Structure plant species diversity and pl

Structure, plant species diversity and plant species composition
of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (East Kalimantan,
Indonesia)
J.W.F. Slik, P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal, N. Raes
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
Leiden University Branch
PO-Box 9514
2300 RA
Leiden
The Netherlands
+31-71-5273529
slik@nhn.leidenuniv.nl

Abstract
In this report we summarise the results of our general botanical survey and plot study in the
Gunung Lumut Protection forest. Surveys were carried out at three main locations, namely
Gunung Lumut itself, the logged lowland area around the base camp and the undisturbed lowland
forest on limestone near Rantau Layung. For the plot studies some additional locations were
added for comparison (undisturbed lowland forest near Gunung Meratus, undisturbed lowland
forest near Mului, and undisturbed coastal forest of Sungai Wain near Balikpapan). We found that
i) floristically and structurally, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is a typical example of the

forests that can be found on the Meratus Mountain Range, ii) the floristic diversity is high, as
might be expected for a forest in Southeast Borneo, iii) the environmental heterogeneity of the
area (soils and altitude range) contributes strongly to its floristic and structural diversity, and iv)
the logged forests within the area are as diverse as the undisturbed forests. We conclude that the
Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is one of the last remaining large tracts of relatively undisturbed
forest in Southeast Borneo, and it is very important as a representative sample of the forests in
this region. When protected effectively, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (as a typical
example of the Meratus Mountain Range forest) could, together with the Sungai Wain forest (as a
typical example of lowland coastal forest), conserve much of the plant diversity in this region for
the future.

Introduction
Phytogeographical setting of the Gunung Lumut Forest
The Gunung Lumut Protection forest is situated in one of the floristically most diverse regions of
Borneo (Fig. 1). In a large floristic study on tree genera from 28 plots from across Borneo (Slik et
al. 2003), Kalimantan was found to be a floristically rather homogeneous area that contrasted
sharply with tree generic composition in forests from Malaysian Borneo and Brunei (Fig. 2).
Based on these results we expect that the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest will be highly diverse
in tree genera as well, even though it might show a lot of generic overlap with other forests in
Kalimantan. At the species level there might be some surprises since the area is a rather isolated

mountain range with peaks up to ca. 1200 m altitude and part of it is formed by limestone
outcrops, which are usually associated with high levels of plant endemism.

a

b

105.1 103.6 102.1 100.6 -

42.0 41.6 41.2 40.8 -

Figure 1. Average tree family (a) and genera (b) diversity patterns across Borneo based on random draws of
640 individuals from 28 locations across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003).

a

b

B2

B
B

E

E
C

C
A

A

D

D
Gunung Lumut
Protection Forest

Figure 2. Floristic relations within Borneo based on (a) Steinhause similarity and (b) Sorensen similarity of

28 locations across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003).

Research Locations
The current study was carried out at four locations within the Gunung Lumut Protection forest
(Map1): i) Lowland undisturbed forest in Mului; ii) Undisturbed montane forest on Gunung
Lumut; iii) Selectively (mid 80s) and illegally (still going on) logged forest at the Base Camp;
and iv) Undisturbed forest on limestone in Rantau Layung. For comparison, two forest sites
outside the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest were added: Sungai Wain (an undisturbed lowland
coastal forest15 km NW of Balikpapan) and Meratus (an undisturbed lowland forest at the
northern end of the Meratus Mountain Range, ca. 80 km west of Balikpapan).

Mului
Gunung Lumut
Base Camp

Rantau Layung

Map 1. Research area with the four locations that were surveyed.

Aims of this study

Through general surveys of botanical diversity and more structured plot inventories, our aim is to
obtain a general picture of the forest structure, floristic diversity and floristic composition of the
Gunung Lumut Protection Forest and relate these patterns to other nearby forests.

Methods
Botanical surveys
At all research locations general botanical surveys were carried out. These surveys included all
plant groups, with special emphasis on ferns and lianas. Surveys were planned in such a way that
they covered the full range of available micro-habitats at each site. Plants were collected on sight,
i.e. whenever a fertile plant was encountered it was collected, labeled, measured (diameter and
height), described (growth form, flower and/or fruit characteristics, habitat characteristics, etc.),
photographed, and its position determined with GPS. Collected plants were stored in airtight
plastic bags with low amounts of 70% alcohol (Schweinfurt method). These collections were later
dried and pressed in the Wanariset Herbarium (East Kalimantan) and send to Bogor, Leiden and
several other herbaria around the world.
Plot layout and measurements
At each location we established plots of 10 x 10 m at 50 m intervals along line transects, with the
exception of the plots on Gunung Lumut, which were spaced at 50 m altitude intervals. Within
each 10 x 10 m plot we measured (height and diameter) and identified all trees with a height taller
than 1.3 m. On Gunung Lumut we used a slightly adapted method in which we sampled 50 trees

in each plot, whereby we either extended or decreased the size of the plots depending on the
surface area needed to collect 50 individuals (sensu Sheil et al. 2003). Within each plot a subplot
of 3 x 3 m was established in which all ferns were measured (number of individuals per species
and cover estimate). All samples of trees and ferns were collected, and vouchers are present at the
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University Branch.
For each 10 x 10 m plot a number of habitat variables were measured as well. These included:
location (GPS-coordinate), altitude above sea level, inclination, topographic position (swamp,
river valley, lower slope, middle slope, upper slope, ridge), canopy openness, direct- and diffuse
light, leaf area index, signs of disturbance (gaps, skid trails, tree stumps, paths).
Data analyses
Forest structure and environmental data. Differences in tree density (split up in diameter classes
of 0-2.5 cm, 2.5-5 cm, 5-10 cm and > 10 cm), canopy openness, direct- and diffuse-light, and leaf
area index between locations were determined with Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Diversity data. Fisher’s-alpha for tree genera was calculated for each plot. Species level data were
excluded because these were not sufficiently well identified yet. Differences in Fisher’s-alpha
between locations were then determined using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Furthermore, to determine
the total increase in genera with number of individuals for each location, we calculated generaindividual curves based on 10 random draws per location (i.e. each location curve is based on the
average of 10 random curves from the same location). These individual-genera curves give an
indication of the rate of increase in genera with individuals and also show if the maximum
number of genera present in the area has been reached or not. For ferns we constructed a speciesarea curve (increase in species with addition of plots), whereby we only calculated one replicate

per curve.
Generic compositional data. Differences in floristic composition between locations were
determined using Principal Component Analysis based on number of individuals per genus per
plot. Data were standardized and log-transformed to reduce the effects of abundant genera on the

analysis. This was done for all locations (including Sungai Wain and Meratus) and for locations
in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest only.
Altitudinal gradient analyses. To determine the effect of altitude on forest structure, generic
diversity and generic composition for the plots on Gunung Lumut, both simple and polynomial
regression analysis was applied. Generic composition data was based on the location of the plots
on the first axis of a PCA that was based on number of individuals per genus in the Gunung
Lumut plots only.
All analyses were carried out with Statgraphics for Windows 2.1 (Statistical Graphic Corp.,
Rockville, USA), except the Principal Component Analyses which were performed using MVSP
3.01 (Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, UK).

