KEKERASAN DAN KEKUATAN BENDING KOMPOSIT ALUMINIUM YANG DIPERKUAT SERBUK BESI PRODUK PROSES STIR CASTING - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
ASM team, 1988, “ASM Metal Handbook Volume 15 Casting“, American
Society for Metals, Formerly Ninth Edition , The United States of America
[2]
ASM team, 2001, ASM Metal Handbook Volume 21 Composites “, American
Society for Metals, Formerly Ninth Edition , The United States of America.
[3]
ASTM Handbook, C 1161 – 94, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of
Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature.
[4]
ASTM Handbook, E 18 – 00, Standard Test Method for Rockwell Hardness and
Rockwell Spherical of Metallic Material.
[5]
Brown, J. R., 1994, Feseco Non-Ferrous Foundryman’s, Handbook Eleventh
edition Revised and edited.
[6]
Callister, William D., 1994, Material Science and Engineering and Introduction,
Third Edition, New York: Jhon Whilley and Sons.
[7]
Chawla, Krishan & Meyers, Marc. 2009. Mechanical Behavior of Materials
(Second Edition). Cambridge University Press
[8]
Chawla, Nikhilesh & Chawla, Krishan K, 2001, Metal Matrix Composite, John
Willey & Sons, Inc.
[9]
Froyen, L., Virlinden, B., 1994, Aluminium Matrix Composites Materials ,
Belgium: University of Leuven.
[10] Gustini, 2010, Analisa Kekerasan Komposit Aluminium Fly Ash , Universitas
Sriwijaya, Palembang.
[11] http://areyouengineer.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html (Agustus 2012)
[12] http://hanchlopoblogspot.blogspot.com/2011/04/makalah-pencemaran-logam-besife.html (Agustus 2012)
[13] http://joseriki.blogspot.com/2011/03/komposit.html (Juli 2012)
[14] http://tasikita.blogspot.com/p/blog page.html A, Yuni, 2010, Besi, SMAI YAPPAS
AL-BAROKAH (juli 2012)
[15] http://www.alatuji.com/article/detail/3/what-is-hardness-test-uji-kekerasan-UJi
Kekersan . (Agustus 2012).
[16] http://www.scribd.com/doc/25300537/Makalah-Aluminium (Juli 2012)
1
63
64
[17] http://www.webelements.com/aluminium/pictures.html (juli 2012)
[18] James K. Wessel, 2004, Handbook of Advanced Materials, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New Jersey
[19] Kartaman, M., 2010, Fabrikasi Komposit Al/Al2O3 Coated dengan Metode Stir
Casting dan Karakterisasinya , Depok: Universitas Indonesia.
[20] Kumar, D., Sarangi, S., 2009, Fabrication and Characterisation of AluminiumFly Ash Composite Using Stir Casting Method, Rourkela: Department of
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology.
[21] Kumar, S Theerthan, J.Ananda. 2008, Production and Characterisation of
Aluminium-Fly Ash Composite Using Stir Casting Method, Departement of
Metallurgical and Materials Enginering National Institute of Technology,
Rourkela.
[22] Subarmono dan Santoyo Suryo, 2006, Aluminium Metal Matrix dan Komposit
dengan Penguat Abu Terbang, Jurnal Mesin Industri.
[23] Surappa, M K., 2003, Aluminium Matrix Composites: Challenges and
Opportunities, India: Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science.
[24] Totten, George. E, 1999, Handbook Of Aluminium, Volume 1 , Marcel Dekker,
New York, Bassel.
65
LAMPIRAN
.
