2.4 Fundamental of Aerodynamic in Vehicle 13
2.4.1 Boundary Layer 15
2.4.2 Coefficient of Drag 16
2.4.3 Coefficient of Lift 17
2.4.4 Pressure Distribution 19
2.4.5 Reynolds Number 21
2.5 Wind Tunnel 22
2.6 Summary 22
CHAPTER 3 METHADOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Process Flow 24
3.2.1 Literature Review Process 25
3.2.2 Model Development Process using Solid Work
25 3.2.3 GAMBIT Meshing and Defining Overview 26
3.2.4 Wind Tunnel Study and Scaled Analysis 27
3.3 Step of Model Designing using Solid work
28 3.3.1 Solid Work Design
28 3.3.2 Hand-made Model Truck
32 3.4
GAMBIT and FLUENT analysis 35
3.5 Wind Tunnel Testing
39
CHAPTER 4 DATA AND RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
41 4.2
Wind Tunnel Result 41
4.3 CFD-Fluent Result
45 4.4
Sample of Calculation 49
4.4.1 Wind Tunnel Force Calculation 49
4.4.2 Coefficient of Drag Calculation 49
4.4.3 Dynamic Similarity 50
CHAPTER 5 RESULT AND DATA DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction
51 5.2
Wind Tunnel and CFD Simulation Comparison 51
5.3 Square-cab Design and Tri-cab Design
Comparison 52
5.4 Cab Angle
54 5.4.1 Square-cab Design
54 5.4.2 Tri-cab Design
56 5.5
Fuel Consumption Effect 58
5.5.1 Fuel Consumption on Square-cab Truck 59
5.5.2 Fuel Consumption on Tri-cab Truck 60
5.5.3 Fuel Consumption on Truck without Roof-cab
62 5.5.4 Comparison of Truck with Roof-cab and
without Roof-cab 63
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
64 6.2
Recommendation 65
REFERENCE 69
APENDICE A: Simple and Low-Cost Aerodynamic Drag Reduction
Devices for Tractor-Trailer Trucks 71
APENDICE B: Progress in Reducing Aerodynamic Drag for Higher
Efficiency of Heavy Duty Trucks Class 7-8 72
LIST OF TABLES
NUMBER TITLE
PAGE
1.1 Range of coefficient of drag for various type of vehicle
3 2.1
Standard force and moment of vehicle. 14
3.0 Boundary Types Identification
38
4.0 Truck Identification
42
4.1 Model Wind Tunnel Results
42 4.2
CFD Simulation Results 43
4.3 Square-cab Truck Coefficient of Drag
44 4.4
Tri-cab Truck Coefficient of Drag 46
4.5 Drag Coefficient of Truck without Roof-cab
46
LIST OF FIGURES
NUMBER TITLE
PAGE
1.1 1980 Chevrolet Corvette T-Top
2
1.2 P-130 SCANIA Truck