Results
Botanical surveys
Map 2 & 3 show the locations of the collections and plots that were made during this study.

Map 2. Collections and plots made in the environs of Gunung Lumut (northern camp) and the Base Camp
(southern camp). Red dots indicate the plots, all others are collections made during the botanical survey.

Map 3. Collections and plots made in the environs of Rantau Layung. Red dots indicate the plots, all others
are collections made during the botanical survey.

An overview of collections per plant group made in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are
presented in table 1. In total 239 angiosperms were collected, consisting of 65 families and 143
genera (Appendix 1). Additionally, 278 fern collections were made consisting of at least 181 taxa
(Appendix 2). During the plot tree inventories we encountered 59 plant families consisting of 163
genera and 2798 individuals (Appendix 3).
Plant group
Collections
Trees
111
Treelets
21
Shrubs
18
Climbers

60
Herbs
21
Epiphytes
7
Saprophytes
1
Pteridophytes (ferns)
278
Table 1. Overview of number of collections per growth form (based on the botanical survey for fertile
plants by P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal and N. Raes).

Of the higher plants, one was new for East Kalimantan (Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia
nviculilimba), one was new for Borneo (Orchidaceae, Plocoglottis quadrifolia, identified from
photograph) and one was new for the Malesian region (Celastraceae, Lophopetalum wallichii).
We also found a Bornean endemic family that was previously only known from Northern Borneo
(Scyphostegiaceae, Scyphostegia borneensis). Whether we encountered new species is as yet
unknown. For the ferns we found one new species for East Kalimantan (Tectaria inopinnata), and
two new species for Borneo (Asplenium cf. subnormale and Pneumatopteris brooksii). Some
Bornean endemics that were encountered are: Pyrrosia platyphylla, Tectaria inopinnata,

Selliguea metacoela and Pyrrosia kinabaluensis. Additionally we found several rare species, a.o.
Goniophlebium mehipitense and Pteris holttummii, and possible new species in the genera
Hymenophyllum, Grammitis and Selliguea. Specific limestone Pteridophyte flora elements were
only occasionally found, and appear to be present in low numbers only.
Forest structure, genus diversity and environmental data
Tree densities varied significantly between locations, with rather low densities in the logged
forest around the base camp, and very high densities in Sungai Wain, an undisturbed coastal
forest near Balikpapan (Table 2). Generic diversity on a per plot basis is especially low on the
Gunung Lumut mountain and at Rantau Layung (Table 2).
Location

Generic
Dbh
Dbh
Dbh
Dbh
diversity
> 10 cm
5 – 10 cm
2.5 – 5 cm

≤ 2.5 cm
(Fisher’s(n / 100 m2)
(n / 100 m2)
(n / 100 m2)
(n / 100 m2)
alpha)
Base Camp
26.5abc
20.4a
8.2a
5.5a
5.7b
Gunung Lumut
15.6a
56.5b
9.8a
9.6ab
6.7b
Rantau Layung
17.0ab
41.1b
11.8ab
6.9a
4.2ab
Mului
22.2b
39.2b
10.7ab
5.4a
4.1a
Meratus
30.7c
42.0b
11.8b
5.5a
4.9ab
Sungai Wain
26.8bc
86.3c
18.5c
10.3b
4.9ab
P-value
< 0.0001
< 0.0001
< 0.0001
< 0.0001
0.014
Krus-Wall test
38.4
73.8
39.6
34.1
14.3
Table 2. Average generic diversity and tree densities within the plots at each location, split up in several
diameter classes. Significant differences within each column are indicated with different characters.

Canopy openness and associated diffuse light levels are especially high in the logged forests
around the Base Camp and on Gunung Lumut, possibly due to rather low leaf area indices for
these two forests (Table 3).
Location

Canopy
Diffuse
Leaf area
Direct
openness
light (mol /
index (m2 /
light (mol /
2
2
m2)
(%)
m / day)
m / day)
Base Camp
4.1b
2.8
0.31ab
3.7a
Gunung Lumut
4.4b
2.1
0.35b
3.8a
Rantau Layung
3.3ab
2.0
0.25ab
4.3b
Mului
2.3ab
1.9
0.20ab
4.6b
Meratus
2.2a
2.3
0.18a
4.7b
Sungai Wain
2.8ab
3.1
0.26b
4.7b
P-value
< 0.0001
NS
0.0004
< 0.0001
Krus-Wall test
26.8
22.3
33.9
Table 3. Average canopy openness, direct- and diffuse-light, and leaf area index per plot for the studied
locations. Significant differences within each column are indicated with different characters.

Diversity curves
The undisturbed forests on limestone in Rantau Layung and the undisturbed montane forests on
Gunung Lumut are among the least diverse forest locations in this study, while the undisturbed
forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus and the logged forests around the Base Camp are among
the most diverse (Figure 3). Undisturbed lowland forest at the foot of Gunung Lumut (Mului) and
the undisturbed coastal forest near Balikpapan (Sungai Wain) score average diversity.

140
120

Genera (n)

100

Gunung
Base

80

Rantau
Mului

60

Meratus
Wain

40
20
0
0

200

400

600

800

Individuals (n)
Figure 3. Genus-individual curves for the studied locations (each curve is the average of 10 replicate
curves).

Ferns show a rather low diversity for the Rantau Layung forest, intermediate diversity for the
forest around the Base Camp and very high diversity for Gunung Lumut (Fig. 4).

Species accumulation

n of species

40
35

Mului

30

R. Layung

G. Lumut

25
20
15
10
5

19

17

15

13

11

9

7

5

3

1

0

plot
Figure 4. Species-area curves for ferns based on a single replicate per location.

