Biofiltrasi Gas Amonia Menggunakan Nitrosomonas Sp. dan Nitrobacter Sp. untuk Industri Karet

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  

Biofiltrasi Gas Amonia Menggunakan Nitrosomonas Sp. dan Nitrobacter Sp.

untuk Industri Karet

  

Devi Oktiani dan Winda Marthalia

Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Bandar Lampung Jl. By Pass Soekarno Hatta KM.1 Rajabasa Bandar Lampung Indonesia Telp. 0721-706353

e-mail: divya_de_vi@yahoo.com

  

ABSTRAK

  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari efektivitas campuran bakteri Nitrosomonas sp. dan

  

Nitrobacter sp. untuk menghilangkan amonia di udara. Biofilter skala laboratorium yang

  ditambahkan dengan bakteri Nitrosomonas sp dan Nitrobacter sp. digunakan untuk menguraikan

  

amonia di udara. Karbon aktif dan serabut kelapa digunakan sebagai filter media. Penelitian ini

menganalisis pengaruh jumlah koloni bakteri terhadap pengurangan amonia. Dilakukan pengujian

konsentrasi amonia dari gas buang kolom biofiltrasi menggunakan metoda indofenol berdasar SNI

  19-7119.1-2005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi positif antara jumlah koloni bakteri dengan pengurangan amonia. Sebanyak 20 mL inokulum bakteri yang mengandung

  8

  1.78x10 koloni bakteri efektif untuk menurunkan amonia dari 3.66 ppm menjadi 0.26 ppm dalam

  3 0.087 m .L udara.

  Kata kunci: Amonia, serabut kelapa, Nitrosomonas sp., Nitrobacter sp.

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  

Ammonia Gas Biofiltration by Nitrosomas Sp. and Nitrobacter Sp. for Rubber

Industry

Devi Oktiani and Winda Marthalia

  Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Bandar Lampung Jl. By Pass Soekarno Hatta KM.1 Rajabasa Bandar Lampung Indonesia Telp. 0721-706353

e-mail: divya_de_vi@yahoo.com

  

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of bacteria consortium of

Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. for ammonia removal in air. The laboratory scale biofilter,

inoculated with Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. Bacteria, was used for degradation of

ammonia in air. Activated carbon and cocopeat were used as the filter media. This study analyzed

the effect of bacteria colony number on ammonia reduction. The ammonia concentration of gas

outlet biofiller columns were analyzed by indophenol methods based on SNI 19-7119.1-2005. The

result indicated that there is a positive correlation of bacteria colony number andammonia

  8

reduction. The 20 mL of bacteria inoculum contains 1.78 x 10 colony/mL is effective for reducing

  3 ammonia from 3.66 ppm to 0.26 ppm in 0.087 m air.

  Keywords: Ammonia, cocopeat, Nitrosomonas sp., Nitrobacter sp.

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  INTRODUCTION

  Ammonia (NH ) odor arises from the production process and waste water in rubber industry,

  3

  it may cause eye irritation and respiratory tract and in high concentration can cause death (Gandu et

  

al ., 2015). Ammonia has high deposition velocity which makes it easy to spread (Nanda etal.,

  2012). It spreads in short distance through dispersion and dilution (Joshi etal., 2000). In Indonesia,

  

there is a regulation from the ministry of environment related to odor intensity which mention that

ammonia concentration in air should be less than 2 ppm (KLH 1996). The correlation between odor

intensity and ammonia concentration is linear (Jinanan & Leungprasert, 2015).

  The natural rubber intermediate products produced by Indonesia are rubber sheets, block rubber, crepe rubber, crumb rubber, and concentrated rubber latex. The rubber sheet is classified as ribbed smoked sheets (RSS) and air dried sheets (ADS). The air pollution in rubber industry is from various gases, vapors, fumes, and aerosols due to the leaching out of chemicals and high temperature vulcanization (Jagadale et al., 2015). The air pollution of rubber sheet production is caused by smoke of fuel wood burning which contains hazardous components, while the air pollution of rubber latex industry is caused by waste water and ammonia odor from latex preservation(Tekasakul & Tekasakul, 2006).The latex is usually treated with 0.2% or 0.7% ammonia solution during the production which causes a strong ammonia odor(Tekasakul & Tekasakul, 2006).The ammonia concentration in rubber storage warehouse can be so high to 11 ppm (Yani etal., 2012).

