Effect Of Heat Treatment Process Of Titanium For Watch Manufacturing Application.

(1)

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor’s degree of Mechanical

Engineering (Structure and Material)

Signature : _________________________ 1st Supervisor : Pn Nortazi binti Sanusi

(2)

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS OF TITANIUM FOR WATCH MANUFACTURING APPLICATION

MOHD NAJMI BIN ABDULLAH SANI B040510031

4BMCS1

This report is done in order to fulfill the requirement of the Bachelor’s degree of Mechanical Engineering (Structure and Material)

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal (FKM) Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)

(3)

“I hereby the author, declare this report entitled “ EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS ON TITANIUM FOR WATCH MANUFACTURING APPLICATION” is my own work except for quotation and summaries which have been state the source”

Signature : _________________________ Author : Mohd Najmi bin Abdullah Sani Date : 10 April 2009

(4)

To my dearest parent

Mr Abdullah Sani bin Salam and Mr Nafsiah binti Mat Wali

My sibling,

Masni binti Abdullah Sani

Mazlan bin Abdullah Sani

Mohd Fahmi bin Abdullah Sani

(5)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful. Firstly, an utmost gratitude to Allah S.W.T for giving me comforts, patience and opportunity in time and space to successfully complete my final year project thesis or Project Sarjana Muda (PSM).

I also like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me in one way or another way during the planning, information gathering, writing, editing and reformatting stages of this thesis report. I am particularly indebted to my Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM) subject’s supervisor, Mr Ahmad Kamal bin Mat Yamin for his guidance about the information and guideline in doing the Project Sarjana Muda (PSM) report. Millions of thanks also are giving to my supervisor, Pn. Nortazi binti Sanusi for the guidance and advice including the feedback that enabled me to improve upon producing this report. Thanks also to my fellow undergraduates, Bachelor of Structure and Material (BMCS) lectures Mr. Wan Mohd Farid b Wan Mohamad, Mrs. Rafidah binti Hassan , Mrs. Siti Hajar b. Sheikh Md. Fadzullah, and Mrs. Zakiah binti Abdul Halim for sharing their insights and opinion on thesis report writing and providing me with genuine materials in the form of internet sites and engineering books. Besides that, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for the love and support that they have given me. Finally, I would like to thanks everyone who is willing to spend their precious time reading my thesis report.

(6)

ABSTRACT

High strength, low density, and excellent corrosion resistance are the main properties that make titanium attractive for a variety of applications. Examples include aircraft (high strength in combination with low density), aero engines (high strength, low density, and good creep resistance), biomedical devices (corrosion resistance and high strength) and components in chemical processing equipment (corrosion resistance). Titanium also has been an attraction in everyday wear accessories like watch. The advantages of titanium use in watch application are such as it is light, comfortable, hypoallergenic which is free from nickel, durable and have corrosion resistance feature. To give a better quality of titanium in watch application, heat treatment procedure is applied to it. Many methods are use in titanium heat treating. There are such as annealing, quenching, tempering, solution treating and aging and isothermal transformation. Heat treatment process generally execute is to improve the materials properties. The amount of phase present in titanium is control by heat treatment process. The phases that have in titanium are alpha, beta, alpha-beta, near-alpha and near beta. Mechanical test is then executed to prove the quality of heat treatment process in term of its parameter use. The suitable mechanical testing has been choosing for this research and they are Rockwell Hardness Test and Charpy Impact Test. For microscopic analysis Optical Microscope is use to analyze the microstructure of specimen that not undergo heat treatment and specimen that undergo heat treatment process. Data obtain from experimental and testing process will be statistically analyzed by F-Test and T-test method.

(7)

ABSTRAK

Kekuatan yang tinggi, ketumpatan yang rendah dan daya tahan karat yang sangat baik adalah ciri-ciri atau sifat-sifat utama yang menjadikan titanium satu tarikan untuk diaplikasikan di dalam pelbagai bidang. Antara bidang-bidang yang mengaplikasikan penggunaan titanium adalah seperti pembuatan pesawat udara (kombinasi kekuatan yang tinggi dan ketumpatan yang rendah), enjin kapal angkasa (kekuatan yang tinggi, ketumpatan yang rendah dan daya tahan kesotan yang baik), alatan bio-perubatan (daya tahan karat yang baik dan kekuatan yang tinggi) dan komponen alatan pemprosesan bahan kimia (daya tahan karat yang baik). Titanium juga telah menjadi satu daya tarikan dalam penggunaan dan pemakaian harian seperti jam. Kelebihan penggunaan titanium dan titanium aloi dalam aplikasi jam adalah ianya ringan, selesa dipakai, hipoalergik iaitu bebas dari nikel, tahan lama dan mempunyai ciri-ciri daya tahan karat. Untuk memberikan mutu yang baik ke atas titanium di dalam penghasilan jam, proses rawatan haba di aplikasikan. Terdapat banyak cara dalam rawatan haba titanium. Antaranya adalah menyepuh lindap, melindap, pembajaan, rawatan larutan dan penuaan dan transformasi isoterma. Proses rawatan haba pada umumnya dilakukan untuk mempertingkatkan sifat-sifat bahan. Di dalam perawatan haba titanium, jumlah fasa alpha, beta, alpha-beta, hampir-alpha and hampir-beta akan dikawal. Setelah perwatan haba selesai, ujian mekanikal dilakukan untuk menunjukkan parameter yang digunakan adalah bagus. Ujian mekanikal seperti Ujian Kekerasan Rockwell dan Ujian Hentaman Charpy turut dijalankan di dalam kajian ini. Mikrostruktur titanium sebelum dan selepas rawatan haba akan di analisa menggunakan Mikroskop Optik. Data yang dikeluarkan daripada semua kaedah yang digunakan akan dianalisa secara statistik meggunakan kaedah Ujian F dan T.