Floristic patterns
The main floristic difference detected in the PCA that includes all studied forest locations is that
of the coastal Sungai Wain forest versus the more inland forests that are located on the Meratus
Mountain range (Fig. 5). However, also within these Meratus Mountain Range forests there is a
clear geographic gradient detected, i.e. most locations are characterized by specific floristic
compositions at the generic level.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.5

-0.2

0

0.5

1

1.5

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
Base

Gunung

Rantau

Mului

Meratus

Wain

Figure 5. Scores of the plots on the first two PCA-axes (based on number of individuals per genus per plot).
The two axes combined explain 10.2% of data variance, and clearly separate the Sungai Wain plots from all
other included plots.

Within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest all locations are separated rather well based on their
generic composition (Fig. 6). Noteworthy here is that the undisturbed lowland forest plots in
Mului have a very variable genera composition that spans the whole range found in the other
three forest locations along the second PCA axis. Also, the logged forests near the Base Camp
overlap considerably with those of the undisturbed forests near Mului, indicating that they closely
resemble undisturbed forest.
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5

-1

-0.5

-0.2

0

0.5

1

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
Base camp

Gunung

Rantau

Mului

Figure 6. Scores of the plots on the first two PCA-axes (based on number of individuals per genus per plot).
The two axes combined explain 8.5% of data variance, and clearly separate the plots from Mului, Rantau
Layung and Gunung Lumut.

Altitudinal patterns
The number of trees increases significantly with increasing altitude on Gunung Lumut (Fig. 7).
This relation was found to be strongest for treelets, i.e. trees with a diameter between 5 and 10 cm
(Table 4). Only for saplings (dbh 0-2.5 cm) we found no significant relation with altitude. None
of the environmental and tree diversity measures showed any significant relation with altitude.
The floristic composition of the plots, however, changed significantly with altitude (Fig. 8).
Diameter
Regression
Correlation
R2
P
class
type
coefficient
0-2.5
NS
2.5-5
Linear
0.50
25.0
0.046
5-10
Linear
0.67
45.0
0.004
> 10
Linear
0.51
26.0
0.042
All
Linear
0.57
32.0
0.023
Table 4. Regression results for tree density against altitude on Gunung Lumut.

Tree density (n / 100 m2)

Chart Title
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
300

500

700

900

1100

1300

Altitude (m)

Figure 7. Relationship between altitude and tree density on the slopes of Gunung Lumut (linear relationship
with a correlation coefficient of 0.57, and R2 of 32%, and p = 0.023).

Score on first PCA-axis

Chart Title
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
300

500

700

900

1100

1300

Altitude (m)

Figure 8. Relationship between altitude and generic tree composition on Gunung Lumut, whereby
composition was based on the scores of the plots on the first axis of the PCA (correlation coefficient 0.78,
R2 of 60.7% and p = 0.0004).

Fern diversity increased significantly with altitude (Fig. 9), which corresponds to observed fern
densities with increasing altitude.

Figure 9. Increase in fern diversity with increasing altitude on Gunung Lumut.

Discussion
The Gunung Lumut Protection Forest in relation to other Bornean forests
This study shows that the forests of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are floristically very
similar to the forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus. This is perhaps not so surprising since
Gunung Meratus forms the northern extension of the Meratus Mountain Range of which Gunung
Lumut is also a part. Floristically, the forests on this mountain range differ considerably from the
coastal lowland forests near Balikpapan. This difference is even larger than the difference
between undisturbed, logged, montane and limestone forests that were studied in the Gunung
Lumut Protection Forest. Thus, the coastal Sungai Wain forest and the interior Meratus Range
forests complement each other, i.e. for plant conservation it would make good sense to conserve
both types of forests.
Earlier studies have shown that both Sungai Wain and Meratus form part of a large floristic
region that more or less covers the whole of Kalimantan (Slik et al. 2003). The close floristic
similarity between the Gunung Lumut area and the Meratus area means that Gunung Lumut
Protection Forest also forms a typical example of this floristic region. The plant diversity in the
Gunung Lumut Protection Forest was comparable to that of Meratus and Sungai Wain, indicating
that also in that respect, the Gunung Lumut area forms a typical example for the region, which
according to Slik et al. (2003) harbours the largest tree diversity in Borneo.
Structurally the forests in the Gunung Lumut area are very similar to the forests at the foot of
Gunung Meratus, which in turn differ significantly from the coastal forest near Balikpapan which
has much higher stem densities.
Differences within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest
Species composition within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest differs considerably, i.e.
lowland forest (Mului and Base Camp) could be separated from montane (Gunung Lumut) and
limestone (Rabtau Layung) forest. This means that these different locations complement each
other floristically, i.e. each location adds to the diversity of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest.
The most deviating locations in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest, both in terms of plant
diversity and structure, are Rantau Layung and Gunung Lumut itself. This is probably related to
soil properties (Rantau Layung) and altitude (Gunung Lumut). This shows that the environmental
heterogeneity of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is an important contributor to the floristic
diversity of the area. This effect is even stronger for fern composition and diversity, both of
which were closely linked with altitude (which is probably a proxy for air humidity).
Another finding of this study is that the logged forest (Base Camp) was still very diverse and
floristically not very different from undisturbed forest nearby (Mului), even though compositional
difference between plots in the logged forest was much lower than in undisturbed forest. This
means that although large parts of the Gunung Lumut area have been logged in the past, this has
probably had only limited effect on species diversity and composition, i.e. for conservation these
logged forests are just as valuable as the undisturbed forests in the Gunung Lumut area.
Conclusions
1. Floristically and structurally the Gunung Lumut Protection forest is a typical example of
the forests that can be found on the Meratus Mountain Range.

2. The plant diversity is typical for southeast Borneo, i.e. very high compared to other parts
of the island.
3. The environmental heterogeneity (soils and altitude range) of the Gunung Lumut area
contributes to the floristic and structural diversity of this protection forest.
4. The logged forests within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are as diverse as the
undisturbed forests and are also floristically very rich.
Conservation recommendation
The Gunung Lumut area is one of the last remaining large tracts of relatively undisturbed forest in
southeast Borneo, and is very important as a representative sample of the forests in this region,
which was found to belong to the most diverse plant regions in Borneo. When protected
effectively, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest could, together with the Sungai Wain forest (as
a typical example of lowland coastal forest), conserve much of the plant diversity in this region
for the future.
References
Sheil D, Ducey MJ, Sidiyasa K, Samsoedin I, 2003. A new type of sample unit for the efficient assessment
of diverse tree communities in complex forest landscapes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15: 117135.
Slik JWF., AD Poulsen, PS Ashton, CH Cannon, K.A.O. Eichhorn, K. Kartawinata, I. Lanniari, H.
Nagamasu, M. Nakagawa, M.G.L. van Nieuwstadt, J. Payne, Purwaningsih, A. Saridan, K. Sidiyasa,
R.W. Verburg, C.O. Webb and P. Wilkie, 2003. A Floristic analysis of the lowland dipterocarp forests
of Borneo. Journal of Biogeography 10: 1517-1531.

