Morphological and essential oil characterization of the banda nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) of moluccas and north moluccas ecotypes
International
ISSN 0853-7674
Agricultural Scientific Journal
• PERSADA ;
**\m&
GAKUKYOKJU
October 2006
Volume XII, 3, 2006
1. The use of Fuzzy Set Functions For Assessing Land Suitability Index
as the Basis for Environmental Management
Baskoroand EduardoP. Paningbatan)
(Dwi Putro Tejo
2. Mineral composition of Shallots Bulbs {Allium ascalonicum. L) (June
MellawatiandT.M.Nakanishi)
1
6
3. Handling of Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. Seed to Provide High •
Quality Seedling (Muhammad Salim Saleh, Tati Budiarti, H.M.H.
Bintoro, E.MurniatiandY.Yamamoto)
4. The Influence of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Leaves on the Body
Weight Change and Calcium - Phosphorus Absorption in Lactating
Sheep(AgikSuprayogi andUdoterMeulen)
5. Morphological and Essential Oil Characterization of The Banda
Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans Houtt.) of Moluccas and North Moluccas
Ecotypes (llyas Marzuki, M.H. Bintoro Djoefrie, Sandra A. Aziz,
HerdhataAgusta.MemenSurahmanandH.Ehara)
9
13
17
6. The Effect of Green Tea and Ginger on Homogeneous, Acidity, and
Protease Activities of Skim and Whole Milks (Tatik Khusniati, Herlina
Purwiyanti.NunukWidyastutiandZainalAlimMas'ud)
22
7. The More Precise Medium Modification and Sterilization Level on In Vitro
Propagation of Mushroom (Syammiah, Efendi, and Laura S
MeitznerYoder)
27
8. Grazing Tolerance of Normal and Dwarf Elephantgrasses Pasture at the
First and Second Years after Establishment (Muhammad Mukhtar
andYasuyukiishii)
Published by
The Association of Indonesian Alumni from Japan
(PERSADA)
31
Gakuryoku
Volume XII No. 3, Tb. 2006
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ESSENTIAL OIL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
BANDA NUTMEG {Myristica fragrans HOUTT.) OF MOLUCCAS AND NORTH
MOLUCCAS ECOTYPES
Ilyas Marzuki1, M.H. Bintoro Djoefrie2, Sandra A. Aziz2, Herdhata Agusta2,
j
Memen Surahman2 and H. Ehara3
Department ofAgronomy, Faculty ofAgriculture, Pattimura University,
Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Campus Poka, Ambon 97233;
Email: imr64@telkom.net
Department ofAgronomy, Faculty ofAgriculture,
( Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga, Bogor
3
Faculty ofBioresources, Mie University (MU), Japan
ABSTRACT
An agronomic study is conducted to characterize morphological and essential oil properties of Banda
nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) ofMoluccas and North Moluccas ecotypes. In Moluccas, three sampling
sites are chosen: Banda islands, Ambon and Luhu; and in North Moluccas, the sites are Ternate, Tidore and
Bacan Twenty-one morphological characters ofnutmeg trees are studied and the similarity index (SI) was
calculated. For nutmeg production observations, two elevations are taken: 0to 50 mabove sea level (asl)
and 250 to 300 masl. Nutmeg oils in seed and mace are extracted by using hydro-distillation method and the
resulted oils then analyzed and identifiedfor their essential oil components by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). In oil extraction, two maturity levels ofseeds are used: 3to 5months (immature)
and > 7months (mature). Results reveal that 90% ofthe morphological traits observed are stabile in the six
sites within the two ecotypes. The oil contents in mature seeds are 11.2 and 8.73% for Moluccas and North
Moluccas, respectively. In immature seeds, however, the oil contents are much higher, ie 12 39% for
Moluccas and 12.11%for North Moluccas. Higher oil contents arefound in mace at the levels of20 04% for
Moluccas and 20.84% for North Moluccas. GC-MS analysis shows that the Banda nutmeg oil contains 28 to
31 different essential oil components. Four of them having economically important values are myristicin
elemicm, safrole, and eugenol. In conclusion, Banda nutmeg has the highest content in myristicin, i.e.