  The commonmethods for ammonia removal are based on physical and chemical processes,

however there is much attention on biofiltration which includes biological process recent

years(Gandu etal., 2015; Gopal etal., 2014). The main equipment in biofiltration is biofilter,it is a

  column filled with the porous and humid packing materials and microorganisms that is able to converttargeted pollutants into less hazard or less toxic materials (Chetpattananondh etal., 2005).

  Gas phase biofilter can be applied for high and low air flow rates with pollutant concentration less than 1000 ppm (Zhuetal., 2016). However, there is a previous study which mention that there is a reduction on ammonia removal when the gas contains high ammonia concentration (more than

  3

  2000 mg NH

  3 /m ) (Pagans etal., 2005). It is in accordance with previous study that mention biofiltration good for low concentration gas pollutant (Kumaretal., 2011).

  There are twosimultaneous processes in biofiltration, the chemicals process (absorbtion/adsorbtion) and biological process (biological oxidation/biodegradation) in pollutant removal scheme (Chen & Hoff, 2009). The pollutants diffuse from the gas into the thin layer

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  biofilm of microorganisms(Kavyashree, et al., 2015). The microorganisms use the targeted pollutants as a carbon source, or an energy source, or both. The microorganisms convert the targeted pollutants to odorless, less toxic, and less hazard compounds such as CO

  2 , water vapor, and

  organic biomass (Chan, 2006). Each microorganism has certain characteristics on pollutant conversion.

  The advantages of biofiltration are the system needs a relatively low capital and operating cost, it requires small amounts of energy during operations, and it produces a relatively low toxicity waste stream (Kumaret al., 2013; Nanda etal., 2012). This biological treatment can be conducted at moderate temperature (10°-40°C) and atmospheric pressure (Barbunsinski et al., 2017). The major limitations of biofiltration arethe necessities of large space and frequent media replacement due to the deterioration of media (Chan, 2006). Biofilter can be used for two to seven years (Yani etal., 2013), it depends on the materials and pollutants.

  A biofilter system consists of packed material, filter media, and microorganisms. The media and microorganisms should be selected according to the targeted contaminant to be removed

  Packed material

  There are organic and inorganic biofilter packed material. The example of inorganic packed material commonly used is polyvinyl sulfonate. It has lowerabsorptivity thanorganic material (Soccol , et al., 2003). The organic material is not durablebecause of the reaction of the organic content as a supplement of alternative food source for the microbes (Soreanuetal., 2013).

  Microorganism

  The choice of species and preparation methods of a proper inoculum microorganisms is important in biofiltration (Chan, 2006). The targeted pollutants must be able to be converted to different compounds by selected microorganisms and non-toxic for the microorganisms. The high soluble organic compounds are easier to be converted than inorganic compounds (Chan, 2006). Ammonia is an easy converted organic compound.

  There are several choice of microorganisms used in biofiltration includes bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes. Bacteria has ability to convert air contaminant faster than fungus and actinomycetes (Estrada etal., 2013).Bacteria activity is affected by moisture content, pH, nutrient, and temperature (Pagans etal., 2005). Each species requires certain working condition.

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  This research was applied nitrification and denitrification process to convert ammonium pollutant. There are two steps of nitrification of ammonium into nitrate, this step should be under aerobic condition. The nitrification is faster in mixed culture than in pure culture bacteria(Kumar, et al., 2013). The first nitrification step is oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria,

  2NH

  4 + 3O 2  2NO 2 - + 2H

2 O +4H

  The second step is oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by nitrite oxidation bacteria,

  2NO + O  2NO (Bardskar, Monitoring of denitrifying activities in moving bed biofilm

  2

  2

  3 reactors with an ex-situ manometric batch teast (Master Thesis) 2016).