Appendix 1. Collection list of Niels Raes (Angiosperms).
Collector

Nr.

Family

Genus

Raes, N.

639

Acanthaceae

Ptyssiglottis sp.

Raes, N.

518

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia sp.

Raes, N.

529

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia sp.

Raes, N.

542

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia sp.

Raes, N.

691

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia sp.

Raes, N.

549

Anacardiaceae

Buchanania sessifolia Blume

Raes, N.

505

Annonaceae

Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume

Raes, N.

501

Annonaceae

Dasymaschalon sp.

Raes, N.

592

Annonaceae

Enicosanthum fuscum (King) Airy Shaw

Raes, N.

546

Annonaceae

Enicosanthum paradoxum Becc.

Raes, N.

651

Annonaceae

Friesodielsia sp.

Raes, N.

665

Annonaceae

Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson

Raes, N.

728

Annonaceae

Goniothalamus sp.

Raes, N.

706b

Annonaceae

Meiogyne cylindrocarpa (Burck) Heusden

Raes, N.

618

Annonaceae

Orophea sp.

Raes, N.

551

Annonaceae

Popowia pisocarpa Endl.

Raes, N.

579

Annonaceae

Popowia sp.

Raes, N.

706a

Annonaceae

Popowia sp.

Raes, N.

654

Annonaceae

Sageraea sp.

Raes, N.

577

Annonaceae

Uvaria sp.

Raes, N.

655

Annonaceae

Uvaria sp.

Raes, N.

682

Annonaceae

Uvaria sp.

Raes, N.

724

Araceae

Anadendrum sp.

Raes, N.

637

Araceae

Arisaema sp.

Raes, N.

548

Araliaceae

Aralia sp.

Raes, N.

643

Araliaceae

Schefflera sp.

Raes, N.

702

Araucariaceae

Agathis borneensis Warb.

Raes, N.

593

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia naviculilimba Ding Hou

Raes, N.

709

Asclepiadaceae

Dischidia sp.

Raes, N.

636

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens sp.

Raes, N.

536

Begoniaceae

Begonia sp.

Raes, N.

638

Begoniaceae

Begonia sp.

Raes, N.

540

Burmanniaceae

Burmannia lutescens Becc.

Raes, N.

616

Campanulaceae

Laurentia longiflora (L.) Wimm.

Raes, N.

506

Celastraceae

Arnicratea grahami (Wight) N.Hallé

Raes, N.

726

Celastraceae

Lophopetalum wallichii Kurz

Raes, N.

558

Celastraceae

Salacia macrophylla Blume

Raes, N.

591

Chloranthaceae

Chloranthus officinalis Blume

Raes, N.

731

Chloranthaceae

Chloranthus officinalis Blume

Raes, N.

698

Commelinaceae

Amischotolype sp.

Raes, N.

590

Connaraceae

Connarus odoratus Hook.f.

Raes, N.

737

Cucurbitaceae

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng

Raes, N.

715

Cucurbitaceae

Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq.

Raes, N.

586

Dichapetalaceae

Dichapetalum sp.

Raes, N.

675

Dipterocarpaceae

Hopea sp.

Raes, N.

630

Ebenaceae

Diospyros sp.

Raes, N.

652

Ebenaceae

Diospyros sp.

Raes, N.

699

Ebenaceae

Raes, N.

578

Euphorbiaceae

Raes, N.

589

Euphorbiaceae

Raes, N.

667

Euphorbiaceae

Antidesma leucopodum Miq.

Raes, N.

620

Euphorbiaceae

Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum

Raes, N.

666

Euphorbiaceae

Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum

Raes, N.

524

Euphorbiaceae

Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer

Raes, N.

576

Euphorbiaceae

Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

641

Euphorbiaceae

Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

653

Euphorbiaceae

Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

608

Euphorbiaceae

Croton argyratus Blume

Raes, N.

657

Euphorbiaceae

Croton argyratus Blume

Raes, N.

541

Euphorbiaceae

Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus.

Raes, N.

553

Euphorbiaceae

Glochidion pubicapsa Airy Shaw

Raes, N.

684

Euphorbiaceae

Glochidion sericeum (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi

Raes, N.

660

Euphorbiaceae

Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax

Raes, N.

615

Euphorbiaceae

Macaranga motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

633

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus dispar (Blume) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

532

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus lackeyi Elmer

Raes, N.

545

Euphorbiaceae

Mallotus peltatus (Geiseler) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

644

Euphorbiaceae

Omphalea sargentii Merr.

Raes, N.

732

Euphorbiaceae

Phyllanthus pachyphyllus Müll.Arg.

Raes, N.

574

Euphorbiaceae

Sauropus rhamnoides Blume

Diospyros sp.

Raes, N.

710

Gesneriaceae

Aeschynanthus sp.

Raes, N.

503

Guttiferae

Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume

Raes, N.

510

Icacinaceae

Iodes velutina King var. subvillosa Sleumer

Raes, N.

712

Lauraceae

Alseodaphne elmeri Merr.

Raes, N.

533

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum sp.

Raes, N.

661

Lauraceae

Litsea sp.

Raes, N.

670

Lauraceae

Litsea sp.

Raes, N.

681

Lauraceae

Phoebe sp.

Raes, N.

602

Leguminosae

Indet.

Raes, N.

547

Leguminosae-caes

Bauhinia kockiana Korth. var. kockiana

Raes, N.

568

Leguminosae-caes

Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. acuminata K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen

Raes, N.

690

Leguminosae-caes

Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida

Raes, N.

562

Leguminosae-caes

Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink

Raes, N.

603

Leguminosae-mim

Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen var. casai (Blanco) I.C.Nielsen

Raes, N.

607

Leguminosae-mim

Archidendron havilandii (Ridl.) I.C.Nielsen

Raes, N.

569

Leguminosae-pap

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. var. strigosum Meeuwen

Raes, N.

560

Leguminosae-pap

Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen

Raes, N.

595

Leguminosae-pap

Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen

Raes, N.

686

Leguminosae-pap

Kunstleria sarawakensis Ridd.-Numan & Kornet

Raes, N.

566

Leguminosae-pap

Mucuna toppongii Merr.

Raes, N.