I j. /O/v.
Key words: Banda nutmeg, hydro-distillation, GC-MS, essential oil
component that can be extracted mainly from seed
INTRODUCTION
\i„tr»n
LST7qUaHty °f verifies
nUtmeg that
Pr°ducgenera"y
haverange
SG- W.oftheER,SNI
and standard
OR IndicesHowever
Sin
tion. In addition
th.s™t
phenomenon
ge- an
acceptance
aTthouoMthe?plant
.'" fanda
"Utm.^ iS 5ighly
0il origina*d
Tidoreinsh^ws
although
.s open-poll.nated.
The C°"SerVed
conserved "Utmeg
of OR (+40.0)
Higherinindex
OR isatghe^4lue
ako reported
features ,n morphology of the trees are probably by Pursegloveet al [I]
P^
faSThtre^lto^mrfor^" the nU,m* P°pU^P^ntly, the pale yellow color of the nutmeg
MoLccas andSh 2M ^ T™g P'a"tS ta oil °riginated from Tidore ^type related toll
grans spec.es and other species of nutmeg is possi-
L
ble. Few changes in the morphological characters
have occured within the nutmeg trees in North
Moluccas ecotype. These changes had been ob-
served by Hadad and Hamid [15] in the same eco-
, D J
J'
CONCLUSION
da nutmeg in both Moluccas and North
type. Although the characteristics ofthe morphology
Moluccas ecotypes shows high stability in its
ofthe nutmeg are not fully stabile in the environ- 0 morphological phenotypes;
ment, plant morphology is still widely used as classical characterization method [16].
In average, nutmeg production in Banda islands
is much higher than that in the remaining sites
Type and properties ofthe ecotypes studied are cons.dered affecting the plant stability and the nutmeg
production. The similar effects of the ecotype on
nutmeg were also reported by Flamini etal [17] on
Rosmarinus officinalis L. in two ecotypes
Hydrodistilled nutmeg oil ofTidore-origin nut-
content mthe seed and mace ofthe nutmeg is
ecotype-dependent;
3' Pnysico-cnemical properties of the nutmeg oils
Moluccas are still suitable for international
„ trade PurPose; and
Nutmeg originated in Banda islands contains
myristicn component at the highest level,
Dr-r^r.™
REFERENCES
5*? Pa'e yellow color, while others are col- [1] Purseglove JW, Green CL, Brown DG Robbins
tTm S 7 afharac/er,stlc odor of ""taeg. SomeSRJ. 1981. Nutmeg and Mace mSbices Vo
TeSn The? "rs of^lSed01'' ?^T * ***
^-^ ^ndon8Longmans
20
" " V°'
Gakuryoku
Volume XII No. 3, 77;. 2006
[3] GCNA. 2001, Nutmeg production. http://www.
grenadanutmeg.com/production.htmi (visited on
12 October 2005).
[4] Marks, S., J. Pomeroy. 1995. International trade
in nutmeg and mace: issues and options for In
donesia. Bull. Indo Economic
Studies 31
(3):103-118.
[ll]Masada, Y. 1976. Application of gas-liquid
chromatography mass spectrophotometry to the
identification of essential oils. Plenum Press,
John Wiley and Sons, NY.
[12] Minitab. 2000. Statistical analysis package:
Minitab. Minitab, Inc. N.Y.
[13] SAS. 1996. Statistical Analysis System. SAS
[5] Ojechi, B.O., J.A. Souzey, D.E. Akpomedaye.
1998. Microbial stability of mango {Mangifera
indica L.)juice preserved by combined applica
tion of mild heat and extracts of two tropical
[14]BSN. 1999. SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia):
spices. J. Food Protection 61(6):725-727.
[6] Power, F.B. and A.H. Salway. 1908. Chemical
[15] Hadad, E.A., A. Hamid 1990. Mengenal berba-
examination and physiological action of nut
meg. Amer. J. Pharm. 80:563.
[7] Jirovetz, L., G. Buchbauer, M.P. Shafi, M.K.