66
LAMPIRAN
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 5% dengan
temperatur tuang 700 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
42
43
43
39
43
43
43.5
� �=
0.127551
0.413265
0.413265
11.27041
0.413265
0.413265
1.306122
41.5
39.5
45
41.5
54
50
50
� �=
19.61224
41.32653
0.862245
19.61224
65.14796
16.57653
16.57653
42
43
40
28
27.5
40
43
� �=
18.98469
28.69898
5.556122
92.98469
102.8776
5.556122
28.69898
Σ=
2,05102
42.35714
45.92857
Σ=
25.67347
ATAS
δ HRB =
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
2,05102 2
7−1
BAWAH
Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 2.597422
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 2.068553
δ HRB = 0.584668
�
�=1
Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
1
δ HRB =
Σ=
40.47959
TENGAH
Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
�
�=1
37.64286
1
2
1
2
67
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 10% dengan
temperatur tuang 700 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
50.5
1.653061
48.5
33.47449
46.5
158.0408
50
48
49.5
47
48.5
51
0.617347
1.47449
0.081633
4.903061
0.510204
3.188776
45
38.5
34.5
40.5
47
45
5.22449
17.7602
67.47449
4.903061
18.36735
5.22449
39.5
86
83
86.5
30.5
41.5
383.0408
725.148
572.5765
752.3265
816.3265
308.7551
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
1.77551
49.21429
42.71429
21.77551
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.584668
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.90506
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 9.40645
1
2
59.0714
3
Σ=
530.8878
68
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 15% dengan
temperatur tuang 700 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
39
28.69898
42
0.127551
45
27.18878
45.5
44.5
51
39
46
45.5
1.306122
0.020408
44.12755
28.69898
2.69898
1.306122
44.5
33.5
43
47.5
43
43
4.591837
78.44898
0.413265
26.44898
0.413265
0.413265
39
43
20
42.5
43
46
0.617347
10.33163
391.4745
7.367347
10.33163
38.61735
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
15.26531
44.35714
42.35714
15.83673
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.59506
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.62464
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 3.40143
1
2
39.7857
1
Σ=
69.41837
69
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 5% dengan
temperatur tuang 725 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
42.5
9
43
7.367347
45
0.326531
39
41.5
36
37
38.5
42
0.25
4
12.25
6.25
1
6.25
43
41
37
40
40
38
7.367347
0.510204
10.79592
0.081633
0.081633
5.22449
43
44
47
42
44
46
2.040816
0.183673
6.612245
5.897959
0.183673
2.469388
� �=
5.571429
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
39.5
40.28571
4.489796
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.963624
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.865043
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 0.649437
1
2
44.4285
7
Σ=
2.530612
70
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 10% dengan
temperatur tuang 725 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
45
2.938776
45
4
48
0.617347
45
45
47
44.5
45.5
55
2.938776
2.938776
0.081633
4.903061
1.47449
68.65306
44
43.5
35
43
45.5
45
1
0.25
64
0
6.25
4
48
49
45
45.5
46
49
0.617347
3.188776
4.903061
2.938776
1.47449
3.188776
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
2.418367
43
11.9898
46.71429
11.35714
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.413612
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.375811
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 0.634871
1
2
47.2142
9
Σ=
71
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 15% dengan
temperatur tuang 725 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
44
18.36735
31
42.25
35
39.5102
39
45
42
26
39
43
0.510204
27.93878
5.22449
188.0816
0.510204
10.79592
31.5
24
90
31.5
33.5
21
36
182.25
2756.25
36
16
272.25
26.5
36.5
27
90
37.5
36.5
218.6173
22.90306
204.0816
2373.082
14.33163
22.90306
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
37.5
35.91837
39.71429
477.2857
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 2.446711
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 8.918947
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 8.302938
1
2
41.2857
1
Σ=
413.6327
72
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 5% dengan
temperatur tuang 750 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
48.5
9.433673
55
34.30612
49
0.510204
45.5
41
39
48
47
49
0.005102
19.61224
41.32653
6.612245
2.469388
12.7551
52
51
55
55
38
38
8.163265
3.44898
34.30612
34.30612
124.1633
124.1633
49
48.5
50
48
47
46.5
0.510204
0.045918
2.938776
0.081633
1.653061
3.188776
� �=
Σ=
51.83673
� �=
1.27551
� �=
Σ=
45.42857
13.17347
49.14286
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.481748
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 2.939295
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 0.461069
1
2
48.2857
1
Σ=
73
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 10% dengan
temperatur tuang 750 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
44
0.045918
52.5
3.188776
47
12.7551
46
44
42
43
43
47.5
3.188776
0.045918
4.903061
1.47449
1.47449
10.79592
48.5
49.5
50.5
50.5
52
51.5
4.903061
1.47449
0.045918
0.045918
1.653061
0.617347
48
43
32.5
44.5
41
48
20.89796
0.183673
119.4337
1.147959
5.897959
20.89796
� �=
� �=
Σ=
3.132653
1.704082
� �=
Σ=
44.21429
50.71429
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.722571
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.532929
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 2.077168
1
2
43.4285
7
Σ=
25.88776
74
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 15% dengan
temperatur tuang 750 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
48
147.449
38
51.02041
57.5
17.16327
49
57
52.5
76.5
51.5
86.5
124.1633
9.877551
58.41327
267.5561
74.69898
694.699
37
48.5
41
42.5
50.5
58.5
66.30612
11.27041
17.16327
6.984694
28.69898
178.4133
44.5
55.5
52
46
72
46
78.44898
4.591837
1.841837
54.12755
347.5561
54.12755
� �=
Σ=
� �=
79.69388
Σ=
� �=
196.6939
60.14286
45.14286
51.40816
53.3571
4
Σ=
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 5.725584
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 2.927119
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 3.644491
Jarak pengukuran kekerasan spesimen diukur mulai dari sisi tepi permukaan spesimen
75
Tabel pengujian bending Al/Fe temperatur tuang 700°C
no.