631

Liliaceae

Dracaena sp.

Raes, N.

663

Marantaceae

Donax canniformis K.Schum.

Raes, N.

626

Melastomataceae

Raes, N.

701

Melastomataceae

Blastus sp.

Raes, N.

720

Melastomataceae

Diplectria sp.

Raes, N.

717

Melastomataceae

Macrolenes sp.

Raes, N.

563

Melastomataceae

Medinilla decurrens Cogn.

Raes, N.

625

Melastomataceae

Medinilla sp.

Raes, N.

733

Melastomataceae

Medinilla sp.

Raes, N.

557

Melastomataceae

Memecylon oleaefolium Blume

Raes, N.

537

Melastomataceae

Memecylon sp.

Raes, N.

552

Melastomataceae

Memecylon sp.

Raes, N.

646

Melastomataceae

Memecylon sp.

Raes, N.

708

Melastomataceae

Pachycentria sp.

Raes, N.

725

Melastomataceae

Phyllagathis sp.

Raes, N.

697

Melastomataceae

Pternandra azurea (Blume) Burkill

Raes, N.

588

Melastomataceae

Pternandra sp.

Raes, N.

705

Melastomataceae

Sonerila sp.

Raes, N.

711

Melastomataceae

Sonerila sp.

Raes, N.

587

Meliaceae

Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms

Raes, N.

664

Meliaceae

Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms

Raes, N.

561

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

621

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

622

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

645

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

647

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

662

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

673

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

718

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

721

Meliaceae

Aglaia sp.

Raes, N.

530

Meliaceae

Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn.

Raes, N.

567

Meliaceae

Chisocheton macranthus (Merr.) Airy Shaw

Raes, N.

601

Meliaceae

Dysoxylum sp.

Raes, N.

619

Meliaceae

Dysoxylum sp.

Raes, N.

730

Meliaceae

Lansium domesticum Jack

Raes, N.

500

Menispermaceae

Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.

Raes, N.

677

Menispermaceae

Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.

Raes, N.

570

Menispermaceae

Parabaena megalocarpa Merr.

Raes, N.

713

Menispermaceae

Stephania corymbosa Miq.

Raes, N.

695

Moraceae

Raes, N.

580

Moraceae

Ficus deltoidea Jack

Raes, N.

658

Moraceae

Ficus gul Lauterb. & K.Schum.

Raes, N.

519

Moraceae

Ficus heteropleura Blume

Raes, N.

556

Moraceae

Ficus heteropleura Blume

Raes, N.

723

Moraceae

Ficus pellucida-punctata Griff.

Raes, N.

692

Moraceae

Ficus punctata Thunb.

Raes, N.

687

Moraceae

Ficus uniglandulosa Wall.

Raes, N.

606

Moraceae

Poikilospermum sp.

Raes, N.

642

Moraceae

Poikilospermum sp.

Raes, N.

511

Myristicaceae

Myristica elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson var. elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson

Raes, N.

531

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia sp.

Raes, N.

585

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia sp.

Raes, N.

680

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia sp.

Raes, N.

716

Myrsinaceae

Embelia sp.

Raes, N.

513

Myrsinaceae

Maesa sp.

Raes, N.

573

Myrtaceae

Syzygium sp.

Raes, N.

596

Myrtaceae

Syzygium sp.

Raes, N.

656

Myrtaceae

Syzygium sp.

Raes, N.

679

Myrtaceae

Syzygium sp.

Raes, N.

521

Orchidaceae

Apostasia wallichii R.Br.

Raes, N.

525

Orchidaceae

Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh

Raes, N.

520

Orchidaceae

Phalaenopsis modesta J.J.Sm.

Raes, N.

597

Palmae

Calamus sp.

Raes, N.

543

Palmae

Caryota sp.

Raes, N.

617

Passifloraceae

Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord. var. macrophylla

Raes, N.

517

Passifloraceae

Passiflora foetida L.

Raes, N.

649

Piperaceae

Piper sp.

Raes, N.

624

Polygalaceae

Xanthophyllum adenotus Miq.

Raes, N.

650

Polygalaceae

Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb.

Raes, N.

598

Proteaceae

Helicia sp.

Raes, N.

668

Proteaceae

Helicia sp.

Raes, N.

714

Pteridophyta

Lygodium borneense Alderw.

Raes, N.

572

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus sp.

Raes, N.

565

Rosaceae

Rubus moluccanus L.

Raes, N.

512

Rubiaceae

Acranthera sp.

Raes, N.

523

Rubiaceae

Ixora sp.

Raes, N.

527

Rubiaceae

Ixora sp.

Raes, N.

554

Rubiaceae

Lasianthus sp.

Raes, N.

559

Rubiaceae

Lasianthus sp.

Raes, N.

514

Rubiaceae

Mussaenda sp.

Raes, N.

612

Rubiaceae

Myrioneuron cyaneum Hallier f.

Raes, N.

613

Rubiaceae

Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Korth.) Merr.

Raes, N.

635

Rubiaceae

Ophiorrhiza sp.

Raes, N.

550

Rubiaceae

Pleiocarpidia sp.

Raes, N.

623

Rubiaceae

Pleiocarpidia sp.

Raes, N.

672

Rubiaceae

Pleiocarpidia sp.

Raes, N.

627

Rubiaceae

Praravinia sp.

Raes, N.

727

Rubiaceae

Praravinia sp.

Raes, N.

544

Rubiaceae

Prismatomeris sp.

Raes, N.

594

Rubiaceae

Prismatomeris sp.

Raes, N.

502

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

534

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

555

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

605

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

671

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

674

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

683

Rubiaceae

Psychotria sp.

Raes, N.

648

Rubiaceae

Tarenna sp.

Raes, N.

509

Rubiaceae

Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale

Raes, N.

508

Rubiaceae

Uncaria longiflora (Poir.) Merr.

Raes, N.

507

Rubiaceae

Uncaria nervosa Elmer

Raes, N.

535

Rubiaceae

Urophyllum sp.

Raes, N.

583

Rubiaceae

Urophyllum sp.

Raes, N.

584

Rubiaceae

Urophyllum sp.

Raes, N.

736

Sabiaceae

Meliosma sp.

Raes, N.

538

Santalaceae

Scleropyrum sp.

Raes, N.

504

Sapindaceae

Guioa pterorhachis Welzen

Raes, N.

609

Sapindaceae

Guioa pterorhachis Welzen

Raes, N.

539

Sapindaceae

Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh.

Raes, N.

632

Sapindaceae

Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh.

Raes, N.

678

Sapindaceae

Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh.