Leela. 2003. Analysis of the essential oils of the
leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the me
dicinal plantAlpinia galanga from southern In
dia. Acta Pharm. 53:73-81.
[8] IPBGR.
1980. Tropical fruits descriptors.
IBPGR. Southeast Asia Regional Committee.
[9] Cysnea, J.B., K.M. Canutoa, O.D.L. Pessoa,
E.P. Nunesb, and E.R. Silveiraa. 2005. Leaf Es
sential Oils of Four Piper Species from the State
Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Minyak pala. Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Ja
karta.
gai plasmanutfah pala di daerah Maluku Utara.
. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat,
Bogor.
[16] Cross, R.J. 1990. Assessment of IBPGR mor
phological descriptor in determining pattern
within crop germplasm: Characterization,
evaluation, and enhancement. IBPGR, Rome.
[17] Flamini, G., P.L. Cioni, I. Morelli, M. Macchia,
L. Ceccarini. 2002. Main agronomic-productive
characteristics of two ecotypes of Rosmarinus
officinalis L. and chemical composition of their
essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:35123517.
of Ceard - Northeast of Brazil. J. Braz. Chem.
Soc, 16(6B):1378-1381.
[18] De Guzman C.C., J.S. Siemonsma. 1999.
Spices. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia
[10]Atti-Santos, A.C., M. Rossatol, G. F. Pauletti,
L.D. Rotal, J.C. Rech, M.R. Panseral, F.
Agostini, and L. A. Serafini, and P. Moyna.
Physico-chemical Evaluation of Rosmarinus of
[19] Krishnamoorthy, B., J. Rema. 2001. Nutmeg
ficinalis L. Essential Oils. 2005. Brazilian Ar
chives ofBiology and Technology 48 (6): 10351039.
(ProseaNo. 13). Bogor.
and Mace. In K.V. Peter (Ed.)
land.
[20] Peerzada, N. 1997. Chemical Composition of
the Essential Oil of Hyptis Suaveolens. Mole
cules 2:165-168.
21
Handbook of
herbs and spices. Woodhead Publ., Ltd. Eng
ISSN 0853-7674
Agricultural Scientific Journal
• PERSADA ;
**\m&
GAKUKYOKJU
October 2006
Volume XII, 3, 2006
1. The use of Fuzzy Set Functions For Assessing Land Suitability Index
as the Basis for Environmental Management
Baskoroand EduardoP. Paningbatan)
(Dwi Putro Tejo
2. Mineral composition of Shallots Bulbs {Allium ascalonicum. L) (June
MellawatiandT.M.Nakanishi)
1
6
3. Handling of Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. Seed to Provide High •
Quality Seedling (Muhammad Salim Saleh, Tati Budiarti, H.M.H.
Bintoro, E.MurniatiandY.Yamamoto)
4. The Influence of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Leaves on the Body
Weight Change and Calcium - Phosphorus Absorption in Lactating
Sheep(AgikSuprayogi andUdoterMeulen)
5. Morphological and Essential Oil Characterization of The Banda
Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans Houtt.) of Moluccas and North Moluccas
Ecotypes (llyas Marzuki, M.H. Bintoro Djoefrie, Sandra A. Aziz,
HerdhataAgusta.MemenSurahmanandH.Ehara)
9
13
17
6. The Effect of Green Tea and Ginger on Homogeneous, Acidity, and
Protease Activities of Skim and Whole Milks (Tatik Khusniati, Herlina
Purwiyanti.NunukWidyastutiandZainalAlimMas'ud)
22
7. The More Precise Medium Modification and Sterilization Level on In Vitro
Propagation of Mushroom (Syammiah, Efendi, and Laura S
MeitznerYoder)
27
8. Grazing Tolerance of Normal and Dwarf Elephantgrasses Pasture at the
First and Second Years after Establishment (Muhammad Mukhtar
andYasuyukiishii)
Published by
The Association of Indonesian Alumni from Japan
(PERSADA)
31
Gakuryoku
Volume XII No. 3, Tb. 2006
