment was generated from Ammonia glacial 85% produced by MERCK. The chemical materials for analysis of ammonia content in biofilter gas outlet and chamber included sodium nitropruside (Na Fe(CN) NO.2H O 2%, sodium hydroxide 6.75M, sodium

  2

  5

  2

  hypochlorite 3.7%, phenol (C H OH) 45% v/v, buffer (50 gr Na PO .12H O and 74 mL, NaOH

  6

  5

  3

  4

  2

  6.75 M diluted to 1000 mL), ammonia stock solution (3.18 gr NH

  4 Cl diluted to 1000 mL with

  distilled water). The air sampler absorbent made from sulfuric acid, the 3 mL sulfuric acid 97% diluted to 1000 mL. The material based on SNI 19-7119.1-2005 (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2005).

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  Glassware, analytical laboratory equipment, and experiment tools

  Biofilter columns made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, 3 cm in diameter, and 20 cm in height. The columns or pipes are opened in the upper end so that it is possible to come into constant with the air contaminated with ammonia which represented the environment air. The lower end of the columns or pipes are closed with the small hole which enough for the hose connecting the gas outlet with the impinge air sampler.

  Impinge air sampler, a set consists of 5 individual air samplers, each air sampler includes pump 0.5, flow regulator, rotameter impinge for absorbent, and impinge for humidifier. Range of air sampler was 0.5 – 3 L/minutes.

  Glassware for analytical testing included erlenmeyer flask, pipette, volumetric flask, magnetic stirrer, and petri dishes. UV visible spectrophotometer is needed for measure ammonia content.

  Methods Starter yeast culture yeast preparation

  This experiment compared two different yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 9763 and instant dried yeast. Preparation Saccharomyces: 1 ose Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 9763culture added to 100 mL potato dextrose broth (PDB) media, incubated for 24 hours in 25°C. Preparation of instant dried yeast: 1 gram of instant dried yeast added to 100 mL potato dextrose broth (PDB) media, incubated for 24 hours in 25°C.

  Calculated the colony number of yeast

• 9 1 mL starter yeast mixed with 9 mL Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) and then diluted to 10 times.

  1 mL of each diluted culture transferred to 20 mL potato dextrose agar (PDA) media and then incubated for 2 x 24 hours in temperature 25°C. The colony number of yeast calculated with counting chamber.

  The composit of media and yeast

  There are four volume variations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 culture and instant dried yeast as a variable in this experiment: 0 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL. 10 gr of cassava solid

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  waste added to each sample (four variations and two types of Saccharomyces cerevisiae), then incubated for 12 hours. Activated carbon is added to each sample and then homogenized. The composite is transferred into biofilter column.

  The Analysis of ammonia content

  Ammonia concentration from the outlet gas biofilter was measured by indophenol testing method based on SNI 19-7119.1-2005 (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2005).

  Experimental Design

  The objective of this experiment is to measure the outlet gas from 4 different composition of biofilter with four volume variations of yeast. There are five biofilter columns (A-E) with different biofilter composition.

  P-6 _P-4

_P-2

Column Biofilter A-E

  Ammonia gas _P-10 Ammonia liquid _P-9 Impinger

  Impinger Ammonia contains Contains humidifier Absorbent (silica gel) (sulfuric acid)

  A-E _{P-7 P-3} A-E

Figure 1. Scheme of laboratory scale for biofiltration system

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  Biofilter composition Table 1. Column Media Yeast Volume (mL)

• A B Cassaca solid waste + activated carbon C Cassaca solid waste + activated carbon

  10 D Cassaca solid waste + activated carbon

  15 E Cassaca solid waste + activated carbon

  20 Column A, column without media and bacteria, represents the air in the environment

  without biofiltration, the contaminated ammonia air. The biofiltration process was operated for 90 minutes simultaneously for A-E in a chamber. Five impinge air sampler connected to biofilter gas outlet (Figure 1), one impinger for each biofilter column. Ammonia in chamber generated from liquid ammonia solution. Gas outlet was absorbed with sulfuric acid in impinge. The ammonia absorbed was measured with indophenol methods based on SNI 19-7119.1-2005.

  This research investigated the effect of microbial colony number which represents as inoculums yeast volume on ammonia removal. The target of the biofiltration was that gas outlet contains low ammonia, less than 2 ppm. The ammonia content of air in the chamber was conditioned between 3-4 ppm by generating ammonia gas form liquid ammonia, this number represents the common ammonia content in process and storage room rubber industry.

  The experiment design included 5 biofilter columns: 1 column without biofiter (media) which represents air without biofiltration process, and four columns which different in inoculums bacteria volume (0 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL). The media in this biofilter was 10 gram activated carbon and 10 gram of cassava waste. The reason of choosing cassava waste as media was because it contains carbon and nutrient for yeast and it is a natural mateial, low price resource, available in a big quantity.

  The air flow was set in 1 L/ minute based on the National Standard method of ambient air sampling (SNI 19-7119.1-2005). The 1 L/minute represents the outdoor wind velocity which mitigates air in outdoor environment or ambient air.

  The finding indicates that the volume of inoculum bacteria has an effect on ammonia absorption (Table 2). The ammonia concentration decreases as the additional volume of yeast. The result indicates that yeast is effective for reducing ammonia in air.

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Table 2. Ammonia in gas outlet using Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 9763

Column Ammonia in gas outlet (ppm) Ammonia reduction (%)

A

  3.64 B

  3.64

  0.12 C

  3.24

  11.19 D

  2.56

  33.44 E

  1.88

  54.33 Table 3. Ammonia in gas outlet using instant dried yeast

Column Ammonia in gas outlet (ppm) Ammonia reduction (%)

  A

  3.65 B

  3.61

  1.07 C

  2.85

  22.20 D

  2.09

  54.88 E

  1.41

  78.65 Table 4. The number of yeast colony in biofilter after biofiltration process

Column Saccharomyces CerevisiaeATCC 9763 Instant Dried Yeast

  8

  8 B 1.59 x 10 1.72 x 10

  9

  9 C 1.62 x 10 1.84 x 10

  9

  9 D 2.40 x 10 2.70 x 10

  9

  9 E 3.10 x 10 3.21 x 10

  In this biofilter system, the effectiveness of ammonia removal is affected by number or volume yeast added, while activated carbon has no significant effect on ammonia removal. There is no significant difference between ammonia content in experiment A and experiment B. The function of cassava solid waste in this system is not as ammonia absorber, but as carbon source and nutrient for bacteria and as water absorbent for maintaining moisture content, as water content has effect on biofilter effectiveness.

  The chamber temperature in this experiment was 35°C, it represents the natural temperature of room in rubber industry, this experiment held on optimum temperature. The instant dried yeast can be applied in the biofilter, especially in the warm tropical country without temperature conditioning. The biofiltration in this experiment effectively reduced the ammonia content below 2 ppm. The Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 9763 was not effective for reducing ammonia compared to instant dried yeast, maybe because it cannot grow optimally in the experiment temperature 35°C, while the instant dried yeast is processed to be applied in the warm temperature.

  CONCLUSION 145

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  146 Biofiltrasi Menggunakan KulturSaccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC9763 dan Ragi Kering Instan

  Biofiltration with instant dry yeast and the composite media of activated carbon and cassava solid waste can be used for ammonia gas removal. The instant dried yeast is more applicable for the biofilter system than Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763culture.

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