Raes, N.

688

Scyphostegiaceae

Scyphostegia borneensis Stapf

Raes, N.

581

Smilacaceae

Smilax sp.

Raes, N.

582

Smilacaceae

Smilax sp.

Raes, N.

599

Smilacaceae

Smilax sp.

Raes, N.

694

Solanaceae

Solanum sp.

Raes, N.

696

Sonneratiaceae

Duabanga moluccana Blume

Raes, N.

628

Sterculiaceae

Sterculia sp.

Raes, N.

722

Sterculiaceae

Sterculia sp.

Raes, N.

704

Symplocaceae

Symplocos crassipes C.B.Clarke var. ernae (Brand) Noot.

Raes, N.

703

Symplocaceae

Symplocos henschelii Benth. ex C.B.Clarke var. henscheli

Raes, N.

604

Theaceae

Adinandra sp.

Raes, N.

707

Theaceae

Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem.

Raes, N.

735

Thymelaeaceae

Phaleria octandra (L.) Baill.

Raes, N.

526

Tiliaceae

Microcos sp.

Raes, N.

700

Tiliaceae

Microcos sp.

Raes, N.

719

Urticaceae

Astrothalamus sp.

Raes, N.

614

Urticaceae

Leucosyke capitellata Wedd.

Raes, N.

634

Urticaceae

Pilea sp.

Raes, N.

693

Urticaceae

Pipturus argenteus (G.Forst.) Wedd.

Raes, N.

610

Urticaceae

Villebrunea sp.

Raes, N.

659

Verbenaceae

Callicarpa sp.

Raes, N.

571

Verbenaceae

Clerodendron sp.

Raes, N.

611

Verbenaceae

Clerodendron sp.

Raes, N.

729

Verbenaceae

Petraeovitex sp.

Raes, N.

575

Verbenaceae

Vitex sp.

Raes, N.

629

Violaceae

Rinorea sp.

Raes, N.

522

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus sp.

Raes, N.

685

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus sp.

Raes, N.

515

Vitaceae

Cayratia sp.

Raes, N.

676

Vitaceae

Cayratia sp.

Raes, N.

516

Vitaceae

Cissus sp.

Raes, N.

669

Vitaceae

Cissus sp.

Raes, N.

600

Vitaceae

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Raes, N.

528

Vitaceae

Leea sp.

Raes, N.

734

Vitaceae

Leea sp.

Raes, N.

689

Vitaceae

Pterisanthes sp.

Raes, N.

564

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma sp.

Raes, N.

640

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma sp.

Appendix 2. Collection list of Ferns and Fern Allies. Collectors: Peter Hovenkamp (PH);
Muhammad Iqbal (MIQ); Niels Raes (RAES); Ambriansyah (AA).
Collector

Nr.

Species

PH

56

Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willd.) Hovenk

PH

74

Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum

PH

242

Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum

MIQ

20

Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum

MIQ

58

Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum

MIQ

83

PH

197

Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum
Angiopteris sp.

PH

38

PH

106

Antrophyum indet.

PH

165

Antrophyum indet.

PH

166

Antrophyum callifolium Bl.

PH

192

Antrophyum callifolium Bl.

PH

262

Antrophyum parvulum Bl.

PH

316

Antrophyum parvulum Bl.

MIQ

53

Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze

PH

167

Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze

PH

149

Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze

PH

153

Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze

MIQ

31

PH

181

Antrophyum indet.

Asplenium borneense Hook
Asplenium caudatum G. Forst

MIQ

46

PH

267

Asplenium caudatum G. Forst

PH

66

PH

104

MIQ

75

Asplenium spathulinum J. Sm.

PH

79

Asplenium sp.

PH

272

Asplenium sp.

PH

87

Asplenium squamulatum Bl.

PH

209

Asplenium squamulatum Bl.

MIQ

21

Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel.

PH

193

Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel.

PH

226

Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel.

PH

302

PH

41

Asplenium falcatum?
Asplenium pellucidum Lam.
Asplenium scolopendriooides J. Sm.

Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel.
Asplenium tenerum G. Forst

MIQ

70

PH

114

Belvisia indet.

Asplenium tenerum G. Forst

PH

155

Belvisia indet.

PH

277

Belvisia indet.

PH

288

Belvisia indet.

PH

289

Belvisia indet.

PH

43

Belvisia indet.

MIQ

16

Belvisia indet.

MIQ

71

Belvisia indet.

MIQ

14

Blechnum finlaysonianum

PH

15

Blechnum orientale

PH

26

Bolbitis indet.

PH

83

Bolbitis indet.

PH

103

Bolbitis indet.
Bolbitis indet.

PH

268

MIQ

33

PH

265

PH

33

Christella arida?

MIQ

68

Christella hispidula (Decne.) Holtt.

PH

30

Ctenitis indet.

PH

196

Ctenitis indet.

PH

261

Ctenitis indet.

Bolbitis heteroclita (Pr.) Ching
Christella

PH

269

Ctenitis indet.

PH

162

Ctenopteris barathrophylla

PH

20

Cyathea indet.

PH

91

Cyathea indet.

PH

147

Cyathea indet.

PH

156

Cyathea indet.
Cyathea indet.

PH

198

PH

67

PH

266

MIQ

88

Davallia divaricata Bl.

PH

177

Davallia divaricata Bl.

PH

71

Davallia heterophylla Sm.

PH

107

Davallia heterophylla Sm.

PH

174

Davallia heterophylla Sm.

MIQ

76

MIQ

56

Davallia hymenophylloides (Bl.) Kuhn

PH

63

Davallia pectinata Sm.

PH

173

Davallia pectinata Sm.

PH

182

Davallia pentaphylla Blume

MIQ

52

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn

MIQ

62

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn

MIQ

66

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn

PH

62

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn

PH

180

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn

PH

183

Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn

PH

42

Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.

PH

55

Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.

MIQ

81

Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.

PH

44

Davallia triphylla Hook.

Davallia sp.
Davallia denticulata (Burm. f. ) Kuhn

Davallia hymenophylloides (Bl.) Kuhn

PH

309

Davallia triphylla Hook.

PH

115

Davallodes borneensis (Hook.) Copel.

PH

211

Davallodes borneensis (Hook.) Copel.

PH

12

MIQ

67

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw.

PH

77

Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw. )J. Sm.

Dicranopteris curranii Copel.

PH

246

Diplazium sp.

PH

224

Diplazium asperum Bl.

PH

85

Diplazium cordifolium Bl.

PH

102

Diplazium cordifolium Bl.