Perlakuan
1
2
3
Fe 5%
Fe 10%
Fe 15%
d tebal
(mm)
3,0
3,0
3,0
P (N)
b lebar
(mm)
4,0
4,0
4,0
L pjg
(mm)
45
45
45
�−� ²
S (MPa)
P (N)
S (MPa)
218,7
96,1
180,6
205,03
90,09
169,31
−
²
Fe 5%
218.7
2869.388
205.03
2522.048
Fe 10%
96.1
4765.601
90.09
4188.678
Fe 15%
180.6
239.2178
169.31
210.25
�=
165.1333
Σ = 2624.736
=
154.81
Σ = 2306.992
Standar Deviasi Skala Tegangan Lentur - S (δ MPa)
δ MPa =
�
�=1
−
�−1
2306.992
δ MPa =
3−1
δ MPa = 33.96316
²
1
2
1
2
76
Tabel pengujian bending Al/Fe temperatur tuang 725°C
no.
Perlakuan
1
2
3
Fe 5%
Fe 10%
Fe 15%
d tebal
(mm)
3,0
3,0
3,0
P (N)
b lebar
(mm)
4,0
4,0
4,0
L pjg
(mm)
45
45
45
�−� ²
S (MPa)
P (N)
S (MPa)
269.8
158.6
37.24
252.94
148.69
34.1
−
²
Fe 5%
269.8
13130,1
252.94
11598,57
Fe 10%
158.6
11.46951
148.69
11.87951
Fe 15%
37.24
13917.71
34.1
12352.84
�=
155.2133
Σ = 9019.76
=
145.2433
Σ = 7987.764
Standar Deviasi Skala Tegangan Lentur - S (δ MPa)
δ MPa =
δ MPa =
�
�=1
−
�−1
7987.764
3−1
δ MPa = 63.19717
²
1
2
1
2
77
Tabel pengujian bending Al/Fe temperatur tuang 750°C
no.
Perlakuan
1
2
3
Fe 5%
Fe 10%
Fe 15%
d tebal
(mm)
3,0
3,0
3,0
b lebar
(mm)
4,0
4,0
4,0
L pjg
(mm)
45
45
45
P (N)
S (MPa)
217
160.4
162.2
203.44
150.38
152.06
.
P (N)
�−� ²
S (MPa)
−
²
Fe 5%
217
1378.884
203.44
1211.968
Fe 10%
160.4
378.9511
150.38
332.9408
Fe 15%
162.2
312.1111
152.06
274.4544
�=
179.8667
Σ = 689.9822
=
168.6267
Σ = 606.4545
Standar Deviasi Skala Tegangan Lentur - S (δ MPa)
δ MPa =
δ MPa =
�
�=1
−
�−1
606.4545
²
1
2
1
2
3−1
δ MPa = 17,41342
=
Dimana :
3 ��
4 �� 2
S = Tegangan Lentur (MPa)
P = Beban / Load (N)
L = Panjang Span / Support Span (mm)
b = Lebar / Width (mm)
d = Tebal/ Depth (mm)
[1]
ASM team, 1988, “ASM Metal Handbook Volume 15 Casting“, American
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ASTM Handbook, C 1161 – 94, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of
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65
LAMPIRAN
.
