Additives and concessives Connectives within sentences

3.3.1 Additives and concessives

Two additives and three concessives have been noted in the corpus. Additives indicate that there is an association between the two conjoined elements. Concessives indicate that the clause that they introduce counters a previous idea, either by directly contradicting an idea previously expressed or by countering an inference or expectation generated by previous material. The additives are na ‘and’ and wone ‘also’. The conjunction na can join entire clauses as well as individual words or phrases. For example, in the first line of “Chicken,” two participants are introduced: ‘He was there Chicken and Hare’. In this case, na joins the two participants, which are within the same noun phrase. Two examples of clause coordination are shown in 26. 26 Independent clauses joined by na Cows 13h–i ‘Marima wanted cattle, and her children stole those cattle’ Watermelon 15a–c ‘...because the watermelons were eaten, and that thief who stole, he didn’t catch him’ Another additive is wone ‘also’, which occurs in several texts. It nearly always follows a noun, pronoun or a demonstrative, as in oyo wone ‘that person also’. Good examples are found in “Chicken,” in which one participant Hare’s wife goes through the same events that another participant Hare first went through. See the example in 27. Hare had already died, so wone is used to show that Hare’s wife is going through a parallel set of events. 27 wone ‘also’ in “Chicken” Pre-NO Pre-NI S V OC Post-NI Post-NO 37a Oyo Ref wone naagwa NAR awo This also she fell there This one also fell there. There are three concessives in the corpus, nawe, tari and lakini, all of which are translated as ‘but’. Nawe is most common, and it can be used both within a sentence and between sentences. Several examples are listed in 28. 28 Examples of nawe ‘but’ in the corpus Chicken 9 abhaana bheeswe bhatakugosorera andi wuri nawe abhagosorera ewa omwikasyanya weeswe Mutuuju era ‘our children don’t visit other place, but they visit our neighbor Hare only’ Canoe 19b nawe owumwi webhwe neeya naayigwa okugwatirira riigogo ‘but one of them, he got tired of holding onto the log’ Canoe 24a Nawe abhaanu bhanu bhaatubhiiye... ‘But the people who drowned...’ Canoe 45 Nawe mu-chaaramo awo... ‘But during the mourning there...’ Canoe 30 Nawe ku-bhuteero nibhabhonekana abhaanu bha okubhasakira. ‘But in the end there were people to help them.’ In the first example above from “Chicken,” nawe clearly occurs within the sentence, joining two independent clauses. In some of the remaining examples, it is less clear whether or not nawe starts a new sentence. In two examples, however, Canoe 24 and 30, it is quite clear that nawe not only begins the sentence, but also the whole paragraph. These examples show that nawe can function both within sentences and between them. Tari is much less common, occurring only once in the corpus in a speech clause. In Mariro 11d, an old lady tells Mariro that she’ll show him where his cows are, ‘but tari help me to farm here first’. Note that the Swahili concessive lakini ‘but’ occurs a couple of times in the corpus as well, but this is not a Jita word.

3.3.2 Other connectives