PH

301

Diplazium cordifolium Bl.

MIQ

4

MIQ

32

Diplazium cordifolium Bl.
Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

PH

35

PH

152

Diplazium lomariaceum (Christ) M.G. Price

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

PH

245

Diplazium pallidum (Bl.) Moore

PH

236

Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt.

PH

294

Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt.

PH

158

Diplazium sorzogonense Pr.

MIQ

48

Diplazium sorzogonense Pr.

PH

48

Diplazium tomentosum Bl.

PH

109

Diplazium tomentosum Bl.

PH

235

Diplazium tomentosum Bl.

MIQ

10

Diplazium tomentosum Bl.

PH

18

Dipteris conjugata (L.) Reinw.

MIQ

8

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.

PH

61

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.

PH

222

PH

57

Drynaria rigidula Bedd.
Drynaria rigidula Bedd.

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.

PH

250

MIQ

36

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore

PH

73

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore

PH

170

Elaphoglossum blumeanum (Fée) J. Sm.

PH

189

Elaphoglossum blumeanum (Fée) J. Sm.

PH

16

PH

274

Goniophlebium mehipitense (C. Chr.) Parris

154

Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd.

PH

187

Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Bl.) Presl

PH

286

Grammitis sp.

PH

151

Grammitis sp.

PH

157

PH

94

Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.

PH

84

Heterogonium stenosemioides (Bak.) C. Chr.

PH

108

MIQ

47

MIQ

55

Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.

PH

142

Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.

PH
MIQ

73A

Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spr.

Goniophlebium sp.

Grammitis sp.

Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.
Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.

PH

168

Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.

PH

282

Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.
Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.

PH

285

MIQ

60

Hymenophyllum sp.

PH

144

Hymenophyllum sp.

PH

145

Hymenophyllum sp.

PH

179

Hymenophyllum sp.

PH

287

Hymenophyllum sp.

MIQ

78

PH

240

indet
Lecanopteris crustacea Copel.

PH

97

Lemmaphyllum accedens (Bl.) Donk

PH

298

Lemmaphyllum accedens (Bl.) Donk

PH

315

Lemmaphyllum accedens (Bl.) Donk

MIQ

30

Lemmaphyllum accedens (Bl.) Donk

PH

93

Lepisorus longifolius (Bl.) Holttum

PH

186

Lepisorus longifolius (Bl.) Holttum

MIQ

26

Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot.

PH

252

Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot.

PH

191

Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot.

PH

221

Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot.

PH

271

PH

69

Lindsaea indet.

PH

167

Lindsaea indet.

PH

148

Lindsaea carvifolia Kramer

MIQ

45

MIQ

1

Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot.

Lindsaea carvifolia Kramer
Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.

PH

37

PH

290

Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.

PH

293

Lindsaea javanensis Bl.

MIQ

2

Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.

Lindsaea lobata Poir.

PH

201

Lindsaea lucida Bl.

PH

307

Lindsaea lucida Bl.

MIQ

35

MIQ

85

Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm.

PH

244

Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm.

PH

254

Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm.

PH

259

Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm.

PH

255

Lomariopsis lineata (Presl) Holttum

PH

175

Loxogramme antrophyoides (Bak.) C. Chr.

PH

204

Loxogramme avenia (Bl.) Presl

PH

190

Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) Presl

AA

2861

Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) Presl

PH
MIQ

13
70B

Lindsaea obtusa J. Sm.

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Ser.
Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Ser.

MIQ

34

Lycopodium sp.

MIQ

54

Lycopodium aelleni (Herter) Tagawa

PH

88

Lycopodium nummularifolium Bl.

PH

229

Lycopodium phlegmaria L.

PH

249

Lycopodium squarrosum Forster

MIQ

13

MIQ

23

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.

PH

47

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.

RAES

714

PH
MIQ

50
58A

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw.

Lygodium merrillii Copel.
Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Holtt.
Metathelypteris sp.

MIQ

39

PH

113

PH

17

Microlepia sp.
Microlepia manilensis Presl
Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore

MIQ

27

Microsorum membranifolium (R. Br.) Ching

PH

58

Microsorum membranifolium (R. Br.) Ching

PH

76

Microsorum membranifolium (R. Br.) Ching

PH

227

Microsorum membranifolium (R. Br.) Ching

PH

228

Microsorum pteropus (Bl.) Copel.

PH

238

Microsorum pteropus (Bl.) Copel.

PH

233

Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel.

PH

283

Nephrolepis abrupta (Bory) Mett.

PH

2

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

4

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

3

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

6

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

7

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

34

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

89

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

169

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

232

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

247

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott

PH

1

MIQ

73

Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm.

PH

314

Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm.

PH

5

PH

68

Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm.

Oleandra indet.
Oleandra neriiformis Cav.

PH

90

Oleandra neriiformis Cav.

PH

146

Oleandra neriiformis Cav.

PH

146

Oleandra neriiformis Cav.

PH

275

Oleandra neriiformis Cav.

PH

279

Oleandra neriiformis Cav.

MIQ

42

MIQ

49

Orthiopteris campylura (Kunze) Copel.

PH

159

Orthiopteris campylura (Kunze) Copel.

PH

14

PH

308

MIQ

7

Oleandra sp.

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link
Platycerium ridleyi Christ
Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum

MIQ

25

Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum

PH

75

Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum

PH

273

Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum

PH

264

Pleocnemia olivacea (Copel.) Holttum

MIQ

37

PH

231

PH

150

PH

28

PH

195

MIQ

15

Pronephrium nitidum Holttum

PH

32

Pronephrium nitidum Holttum

PH

60

MIQ

80

PH

241

PH

256

Pronephrium nitidum Holttum
Pronephrium peltatum ( Alderw. ) Holttum var. persetiferum
Holttum
Pronephrium peltatum ( Alderw. ) Holttum var. persetiferum
Holttum
Pronephrium peltatum ( Alderw. ) Holttum var. persetiferum
Holttum

Pleocnemia pleiotricha Holttum
Pneumatopteris brooksii (Copel.) Holtt.
Polystichopsis indet.
Pronephrium indet.
Pronephrium hosei (Bak.) Holttum

PH

27

PH

225

Pteris sp.

Psilotum triquetrum Sw.

PH

253

Pteris sp.

PH

257

Pteris sp.

PH

297

Pteris sp.

PH

304

Pteris sp.

PH

205

Pteris holttummii Copel.

MIQ

19

Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato

MIQ

77

Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato

MIQ

82

MIQ

20A

Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato
Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato

PH

237

Pteris vittata L.

PH

263

Pteris vittata L.

