III.TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA

  

DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN

BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK

TUBUH HEWAN DAN

MAKANANNYA

DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN

BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK

TUBUH HEWAN DAN

MAKANANNYA

Komposisi Tubuh Ternak Variasi Tergantung Pada :

  1. Umur Ternak

  2. Kondisi Ternak

  3. Spesies

  4. Pakan yang diberikan

  Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*) Spesies

  40

  69

  21 19 3,2 86,8 13,2 Kelinci

  56

  12 36 2,6 82,4 17,6 Ayam

  49

  13 24 2,5 84,3 15,7 Babi. 100 kg

  60

  17 6 3,4 83,3 16,7 Babi. 30 kg

  73

  11 46 2,8 79,3 20,7 Babi. 8 kg

  16 5 4,4 78,2 21,8 Domba. gemuk

  Air Protein Lemak Abu BK bebas lemak Protein Abu

  74

  13 41 3,3 79,5 20,5 Domba. kurus

  43

  19 12 5,1 79,1 20,9 Sapi jantan. gemuk

  64

  18 10 4,0 81,6 18,4 Sapi jantan. kurus

  68

  19 3 4,1 82,2 17,8 Anaksapi. gemuk

  74

  Anak sapi, baru lahir

  18 8 4,8 79,1 20,9

Komposisi Tubuh Ternak Plasma darah 90-92% Urat Daging 72-78%

  1. Air Tulang 45% Email Gigi 5% Otot

  2. Protein Bulu i s Jaringan Lain h si u o

  Jaringan Adiposa b p

  3. Lemak u Organ Dalam Lain m T o K

  Glukosa

  4. Karbohidrat Glikogen Laktosa Ca 1,33% K 0,19%

Komposisi Pakan Ternak

  1. Rouhgage

  2. Konsentrat

  Kering Basah

  Asal hewan Asal nabati

  Nutrien Legume Non legume Biji2an Minyak Bv product

  Vitamin Mineral

  Antibiotik

  

Faktor yg Mempengaruhi

Kebutuhan Zat Makanan

  1. Spesies

  2. Umur

  3. Jenis Kelamin

  4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan

  5. Berat Badan

  6. Keadaan Fisiologi, dll

Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak Protein Murni Protein

  1. Air NPN BeTn n a BO Karbohidrat an SK ak M

  Sederhana at Lemak Z

  Majemuk Esensial

  2. BK

Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak AA esensial Protein Murni

  

AA semi esensial

AA non esensial

• Amin

  NPN

• AA bebas
• Urea

  Monosakarida BeTn Disakarida Polisakarida

• Selulosa

  Vit Larut Air

• Hemise-
• Polisakarida

  SK lulosa tak larut

• Lignin

  Asam lemak Sederhana Sterol

• Lemak netral

  Majemuk

• Posfolipid

  Zat Makanan

Nutrients- any food product that functions in the

support of life Six classes:

• – Water – Carbohydrates – Fats – Proteins – Minerals

Water

• Hydrogen + Oxygen • H O – Water = Moisture
₂ ↓ ↓ Drink Water in feed Functions:

  1. Metabolic reactions

  

2. Transporting nutrients and wastes

  3. Maintains temperature

  4. Major component of cell walls

  Carbohydrates

• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Primary function:
• – Source of energy
• Located in plant and animal tissues
• – Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains)

  Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates

  1. Monosaccharides

• – Glucose – Fructose – Galactose

  2. Disaccharides

• – Sucrose (Glucose + fructose)
• – Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

  Carbohydrates

  Complex carbohydrates

  1. Cellulose

• Ruminants require microbial fermentation to break down complex carbohydrates

Fats

• Also considered lipids
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Functions:
• – Energy

  Fats

• Sources:
• – Fats- solid at room temperature
• – Oils- liquid at room temperature
• – Saturated fats
• – Unsaturated fats
• Monounsaturated • Polyunsaturated

Fats

• Saturated fats C-C-C
• – Solid animal fats
• – Body can make
• Unsaturated fats C=C=C
• – Monounsaturated C-C=C-C
• One double bond
• – Polyunsaturated fats C=C=C
>Two or more double bonds
• Corn oil, Soybean oil

  Fats

• Dietary essential fatty acids
• – Linoleic •

  Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A,D,E,K

• – More of an issue in confinement fed animals
• Added to the diet for

  1) Reduce dust 2) Improve texture

Proteins

• • Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

• Chains of Amino Acids – Essential amino acids
• Must be provide through the diet

• • Ruminants add in microbial growth

• – Non-essential amino acids
• Required but the body can synthesize

  them Essential & Nonessential Amino Acids

• Essential AA’s
• Nonessential AA’s
• – Histidine – Arginine – Lysine – Isoleucine – Methionine – Leucine – Threonine – Valine – Phenylalanine – Tryptophan
>– Alanine – Asparganine – Aspertic acid
• – Cysteine – Cystine – Glutamic acid
• – Glutamine – Glycine – Hydroxyproline – Proline – Serine
Esensial

  Non Esensial

Semi Esensial

• H istidin
• A rginin
• L isin
• L eusin
• I soleusin
• M etionin
• V alin
• P henilalanin
• T riptoohan
• A lanin
• A sam Glutamat • A sam Aspartat • A sparagin
• G lisin
• G lutamin
• S erin
• P rolin
• H idroksi Prolin
• S istin
• H idroksilisin
• T irosin