66
LAMPIRAN
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 5% dengan
temperatur tuang 700 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
42
43
43
39
43
43
43.5
� �=
0.127551
0.413265
0.413265
11.27041
0.413265
0.413265
1.306122
41.5
39.5
45
41.5
54
50
50
� �=
19.61224
41.32653
0.862245
19.61224
65.14796
16.57653
16.57653
42
43
40
28
27.5
40
43
� �=
18.98469
28.69898
5.556122
92.98469
102.8776
5.556122
28.69898
Σ=
2,05102
42.35714
45.92857
Σ=
25.67347
ATAS
δ HRB =
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
2,05102 2
7−1
BAWAH
Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 2.597422
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 2.068553
δ HRB = 0.584668
�
�=1
Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
1
δ HRB =
Σ=
40.47959
TENGAH
Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
�
�=1
37.64286
1
2
1
2
67
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 10% dengan
temperatur tuang 700 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
50.5
1.653061
48.5
33.47449
46.5
158.0408
50
48
49.5
47
48.5
51
0.617347
1.47449
0.081633
4.903061
0.510204
3.188776
45
38.5
34.5
40.5
47
45
5.22449
17.7602
67.47449
4.903061
18.36735
5.22449
39.5
86
83
86.5
30.5
41.5
383.0408
725.148
572.5765
752.3265
816.3265
308.7551
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
1.77551
49.21429
42.71429
21.77551
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.584668
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.90506
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 9.40645
1
2
59.0714
3
Σ=
530.8878
68
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 15% dengan
temperatur tuang 700 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
39
28.69898
42
0.127551
45
27.18878
45.5
44.5
51
39
46
45.5
1.306122
0.020408
44.12755
28.69898
2.69898
1.306122
44.5
33.5
43
47.5
43
43
4.591837
78.44898
0.413265
26.44898
0.413265
0.413265
39
43
20
42.5
43
46
0.617347
10.33163
391.4745
7.367347
10.33163
38.61735
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
15.26531
44.35714
42.35714
15.83673
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.59506
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.62464
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 3.40143
1
2
39.7857
1
Σ=
69.41837
69
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 5% dengan
temperatur tuang 725 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
42.5
9
43
7.367347
45
0.326531
39
41.5
36
37
38.5
42
0.25
4
12.25
6.25
1
6.25
43
41
37
40
40
38
7.367347
0.510204
10.79592
0.081633
0.081633
5.22449
43
44
47
42
44
46
2.040816
0.183673
6.612245
5.897959
0.183673
2.469388
� �=
5.571429
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
39.5
40.28571
4.489796
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.963624
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.865043
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 0.649437
1
2
44.4285
7
Σ=
2.530612
70
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 10% dengan
temperatur tuang 725 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
45
2.938776
45
4
48
0.617347
45
45
47
44.5
45.5
55
2.938776
2.938776
0.081633
4.903061
1.47449
68.65306
44
43.5
35
43
45.5
45
1
0.25
64
0
6.25
4
48
49
45
45.5
46
49
0.617347
3.188776
4.903061
2.938776
1.47449
3.188776
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
2.418367
43
11.9898
46.71429
11.35714
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.413612
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.375811
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 0.634871
1
2
47.2142
9
Σ=
71
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 15% dengan
temperatur tuang 725 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
44
18.36735
31
42.25
35
39.5102
39
45
42
26
39
43
0.510204
27.93878
5.22449
188.0816
0.510204
10.79592
31.5
24
90
31.5
33.5
21
36
182.25
2756.25
36
16
272.25
26.5
36.5
27
90
37.5
36.5
218.6173
22.90306
204.0816
2373.082
14.33163
22.90306
� �=
Σ=
� �=
Σ=
� �=
37.5
35.91837
39.71429
477.2857
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 2.446711
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 8.918947