PH

164

Pyrrosia kinabaluensis Hovenk.

PH

176

Pyrrosia kinabaluensis Hovenk.

PH

188

Pyrrosia kinabaluensis Hovenk.

MIQ

9

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell

PH

51

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell

PH

54

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell

PH

200

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell

PH

296

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell

PH

310

PH

53

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell
Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching

PH

92

Pyrrosia platyphylla Hovenk.

PH

194

Pyrrosia platyphylla Hovenk.

PH

292

Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw.

PH

9

Selaginella sp.

PH

10

Selaginella sp.

PH

11

Selaginella sp.

PH

202

Selaginella sp.

PH

31

Selaginella ?frondosa Warb.

PH

45

Selaginella ?frondosa Warb.

PH

23

Selaginella alutacia Spring

PH

178

Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring

PH

184

Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring

MIQ

74

Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring

MIQ

79

Selaginella cf. frondosa Warb.

MIQ

87

PH

239

Selaginella cf. frondosa Warb.
Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring

MIQ

18

Selaginella frondosa Warb.

PH

46

Selaginella frondosa Warb.

PH

22

Selaginella griffithii Spring

PH

172

Selaginella griffithii Spring

PH

299

Selaginella griffithii Spring

PH

311

Selaginella griffithii Spring

MIQ

57

Selaginella griffithii Spring

MIQ

50

Selaginella intermedia (Blume) Spring

PH

230

PH

313

PH

8

Selaginella nummularia Warb.
Selaginella nummularia Warb.
Selaginella roxburghii (Hook.) Spring

PH

19

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook.) Spring

PH

234

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook.) Spring

PH

291

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook.) Spring

PH

295

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook.) Spring

3

Selaginella roxburghii (Hook.) Spring

MIQ

MIQ

5

Selaginella sp.

PH

24

Selaginella sp.

MIQ

69

Selaginella sp.

PH

96

Selaginella sp.

MIQ

86

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak.

PH

25

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak.

PH

258

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak.

PH

203

Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak.

PH

212

Selliguea albidosquamata (Bl.) Parris

PH

86

Selliguea lateritia (Bak.) Hovenk.

PH

64

Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris

PH

70

Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris

PH

100

Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris

PH

281

Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris

PH

120

Selliguea platyphylla (Sw.) Ching

MIQ

65

PH

280

MIQ

63

Selliguea soridens (Hook.) Hovenk.
Selliguea stenophylla (Bl.) Parris
Selliguea subsparsa (Baker) Hovenk.

MIQ

41

Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris

PH

140

Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris

PH

141

Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris

MIQ

64

PH

161

Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price

PH

163

Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price

MIQ

72

Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price

PH

29

Sphaerostephanos sp.

Selliguea taeniata var quinquefida sensu Holttum

PH

39

Sphaerostephanos sp.

PH

111

Sphaerostephanos sp.

MIQ

6

Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Bl.) Holttum

MIQ

51

Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Bl.) Holttum

PH

21

Sphaerostephanos penniger (Hook.) Holttum

PH

223

Sphaerostephanos penniger (Hook.) Holttum

PH

303

Sphaerostephanos sp.

MIQ

17

Syngramma coriacea (Copel.) Holttum

PH

36

Syngramma coriacea (Copel.) Holttum

PH

40

Syngramma wallichii Bedd.

MIQ

12

PH

160

Tapeinidium indet.

PH

171

Tapeinidium gracile (Bl.) Alderw.

Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw.

MIQ

11

Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hooker) Kramer

PH

112

Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hooker) Kramer

PH

284

Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hooker) Kramer

PH

312

Tectaria devexa (Mett.) Copel.

PH

101

Tectaria grandidentata (Ces.) Holttum

PH

95

MIQ

84

PH

208

Tectaria inopinnata Holttum
Tectaria pleiosora (Anderw.) C. Chr.
Tectaria simonsii? (Baker) Ching

MIQ

22

PH

220

Teratophyllum aculeatum (Bl.) Kuhn

Tectaria sp.

PH

206

Thylacopteris papillosa (Bl.) J. Sm.

MIQ

24

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

MIQ

28

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

MIQ

38

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

PH

52

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

MIQ

59

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

PH

59

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

PH

80

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

PH

243

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.

PH

99

Trichomanes christii Copel.

PH

248

Trichomanes grande Copel.

PH

78

Trichomanes humile Forst.

MIQ

29

Trichomanes humile Forst.

PH

105

Trichomanes javanicum Bl.

PH

110

Trichomanes javanicum Bl.

PH

210

Trichomanes javanicum Bl.

PH

82

Trichomanes maximum Bl.

PH

98

Trichomanes maximum Bl.

PH

81

Trichomanes minutum Bl.

PH

278

Trichomanes obscurum Bl.

PH

143

Trichomanes proliferum Bl.

MIQ

61

Trichomanes proliferum Bl.

PH

49

Trichomanes singaporianum (Bosch) Alderw.

MIQ

43

Trichomanes sp.

MIQ

44

Trichomanes sp.

PH

207

Trichomanes sp.

PH

276

PH

65

Vittaria indet.

Trichomanes sp.

PH

72

Vittaria indet.

PH

185

Vittaria indet.

PH

260

Vittaria indet.

Appendix 3. Collections made by Ferry Slik based on 53 plot (53 x 100 m2 or 0.53 ha) inventories
of trees taller than 1.3 m, spread across the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest.
Family

Genus

Lauraceae

Actinodaphne

individuals

Theaceae

Adinandra

Meliaceae

Aglaia

Alangiaceae

Alangium

6

Sapindaceae

Allophyllus

2

Lauraceae

Alseodaphne

6

Dipterocarpaceae

Anisoptera

3

Annonaceae

Unknown

3

Rubiaceae

Anthocephalus

Euphorbiaceae

Antidesma

Meliaceae

Aphanamixis

Euphorbiaceae

Aporusa

Thymelaeaceae

Aquilaria

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia

18

Moraceae

Artocarpus

10

Euphorbiaceae

Baccaurea

30

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia

Lauraceae

Beilschmiedia

Celastraceae

Bhesa

2

Euphorbiaceae

Blumeodendron

5

Euphorbiaceae

Bridelia

Anacardiaceae

Buchanania

Fabaceae

Callerya

Clusiaceae

Calophyllum

43

Burseraceae

Canarium

10

Rubiaceae

Canthium

6

Fagaceae

Castanopsis

Celastraceae

Unknown

17

Oleaceae

Chionanthus

24

Meliaceae