  Protein

• Functions:
• – Building blocks
• – Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair
• – Blood

Minerals

• Macro minerals
• – Required in large amounts
• Micro minerals
• – Required in trace amounts
• – Trace minerals
Micro and Macro Minerals

• Microminerals
• Macrominerals
• – Chromium
• – Cal>– Cobalt
• – Cho>– Copper – Fluorine
• – Magne>– Iodine
• – Phosph>– Iron
• – Potas>– Manganese
• – So>– Molybdenum – Selenium
• – Su
• – Zinc
Vitamins

• Organic (contain carbon)
• Needed in small amounts
• Functions:
• – 16 vitamins
• – Interact and need with minerals

  Vitamins

• Sources
• – Fat soluble
• Synthesized by ruminants
• A, D, E, and K
• – Water soluble
>Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses, which takes place in cecum
• B vitamins and C

KLASIFIKASI BMT

  Didasarkan atas :

  1. A S A L  Tanaman : - Hijauan segar

• Hijauan kering
• Hijauan awetan (silase, hay)
• Jerami - Umbi-umbian
• Butir-butiran/biji-bijian (padi, legum)
• Kulit butir-butiran/biji-bijian
• Limbah pertanian, industri minyak tanah dan industri lain  Hewan : - ikan
• ternak / hewan lain

Classification of Feeds

  1. Hijauan Kering dan Jerami

  2. Hijauan Segar

  3. Silase

  4. Sumber Energy

  5. Sumber Protein

  6. Sumber Mineral

  7. Sumber Vitamin

  8. Non-nutritive additives

Dry forages and roughages

• 18% crude fiber, low TDN
• High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin
• Protein variable
• Harvest date critical
• Examples

  Dry forages and roughages

• Examples:
• – Legumes
• Alfalfa • 17% CP
• – Grass
• Native grass
• 12-13% CP
• – Other
• Stalks
• – Corn cob husks
• – Soybean hulls 11% CP
• – Cottonseed hulls

  

Pasture, range plants, and green forages

• Types:
• – Native
• 5,000 species
• – Cool / warm season
• Cool – Brome • Warm – Native
• – Small grains
• Wheat • Rye
• – Legumes

  

Pasture, range plants, and green forages

• Bloat:
• – Legumes cause excessive production of foams in the rumen
• – Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch)
• – Gases form causing bloat
• – Animals cant breath
• – Anti-frothing agents
• – Bloat guard in blocks/mineral

  Silages

• Variety of feed stuffs
• – Grasses – Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers
• – Grains~ corn, sorghum
• – Small Grains – ~ oats, rye

  Silages

• Storage results in fermentation
• – Anaerobic bacteria
• – Bacteria produce lactic acid
• Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower _o
• High levels of heat 80-100 F
• – Optimum moisture content
• 25-35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture • To dry will burn up
• Storage facilities
• – Bags, silos, bunkers

  Energy feeds

• <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP
• High in starch – grains
• Examples:
• – Corn, 9%CP
• – Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP
• – Oats 12%
• – Wheat, 14% CP

  Energy feeds

• Storage ~ very important
• Future
• – Grains that are high in needed trait
• – High levels of Lysine – Low Levels of Phosphorus

  Protein supplements

• Most critical, most expensive
• Function:
• – Building blocks
• Examples:
• – Animal – Plant

  Protein supplements

  Examples: – Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A.A.

• Meat -
• Blood - _80-90%
• Fish -
• Feather -
• – Plant origin
• Soybean meal- 44%
• By-products
• – Distillers grain - 25
• – Corn gluten - 25-30%
• – Soybean Hulls - – Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a.a.

  Mineral supplement Concentrated or blended – carriers

  1. Mixed with diet

• – Cost effective

  2. Fed free choice

• – May over consume
• – Different vitamins and minerals in containers
• – Animals choos
• – Salt

  Urinary Calculi

• Water Belly
• – Improper Balance of Ca and Phosphorus – Normal ratio 2:1 Ca : Phosphorus – Urinary Calculi when ratio 1:1 or less
• – Over abundance of

  Phosphorus

• Treatment
• – Sodium Chloride NaCl

  Remember

• Gains
• – High in Phosphorus Low in Calcium
• Forages
• – High in Calcium Low in Phosphorus

  Urinary Calculi Vitamin supplementation

  1. Fat soluble

• Vitamins A, D, E, K

  2. Water soluble

• Synthesized by ruminants
• Vitamin B

  

Non-nutritive additives

• Added to fill a specific need
• Definition – a substance will stimulate

  growth or improve feed efficiency

• Drugs
• – Antibiotics – Sulfa compounds

  Fed continually see increase Non-nutritive additives

• Banned in 1995 in Europe • US – McDonalds ~ 2003
• – Only those that are used to promote growth
• – Antibiotics to treat sickness cleared
• Three types
• – Concentrate ~ mainly for feed companies

  

Non-nutritive additives

• What’s What
• – Antibiotics end in “cin”
• Teramyocin • Aeromyocin
• – Produced from bacteria
• Monensin
• – ie Rumensin ~ Shifts bacterial population in