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ICM in Indonesia. One North Sulawesi participant also participated in the CRC-based training workshop on Mainstreaming Gender Equity and Population in Coastal Management Programs
also supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Lastly, the USAID CRMP has provided all of the infrastructure and salaries of full time personnel working on the scaling up
and other Marine Sanctuaries Project related activities. This has allowed us to implement a much greater number of activities, produce more documents and educational materials, and stretch
funds out over a longer length of time than would have been possible with the Marine Sanctuaries funds along.
4. Lessons Learned
4.1 Major Lessons Learned in the Philippines
Several important conclusions resulted from the Philippine lesson drawing activities. First, there is a surprisingly high failure rate of community-based marine sanctuaries. Most experts believe
this is due to implementation failure and not due to failure of basic program theory. One of the key factors behind these failures is believed to be the lack of adequate community participation
in their planning and implementation. The field research pointed to six important predictors of successful community-based marine sanctuaries. They include:
• Population size relatively small • A perceived crisis in terms of reduced fish populations before the MPA project is started
• Successful alternative income projects • A relatively high level of community participation in decision making
• Continuing advice from the implementing organization • Inputs from the municipal government
If all of these factors are exhibited within any given site, it greatly increases the probability of success. The research results also suggest that project factors tend to be more important than
most context factors. Hence, community-based marine sanctuaries can be applied in a wide variety of settings. Appropriate application of proven implementation strategies is the key.
More recent analysis of the data has also indicated that marine sanctuaries located in proximity to tourism areas also tend to be more successful. Hence, in addition to the sustainable fisheries
objective, they may also provide benefit if linked to tourism development strategies.
The Cebu-Manado workshop also ended with several important conclusions and observations. First, the planning and implementation models for community-based marine sanctuaries is quite
similar in both countries. In the Philippines, there is a greater degree of formal decentralization of authority to local government. Philippine municipalities have sea jurisdiction out to 15
kilometers. In Indonesia, villages have no formal sea jurisdiction as this resides with the District out to 4 nautical miles and with the Province out to 12 nautical miles. Hence, there is a need in
Indonesia for districts to provide formal authority to villages to establish marine sanctuaries. In the Philippines, hundreds of examples of community-based marine sanctuaries have been
established and critical masses of individuals and institutions have been developed over the last two decades to provide support services to local communities and municipalities. This process
of capacity building in Indonesia is just starting. Another observation made by Philippine
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participants is that in North Sulawesi coastal communities seem to be much better off than their counterparts in the Philippines and perhaps not coincidentally the coastal resources and coral
reefs in North Sulawesi are generally in much better condition.
4.2 Major Lessons Learned in Indonesia