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 8.302938
1
2
41.2857
1
Σ=
413.6327
72
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 5% dengan
temperatur tuang 750 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
48.5
9.433673
55
34.30612
49
0.510204
45.5
41
39
48
47
49
0.005102
19.61224
41.32653
6.612245
2.469388
12.7551
52
51
55
55
38
38
8.163265
3.44898
34.30612
34.30612
124.1633
124.1633
49
48.5
50
48
47
46.5
0.510204
0.045918
2.938776
0.081633
1.653061
3.188776
� �=
Σ=
51.83673
� �=
1.27551
� �=
Σ=
45.42857
13.17347
49.14286
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 1.481748
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 2.939295
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 0.461069
1
2
48.2857
1
Σ=
73
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 10% dengan
temperatur tuang 750 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
44
0.045918
52.5
3.188776
47
12.7551
46
44
42
43
43
47.5
3.188776
0.045918
4.903061
1.47449
1.47449
10.79592
48.5
49.5
50.5
50.5
52
51.5
4.903061
1.47449
0.045918
0.045918
1.653061
0.617347
48
43
32.5
44.5
41
48
20.89796
0.183673
119.4337
1.147959
5.897959
20.89796
� �=
� �=
Σ=
3.132653
1.704082
� �=
Σ=
44.21429
50.71429
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.722571
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 0.532929
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
δ HRB = 2.077168
1
2
43.4285
7
Σ=
25.88776
74
Tabel nilai kekerasan Rockwell (HRB) Al/Fe berdasarkan variasi Fe 15% dengan
temperatur tuang 750 0C
Jarak
pengu
kuran
(cm)
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
Atas
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Tengah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
Bawah
(HRB)
� �−� � ²
48
147.449
38
51.02041
57.5
17.16327
49
57
52.5
76.5
51.5
86.5
124.1633
9.877551
58.41327
267.5561
74.69898
694.699
37
48.5
41
42.5
50.5
58.5
66.30612
11.27041
17.16327
6.984694
28.69898
178.4133
44.5
55.5
52
46
72
46
78.44898
4.591837
1.841837
54.12755
347.5561
54.12755
� �=
Σ=
� �=
79.69388
Σ=
� �=
196.6939
60.14286
45.14286
51.40816
53.3571
4
Σ=
ATAS - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 5.725584
TENGAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 2.927119
BAWAH - Standar Deviasi Skala Rockwell (δ HRB)
δ HRB =
�
�=1
� �−� � ²
�−1
1
2
δ HRB = 3.644491
Jarak pengukuran kekerasan spesimen diukur mulai dari sisi tepi permukaan spesimen
75
Tabel pengujian bending Al/Fe temperatur tuang 700°C
no.
Perlakuan
1
2
3
Fe 5%
Fe 10%
Fe 15%
d tebal
(mm)
3,0
3,0
3,0
P (N)
b lebar
(mm)
4,0
4,0
4,0
L pjg
(mm)
45
45
45
�−� ²
S (MPa)
P (N)
S (MPa)
218,7
96,1
180,6
205,03
90,09
169,31
−
²
Fe 5%
218.7
2869.388
205.03
2522.048
Fe 10%
96.1
4765.601
90.09
4188.678
Fe 15%
180.6
239.2178
169.31
210.25
�=
165.1333
Σ = 2624.736
=
154.81
Σ = 2306.992
Standar Deviasi Skala Tegangan Lentur - S (δ MPa)
δ MPa =
�
�=1
−
�−1
2306.992
δ MPa =
3−1
δ MPa = 33.96316
²
1
2
1
2
76
Tabel pengujian bending Al/Fe temperatur tuang 725°C
no.
Perlakuan
1
2
3
Fe 5%
Fe 10%
Fe 15%
d tebal
(mm)
3,0
3,0
3,0
P (N)
b lebar
(mm)
4,0
4,0
4,0
L pjg
(mm)
45
45
45
�−� ²
S (MPa)
P (N)
S (MPa)
269.8
158.6
37.24
252.94
148.69
34.1
−
²
Fe 5%
269.8
13130,1
252.94
11598,57
Fe 10%
158.6
11.46951
148.69
11.87951
Fe 15%
37.24
13917.71
34.1
12352.84
�=
155.2133
Σ = 9019.76
=
145.2433
Σ = 7987.764
Standar Deviasi Skala Tegangan Lentur - S (δ MPa)
δ MPa =
δ MPa =
�
�=1
−
�−1
7987.764
3−1
δ MPa = 63.19717
²
1
2
1
2
77
Tabel pengujian bending Al/Fe temperatur tuang 750°C
no.
Perlakuan
1
2
3
Fe 5%
Fe 10%
Fe 15%
d tebal
(mm)
3,0
3,0
3,0
b lebar
(mm)
4,0
4,0
4,0
L pjg
(mm)
45
45
45
P (N)
S (MPa)
217
160.4
162.2
203.44
150.38
152.06
.
P (N)
�−� ²
S (MPa)
−
²
Fe 5%
217
1378.884
203.44
1211.968
Fe 10%
160.4
378.9511
150.38
332.9408
Fe 15%
162.2
312.1111
152.06
274.4544
�=
179.8667
Σ = 689.9822
=
168.6267
Σ = 606.4545
Standar Deviasi Skala Tegangan Lentur - S (δ MPa)
δ MPa =
δ MPa =
�
�=1
−
�−1
606.4545
²
1
2
1
2
3−1
δ MPa = 17,41342
=
Dimana :
3 ��
4 �� 2
S = Tegangan Lentur (MPa)
P = Beban / Load (N)
L = Panjang Span / Support Span (mm)
b = Lebar / Width (mm)
d = Tebal/ Depth (mm)