  Nitrification involves bacteria species from the Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, and Nitrosolobus genus (Pramaniketal., 2012).This process occurs in the biofilm of microorganisms(Leson and Winer, Biofiltration: an innovative air pollution control technology for

  VOC emissions 2012). The additional organic and inorganic compound can be used as carbon or energy source, it has good effect on nitrification process(Rodriguez-Sanchez, et al., 2014).After nitrification, there is denitrification process.

  NO

  3 + C x H y O z  N 2 + CO 2 +7 H

2 O + OH (Bardskar, Monitoring of denitrifying activities in moving bed biofilm reactors with an ex-situ manometric batch teast (Master Thesis) 2016).

  The denitrification process can be in aerobic or anaerobic condition (Bardskar, Monitoring of denitrifying activities in moving bed biofilm reactors with an ex-situ manometric batch teast (Master Thesis) 2016). The denitrification process involves Nitrobacter bacteria. The stoichiometric relationship depends on the carbon sources (C x H y O z ). The end products of this process are CO

  2 ,

  water, and microbial biomass (Leson and Winer, Biofiltration: an innovative air pollution control technology for VOC emissions 2012).

  The previous studies about ammonia gas biofitration mentioned thatthe ammonia removal by nitrification could be achieved by adding the peat or media with nitrifying bacteria (Togashi et al., 1986),Nitrosomonas europeais effective for removing ammoniaup to 100% with the maximum degradation rate 2.35 g N/day (Chungetal., 2007), the mix culture ofPseudofulvimonas and

  

Nitrosomonas is effective for removing ammonia up to 100% (Kimetal.,2015), and Thiobacillus sp.

  3 removes ammonia with critical rate 25 g/m h (Kim, et al., 2003).

  This research usedNitro-bac as nitrifying microorganism. Nitro-bac is a liquid blend of

  14

  nitrifying bacteria of the strains Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. contains 2x10 CFU/kg

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  bacteria. The nitro-bac is specifically developed for aerobic wastewater treatment. In this research, this consortium bacteria was applied in the gas phase biofiltration with the main target for ammonia removal. The optimum growth and living condition for this bacteria is in pH 6.5

• – 8.5 and temperature 8°C
• – 44°C. The main concern of this research is to investigate the optimum composition of media and bacteria for ammonia removal in gas phase biofiltration.

  Filter material and media

  The choice of filter material is based on price, lifetime, and structure (Pedersen, 2012). One criteria of structure is pore uniformity, it has effect on biofilter flow and efficiency (Soccol , et al., 2003). The filter medium should be good for microbial growth and easy for gas to flow through it (Utamietal., 2012). The material should be large in surface area, high in porosity, high in water retention capacity without becoming saturated and low in bulk density. The media should has a buffer capacity towards acidification and high contaminant volume to maintain pH in optimum working condition(Chan, 2006).

  The media can be a natural organic or an inert synthetic media. The organic media, commonly used in biofiltration, are compost, peat, leaves, soil and wood chips (Sorial et al., 2001).Compost is commonly used because of its cheap price and it contains microbial communities for degrading various pollutants (Pagansetal., 2007). The inert materials in biofiltration are glass beads, perlite, and porous ceramics. The main different characteristic is the inert material is difficult to compact, while the organic is easy to compact(Tsang, Wang, et al., biodegradation of ammonia in biofiltration systems: changes of metabolic products and microbial communities 2017). The medium has effect on biofiltration performance because it provides the optimal environment condition for microbial growth or living.

  There are advantage and the disadvantage of each support media. This research used the composite of cocopeat and activated carbon as media. The advantages of peat are cheap price, suitable for low contaminant concentration, and suitable for commercial technology. The disadvantages are: prone to channeling, limited ability to neutralize acid degradation, low degradation capacity, and limited supply of macronutrients. It is humid and frequent media replacement is needed. The advantages of activated carbon are high adsorption capacity, available for high contaminant, and high degradation capacity. The disadvantages are its higher cost compare to soil, peat, and compost and it is eventually plugging of bed requiring cleaning or media replacement (Yani etal., 2013).

