196 The
Journal of
Human
Resources
Table 1 Australian, Canadian, and U.S. Immigration Policies
Australia Canada
United States
I. Family migration I. Family migration
I. Numerically limited mitgration
Preferential Spouses, unmarried children less than 21,
First preference Spouses, fiance´es, unmarried dependent
parents and grandparents, orphaned unmar- Adult unmarried children of U.S. citizens. 20 of overall
children, children under 18 being ried nephews, nieces and grandchildren
limitation. adopted, parents meeting balance of fam-
less than 18, and children less than 13 to Second preference
ily test, aged dependent relatives, last re- be adopted.
Spouses and unmarried children of legal permanent resi- maining brothers, sisters or adult children,
II. Skilled migration dents. 26 of overall limitation and any not required for
orphaned, unmarried relatives under 18, Assisted relatives
first preference. special need relatives of an Australian citi-
Other relatives including siblings, married Third preference
zen or legal permanent resident. children, aunts or uncles, grandchildren,
Members of the professions or persons of exceptional abil- Concessional
parents, nieces or nephews, grandparents. ity in the sciences or the arts. 10 of overall limitation.
Nondependent children, nondependent Points tested.
Fourth preference brothers or sisters, nondependent nieces
Business immigrants Married children of U.S. citizens. 10 of overall limita-
or nephews, nondependent parents not Entrepreneurs
tions and any not required for first three preferences. meeting the balance of family test. Points
Those who intend to establish or buy in- Fifth preference
tested. terest in a business such that jobs will be
Siblings of U.S. citizens aged 21 or older. 24 of the
II. Skilled migration created.
overall limitation and any not required for the first four Business skills program
Investors preferences.
Successful business persons intending to Those who invest a minimum amount in
Sixth preference migrate as shareholders or sole owners of
small businesses that contribute to job Skilled and unskilled workers in short supply. 10 of
a business. growth.
overall limitation. Distinguished talent
Self-employed Nonpreference
Individuals with special or unique talents Those establishing a business creating job
All other immigrants. Any numbers not required for first of obvious benefit to Australia.
opportunities and contributing to the econ- six preferences.
Independent omy, culture or artistic life of Canada.
II. Numerically unlimited migration