(8)

CONTENT

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii

CONTENT iv

LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES

viii

x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Objectives 3

1.3 Scopes 3

1.4 Problem Statement 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Titanium 5

2.2 Titanium alloys and its classification 7 2.2.1 Alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys

2.2.2 Alpha-beta titanium alloys

2.2.3 Beta, near-beta and metastable-beta Ti alloys 8 9 9

(9)

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE 2.3 Properties of titanium and titanium alloys

2.4 Phase diagram 2.5 Grade of titanium 2.6 Heat treatment process

10 12 14 17 2.6.1 Heat treatment process of titanium and

Titanium alloys 2.6.2 Annealing process

19 2.6.3 Quenching and tempering process

2.6.3.1 Quenching process 2.6.3.2 Tempering process 2.6.4 Solution treating and aging process 2.6.5 Isothermal transformation

21 21 22 22 25

2.7 Destructive testing 26

2.7.1 Hardness test 27

2.7.1.1 Measurement of hardness 29 2.7.1.2 Principal of hardness test methods 29 2.7.1.2.1 Rockwell Hardness Test 29 2.7.1.2.2 Brinell Hardness Test 31 2.7.1.2.3 Vickers Hardness Test 31

2.7.2 Charpy impact test 33

2.8 Microstructure analysis 37

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Experimental and mechanical testing process flow 38 3.2 Material specimen selection and preparation 40

3.2.1 Material selection 40

3.2.2 Specimen preparation 41

(10)

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

3.4 Hardness test 43

3.5 Charpy impact test 45

3.5.1 Charpy impact test procedure 46

3.6 Microstructure Investigation 48

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Hardness Test 52

4.1.1 Experimental Result 52

4.1.2 Result Analysis of Hardness Test 54

4.2 Impact Test 58

4.2.1 Experimental Result 58

4.2.2 Result Analysis of Impact Test 59 4.3 Summary of hardness and impact test comparison of

specimen wit 30 minutes and 60 minutes of heat treatment process

4.4 Microstructure Analysis 64

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 Hardness effect on the CP Titanium Grade 2 specimens 67 5.1.1 Effect of temperature an time to the hardness of

CP Titanium Grade 2 specimens

5.2 Effect of temperature and time to impact energy of CP Titanium Grade 2

5.3 Microstructure Grain Size of CP Titanium Grade 2 specimens

(11)

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION 75

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

REFERENCE 77

(12)

LIST OF TABLE

QTY TITLE PAGE

1.1 Commercial and semi commercial grades and alloys of titanium

2.1 Properties of titanium and titanium based alloys as compared to

other structural metallic materials

2.2 Commercial and semi commercial grades of titanium and titanium alloys

2.3 The application of titanium and titanium alloy in several field or industry

2.4 Recommended solution and aging treatments for titanium alloy 23

2.5 The examples of mechanical tests 27

2.6 Typically Rockwell Hardness test scales 30

2.7 General characteristics of hardness testing methods and formulas for calculating hardness

33 2.8 Characteristics of test piece and testing machine 34 2.9 Standard specification of ASTM E23 for the Charpy

impact test

3.1 Composition of CP Titanium Grade 2 40

(13)

QTY TITLE PAGE 4.1 Hardness test data for specimens without heat treatment

process and specimens wit heat treatment process for 30 minutes period

4.2 Hardness test data for specimens without heat treatment process and specimens wit heat treatment process for 60 minutes period

4.3 Average hardness value in Brinell scale for each specimens

4.4 Experiment data for impact test specimens with 30 minutes and 60 minutes of heat treatment

4.5 Statistical data for impact test specimens 59 4.6 Summary data of F-test and t-test for hardness of 30

minutes heat treatment’s specimen and 60 minutes heat treatment’s specimen

4.7 Summary data of F-test and t-test for impact test of 30 minutes heat treatment’s specimen and 60 minutes heat treatment’s specimen

(14)