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017 Working condition

  The pH, moisture, nutrients, and temperature have an effect on biofiltration. Each microorganism needs specific pH and temperature for the optimum growth or living. Most of the biofilter microorganisms performed well in the mesophilic temperature range (20 -45°C), with the optimum temperature range 35-37°C (Chan, 2006).

  Moisture content is one important factor that determines biofilter performance.It haseffect on ammonia mitigation and nitrous oxide generation(Yang, 2013). It influences the efficiency of the biofilter and pressure drop across the filter medium.The optimum operational moisture content in the biofilter is between 40% - 60%(Shahmansouri etal., 2005). Sheridan (2002) suggested that the filter bed moisture content should be greater than 63% to maintain overall efficiency, while other study mention that the optimum humidity is 60%-80% (Zagorskis & Leksaitis, 2011).

  MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of biofilter materials

  Biofilter column is a cylindrical polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe having a diameter 3 cm and a height 20cm. The columns are opened in the upper end which connected to ambient air environment within the chamber. The lower end of the columns are closed and equipped with the hose connected to the impinge air sampler for ammonia testing.

  Biofilter media is the composite of 10 g powder activated carbon and 10 g cocopeat. Cocopeat in this experiment is cocopeat as growing media culture commonly sold in the market.

  Preparation of nitrifying bacteria

  Biofilter nitrifying bacteria in this experiment was the Nitrobac, it was the consortium

  14

  ofNitrosomonas sp.and Nitrobacter sp.bacteria. 1 kg Nitrobac contains 2x10 CFU bacteria. In this experiment, 0.5 gram nitrobac was added to 500 mL distilled water and then incubated in 35-37°C

  incubator for 24 hours.

  Enrichment of nitrifying bacteria The incubated nitrifying bacteria 0 -20 mL (Table 1) were added to 10 g cocopeat for 6 hours.

  After 6 hours, activated carbon were added to each sample and then homogenized. The composite media were transferred into biofilter column.

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  Biofilter experimental setup

  The biofilter was connected to impinge air sampler. There were 5 sets impinge air samplers, each set equipped with an impinge for gas adsorption, an impinge for dehumidifier, air flow regulator, rotameter, and air suction pump. The regulatory knobwas controlled for produced 1 L/minute air suction flow.

  Gas Ammonia in this experiment was made from Ammonia glacial 85% produced by MERCK. Ammonia in chamber was generated from liquid ammonia solution.

  

Table 1. Biofilter composition

Column Media Volume bacteria (mL)

• A B Cocopeat + activated carbon C Cocopeat + activated carbon

  10 D Cocopeat + activated carbon

  15 E Cocopeat + activated carbon

  20 Experiment for ammonia biofiltration was carried out in a chamber. The experiments A-E

  were carried out simultaneously for 90 minutes. Experiment A represented the air contaminated ammonia without biofilter. After 90 minutes biofiltration process, the ammonia concentration in gas outlet was analyzed.

  Determination of ammonia gas

  Ammonia gas concentration was determined by Indophenol method based on SNI 19- 7119.1-2005 (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 19-7119.1-2005. Udara ambien- Bagian 1: Cara Uji kadar amoniak (NH3) dengan metoda indofenol menggunakan spektrofotometer 2005). Standard curve for ammonia was determined using NH

  4 Cl. The chemicals

  for the analysis were sodium nitropruside (Na Fe(CN) NO.2H O 2%, sodium hydroxide 6.75M,

  2

  5

  2

  sodium hypochlorite 3.7%, phenol (C

  6 H

  5 OH) 45% v/v, buffer (50 gr Na

  3 PO 4 .12H

  2 O and 74 mL

  NaOH 6.75 M in 1000 mL distilled water), ammonia stock solution (3.18 gr NH

  4 Cl in 1000 mL

  with distilled water). The air sampler absorption solution was made by dilution of 3 mL sulfuric acid 97% in 1000 mL distilled water (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 19-7119.1-2005. Udara ambien- Bagian 1: Cara Uji kadar amoniak (NH3) dengan metoda indofenol menggunakan spektrofotometer 2005).