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ESSENTIAL OIL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE
BANDA NUTMEG {Myristica fragrans HOUTT.) OF MOLUCCAS AND NORTH
MOLUCCAS ECOTYPES
Ilyas Marzuki1, M.H. Bintoro Djoefrie2, Sandra A. Aziz2, Herdhata Agusta2,
j
Memen Surahman2 and H. Ehara3
Department ofAgronomy, Faculty ofAgriculture, Pattimura University,
Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Campus Poka, Ambon 97233;
Email: imr64@telkom.net
Department ofAgronomy, Faculty ofAgriculture,
( Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga, Bogor
3
Faculty ofBioresources, Mie University (MU), Japan
ABSTRACT
An agronomic study is conducted to characterize morphological and essential oil properties of Banda
nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) ofMoluccas and North Moluccas ecotypes. In Moluccas, three sampling
sites are chosen: Banda islands, Ambon and Luhu; and in North Moluccas, the sites are Ternate, Tidore and
Bacan Twenty-one morphological characters ofnutmeg trees are studied and the similarity index (SI) was
calculated. For nutmeg production observations, two elevations are taken: 0to 50 mabove sea level (asl)
and 250 to 300 masl. Nutmeg oils in seed and mace are extracted by using hydro-distillation method and the
resulted oils then analyzed and identifiedfor their essential oil components by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). In oil extraction, two maturity levels ofseeds are used: 3to 5months (immature)
and > 7months (mature). Results reveal that 90% ofthe morphological traits observed are stabile in the six
sites within the two ecotypes. The oil contents in mature seeds are 11.2 and 8.73% for Moluccas and North
Moluccas, respectively. In immature seeds, however, the oil contents are much higher, ie 12 39% for
Moluccas and 12.11%for North Moluccas. Higher oil contents arefound in mace at the levels of20 04% for
Moluccas and 20.84% for North Moluccas. GC-MS analysis shows that the Banda nutmeg oil contains 28 to
31 different essential oil components. Four of them having economically important values are myristicin
elemicm, safrole, and eugenol. In conclusion, Banda nutmeg has the highest content in myristicin, i.e.
I j. /O/v.
Key words: Banda nutmeg, hydro-distillation, GC-MS, essential oil
component that can be extracted mainly from seed
INTRODUCTION
\i„tr»n
LST7qUaHty °f verifies
nUtmeg that
Pr°ducgenera"y
haverange
SG- W.oftheER,SNI
and standard
OR IndicesHowever
Sin
tion. In addition
th.s™t
phenomenon
ge- an
acceptance
aTthouoMthe?plant
.'" fanda
"Utm.^ iS 5ighly
0il origina*d
Tidoreinsh^ws
although
.s open-poll.nated.
The C°"SerVed
conserved "Utmeg
of OR (+40.0)
Higherinindex
OR isatghe^4lue
ako reported
features ,n morphology of the trees are probably by Pursegloveet al [I]
P^
faSThtre^lto^mrfor^" the nU,m* P°pU^P^ntly, the pale yellow color of the nutmeg
MoLccas andSh 2M ^ T™g P'a"tS ta oil °riginated from Tidore ^type related toll
grans spec.es and other species of nutmeg is possi-
L
ble. Few changes in the morphological characters
have occured within the nutmeg trees in North
Moluccas ecotype. These changes had been ob-
served by Hadad and Hamid [15] in the same eco-
, D J
J'
CONCLUSION
da nutmeg in both Moluccas and North
type. Although the characteristics ofthe morphology
Moluccas ecotypes shows high stability in its
ofthe nutmeg are not fully stabile in the environ- 0 morphological phenotypes;
ment, plant morphology is still widely used as classical characterization method [16].
