Education levels Access to social protection programs Health status and food security

9 8

4.4 Income and asset ownership

National data also shows that poverty rates steeply increase as people get older. In fact, poverty estimates using the national socio-economic survey SUSENAS data may under-estimate the severity of old-age poverty, as the rates are much higher using other international equivalence scales see Figure 9. Figure 10: ASLURETI beneficiaries’ monthly income by sex and geographic areas 12 Figure 9: Percentage of elderly living in poverty 11 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 P o verty he adc ount r at e Age OECD-Modified scale Square root scale Oxford scale Calorie intake scale Per capita BPS Although ASLURETI does not target beneiciaries based on poverty levels, most beneiciaries are among the poor and vulnerable. On self-reported income, 74 of all elderly 94 of women, and 66 of men earn below 1 million Rupiah 100 AUD per month see Figure 10. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Monthly income 1 IDR million Male Female TOTAL Monthly income 1 IDR million 6 94 66 34 26 74 Furthermore, only 17.5 of respondents admitted to holding any savings or physical assets which they can draw on to cope with crises or shocks. 11 Source: SUSENAS 2015 12 Source: Evaluation of ASLURETI, Aceh Jaya’s Old Age Pension MAHKOTA and SurveyMeter, 2017

4.5 Education levels

Adequate employment opportunities are inextricably linked with levels of education. In the context of Aceh Jaya, most respondents 77 have never attended school, or not completed elementary school. Furthermore, only 3 of respondents have completed schooling higher than elementary. There is a strong gendered dimension, as 87 of women have not attended nor inished elementary school, as compared to 67 of men see Figure 11 Figure 11: ASLURETI beneficiaries’ education levels 13 No school n=221 Not completed Elementary School n=197 Male Completed Elementary School n=97 Completed Junior School n=15 Completed Senior High School n=8 Attended University n=2 Percentage of respondents 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 25 43 24 5 1 Female 57 30 12 1 TOTAL 41 36 18 3 1 As a result, nearly 74 of female respondents are unable to read or write, as compared to 37 of men. While years of schooling are extremely low within elderly populations, male respondents average at least twice the amount for schooling years than females in the 70-79 age group 3.36 years compared to 1.64, and almost tripled in the 80-plus aged respondent group 2.80 years as compared to 0.95. 13 ibid 11 10

4.6 Access to social protection programs

There is clearly a need for state support to address old-age poverty, and enhance income levels for older persons in Aceh Jaya. In addition to ASLURETI, 94 of respondents are also recipients of the national subsidized rice scheme Rastra, and 91 are also beneiting from the national social health insurance scheme JKN. Sixty- one percent also beneit from a local program which provides free electricity, while access to other cash transfer schemes was negligible. However, the majority 54 claimed that ASLURETI was the most beneicial for them, and subsequently, JKN 21, the free electricity scheme 13, and Rastra 9 see Figure 12 Table 1: ASLURETI beneficiaries’ access to social protection programs 14 14 ibid

4.7 Health status and food security

Health status was self-reported, with 47 in total stating they were ‘of good health’ and capable of undertaking daily activities. Understandably, only 20 of elderly with a disability rated their general health as good, with only 9 able to perform daily activities. Mental health ratings were undertaken using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and found that around 40 of respondents, and their caregivers, experienced some form of depression. There were higher rates of depression found in female respondents compared to males, although reasons for this remain unclear. Using a food security measurement developed by Freedom from Hunger, respondents were found to mostly live within food-secure households. From the 16 of respondents in a food insecure household, 12.5 lived in a moderately food insecure household, while 3.5 were found to be severely food insecure. SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ASLURETI Rastra JKN Free electricity Home health care Cash transfer from Baitul Amal Home repair for Elderly Family Hope Program PKH Other FROM District National National District Province Province District National District, National Percentage 100 94 92 60 9 8 4 6 3 N = 540 Figure 12: Most beneficial social protection schemes for ASLURETI beneficiaries ASLURETI JKNBPJS Free electricity Rastra Scholarship BOS Home renovations Others 54 21 13 9 1 1 1 05. ASLURETI Evaluation Findings

5.1 The use of the cash transfers