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  AIR IN Dispersion of Ammonia in Air P-23 _{P-6 P-4 P-2 Biofilter} Column _A-E Ammonia gas _{P-10 P-18 P-19 P-20} Ammonia liquid _P-9 Impinger

  Impinger A-E Ammonia

  A-E Flow Regulator Sulfuric Acid _{P-7 (Silica Gel) P-3} Dehumidifier

  

Figure 1. Scheme of the laboratory scale biofiltration system in the chamber

  The sample was added with 2 mL buffer solution, 5 mL phenol solution, and 2.5 mL sodium hypochlorite solution. The sample were homogenized and allowed for 30 minutes color development. The color absorbance was measured using spectrophotometer at 630 nm.

  Determination of bacteria colony number

  Bacteria colony number was determined based on total plate count method. 1 mL of prepared bacteria was added to 9 mL Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) media. The mixture diluted to

  9

  10 times. Each diluted sample was pipetted 1 mL and transferred into 20 mL to plate count agar (PCA) media, and then incubated for 2 x 24 hours in 35-37 ° C incubator. The number of bacteria colony was calculated in counting chamber.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

  This research investigates the effect of microbial colony number on ammonia removal. The target of the biofiltration is the outletcontains low ammonia, less than 2 ppm. The ammonia in the chamber is conditioned between 3

• – 4 ppm which represents process and storage room of rubber industry. The air flow is set in 1 L/ minute based on the National Standard method of ambient air sampling (SNI 19-7119.1-2005). The 1 L/minute represents the outdoor wind velocity which

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet, dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  mitigates air in outdoor environment or ambient air. The flow total volume of air through each

  3 biofilter for 90 minutes is 87 L or 0.087 m .

  The experiment compared gas outlet from five biofilter columns.Column A is column without media which represents air without biofiltration process. Column B,C,D, and E are columns for representing biofiltration whith different bacteria volume (0 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL). The finding indicates that the volume of bacteria has effect on ammonia absorbtion (Table 2). The ammonia concentration in gas outlet decreases or the removed ammonia increases by the additional volume of bacteria. The result indicates that the consortium bacteria containing Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. is effective for reducing ammonia in air.

  In this biofilter system, the effectiveness of ammonia removal is affected by number or volume bacteria added, while activated carbon and cocopeat has no significant effect on ammonia removal. There is no significant difference between ammonia content in experiment A and experiment B. The function of cocopeat in this system is not as ammonia remover, but as carbon source and nutrient for bacteria and as water absorbent for maintaining moisture content. The cocopeat and activated carbon provide large surface area and maintain media porosity.

  

Tabel 2. Ammonia in gas outlet

Column Ammonia in gas outlet (ppm) Ammonia reduction (%)

A

3.66 B

  3.64

  0.62 C

  1.26

  65.71 D

  0.82

  77.47 E

  0.26

  93.01 Tabel 3. Bacteria number in biofilter after biofiltration process Column Bacteria number, CFU

  7 B 1.78 x 10

  8 C 1.8 x 10

  8 D 2.8 x 10

  8 E 3.72 x 10

  The chamber temperature in this experiment was 35 °

  C, it represents the natural temperature of warehouse and processing room in rubber industry. This temperature is suitable for bacterial growth and living. The optimum temperature of Nitrosomonas is 35°C and the optimum temperature of Nitrobacter is 35°C-42 ° C (Titiresmi and Sopiah 2006). The bacteria can be applied in the biofilter, especially in the warm tropical country without temperature conditioning. The

  Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kulit, Karet dan Plastik ke-6 Yogyakarta, 25 Oktober 2017

  number of bacteria after biofiltration process was determined (Table 3). The number indicated that the bacteria were living during the biofiltration process.

  The biofiltration process in this experiment is effective for reducing ammonia content to less than 2 ppm. The 20 ml inoculum bacteria contains 2 x 10

  8 CFU/ mL bacteria reduces ammonia

  content from 3.66 ppm to 0.26 ppm in 0.087 m

  3 air.

  CONCLUSION

  Gas phase biofiltration byNitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. bacteria with cocopeat as media and nutrient source effective for ammonia removal.

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