In average, nutmeg production in Banda islands
is much higher than that in the remaining sites
Type and properties ofthe ecotypes studied are cons.dered affecting the plant stability and the nutmeg
production. The similar effects of the ecotype on
nutmeg were also reported by Flamini etal [17] on
Rosmarinus officinalis L. in two ecotypes
Hydrodistilled nutmeg oil ofTidore-origin nut-
content mthe seed and mace ofthe nutmeg is
ecotype-dependent;
3' Pnysico-cnemical properties of the nutmeg oils
Moluccas are still suitable for international
„ trade PurPose; and
Nutmeg originated in Banda islands contains
myristicn component at the highest level,
Dr-r^r.™
REFERENCES
5*? Pa'e yellow color, while others are col- [1] Purseglove JW, Green CL, Brown DG Robbins
tTm S 7 afharac/er,stlc odor of ""taeg. SomeSRJ. 1981. Nutmeg and Mace mSbices Vo
TeSn The? "rs of^lSed01'' ?^T * ***
^-^ ^ndon8Longmans
20
" " V°'
Gakuryoku
Volume XII No. 3, 77;. 2006
[3] GCNA. 2001, Nutmeg production. http://www.
grenadanutmeg.com/production.htmi (visited on
12 October 2005).
[4] Marks, S., J. Pomeroy. 1995. International trade
in nutmeg and mace: issues and options for In
donesia. Bull. Indo Economic
Studies 31
(3):103-118.
[ll]Masada, Y. 1976. Application of gas-liquid
chromatography mass spectrophotometry to the
identification of essential oils. Plenum Press,
John Wiley and Sons, NY.
[12] Minitab. 2000. Statistical analysis package:
Minitab. Minitab, Inc. N.Y.
[13] SAS. 1996. Statistical Analysis System. SAS
[5] Ojechi, B.O., J.A. Souzey, D.E. Akpomedaye.
1998. Microbial stability of mango {Mangifera
indica L.)juice preserved by combined applica
tion of mild heat and extracts of two tropical
[14]BSN. 1999. SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia):
spices. J. Food Protection 61(6):725-727.
[6] Power, F.B. and A.H. Salway. 1908. Chemical
[15] Hadad, E.A., A. Hamid 1990. Mengenal berba-
examination and physiological action of nut
meg. Amer. J. Pharm. 80:563.
[7] Jirovetz, L., G. Buchbauer, M.P. Shafi, M.K.
Leela. 2003. Analysis of the essential oils of the
leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the me
dicinal plantAlpinia galanga from southern In
dia. Acta Pharm. 53:73-81.
[8] IPBGR.
1980. Tropical fruits descriptors.
IBPGR. Southeast Asia Regional Committee.
[9] Cysnea, J.B., K.M. Canutoa, O.D.L. Pessoa,
E.P. Nunesb, and E.R. Silveiraa. 2005. Leaf Es
sential Oils of Four Piper Species from the State
Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Minyak pala. Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Ja
karta.
gai plasmanutfah pala di daerah Maluku Utara.
. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat,
Bogor.
[16] Cross, R.J. 1990. Assessment of IBPGR mor
phological descriptor in determining pattern
within crop germplasm: Characterization,
evaluation, and enhancement. IBPGR, Rome.
[17] Flamini, G., P.L. Cioni, I. Morelli, M. Macchia,
L. Ceccarini. 2002. Main agronomic-productive
characteristics of two ecotypes of Rosmarinus
officinalis L. and chemical composition of their
essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:35123517.
of Ceard - Northeast of Brazil. J. Braz. Chem.
Soc, 16(6B):1378-1381.
[18] De Guzman C.C., J.S. Siemonsma. 1999.
Spices. Plant Resources of Southeast Asia
[10]Atti-Santos, A.C., M. Rossatol, G. F. Pauletti,
L.D. Rotal, J.C. Rech, M.R. Panseral, F.
Agostini, and L. A. Serafini, and P. Moyna.
Physico-chemical Evaluation of Rosmarinus of
[19] Krishnamoorthy, B., J. Rema. 2001. Nutmeg
ficinalis L. Essential Oils. 2005. Brazilian Ar
chives ofBiology and Technology 48 (6): 10351039.
(ProseaNo. 13). Bogor.
and Mace. In K.V. Peter (Ed.)
land.
[20] Peerzada, N. 1997. Chemical Composition of
the Essential Oil of Hyptis Suaveolens. Mole
cules 2:165-168.
21
Handbook of
herbs and spices. Woodhead Publ., Ltd. Eng