LIST OF FIGURE

QTY TITLE PAGE

2.1 Unit cell of alpha phase 7

2.2 Unit cell of beta phase 7

2.3 Neutral phase diagram 13

2.4 Alpha, α phase diagram 13

2.5 Beta, β phase diagram 13

2.6 Rockwell hardness test principle 30

2.7 Vickers Hardness Test indenter 33

2.8 Charpy Impact Test 35

2.9 Test specimen dimension for Charpy impact test 36

3.1 The flow chart of the process methodology 39

3.2 The dimension of the specimens 41

3.3 CP Titanium Grade 2 specimens 41

3.4 Rockwell Hardness Test Machine 44

3.5 Impact head is position in -120º 47

3.6 Material information is set in the software 47 3.7 The material condition after impact test is apply 48

3.8 Mounting die machine 49

3.9 Grinding process 50

3.10 Ultrasonic water bath machine 50

(15)

QTY TITLE PAGE 4.1 Microstructure of CP Titanium Grade 2 specimens for

non anneal and 30 minutes of annealing process

4.2 Microstructure of CP Titanium Grade 2 specimens for non anneal and 60 minutes of annealing process

5.1 Graph hardness value against temperature 67

5.2 Statistic of hardness value for each specimen heat treated in 30 minutes

5.3 Statistic of hardness value for each specimen heat treated in 60 minutes

5.4 Grain size of specimens at heat treated at 700ºC of specimens for 30 minutes

5.5 Grain size of specimens at heat treated at 700ºC of specimens for 60 minutes

5.6 The effect of temperature on the energy absorbed upon impact test

5.7 Surface of the CP Titanium Grade 2 show ductile fibrous fracture

(16)

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Al = Aluminium

ASM = American Society for Metals

ASTM = American Standard of Testing and Material BHN = Brinell Hardness Number

BCC = Body centered cubic B120VCA = Titanium alloys sheet CP = Commercially pure C = Carbon

CNC = Computer Numerical Control Cr = Chromium

CRT = Cathode Ray Tube E = Modulus of Elasticity

F = Load

Fe = Ferum

FE = Field Emission FeTiO3 = Ilminite

(17)

GPa = Giga Pascal H = Hydrogen

HCP = Hexagonal closed-packed

HDH = Hydrogenation or dehydrogenation HF = Hydrofluoric

HNO3 = Acid nitric

HRB = Rockwell Hardness B scale HRC = Rockwell Hardness C scale HV = Hardness Vickers Number I = Iron

J = Joules kV = Kilovolts kg = Kilograms kg-f = Kilograms-Force mm = Millimeters Mpa = Mega Pascal m2 = Square millimeters N = Nitrogen

Ni = Nickel O2 = Oxygen

ppm = Parts per million

(18)

Si = Silicon

S1 = Standard deviation S12 = Variance

Ti = Titanium

TiO2 = Titanium oxide or rutile

Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr

= Titanium 3% Aluminium 8% Vanadium 6% Chromium 4% Molybdenum 4% Zirconium

Ti-6Al-4V = Titanium 6% Aluminium 4% Vanadium

Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo+Si

= Titanium 6% Aluminium 2% Sn 4% Zirconium 2% Molybdenum+ Silicon

Ti-6V-2Sn-2Zr-Cr-2Mo+Si

= Titanium 6% Vanadium 2% Sn 2% Zirconium 1% Chromium 2% Molybdenum+ Silicon

Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V = Titanium 8% Aluminium 1% Molybdenum 1% Vanadium Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al = Titanium 10% Vanadium 2% Ferum 3% Aluminium Ti-15-3 = Titanium alloys

α = Alpha

ß = Beta

α-β = Alpha-beta °C = Degree Celsius °F = Degree Fahrenheit

(19)

LIST OF APPENDICES

QTY TITLE PAGE

A Gant Chart for PSM 1 80

B Flow Chart for PSM 1 81

C Gant Chart for PSM 2 82

D Flow Chart for PSM 2 83

E Corrosion-Resistant Titanium Alloys 84

F Titanium Grade 2 85

G Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V 86

H Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V after heat treatment process in different condition

I Schematic representation of microstructures developed after solution treatment of casted Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy

J Mitutoyo Conversion Table 89

K1 Hypothesis test procedure 90

K2 F-distribution table 91

(20)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Titanium metal was first discovered by the English chemist William Gregor in 1971 in the black magnetic sand ilmenite. The name of the titanium is referring to the titans of Greek mythology which is mean a symbol of power and strength. Titanium is the fourth most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust after aluminium, iron and magnesium. The characteristics of titanium that make it is so attractive to industrial application is such as titanium has low density and high strength, good corrosion and erosion resistance to any medium including the sea water and chlorine, good oxidation resistance and have moderate strength at high temperature. Other characteristic that make it different from other light metals is its physical metallurgy which is complex and interesting. Titanium is an allotropic as an iron and its produces much more similarities in heat treatment compared to steels. Moreover, the presence of alloying elements give special characteristic in which, it can stabilize the low temperature phase, alpha or high temperature phase, beta. Like steels, titanium and its alloy are characterized by their stable room temperature phases (F. Vander Voort, George, Materials Characterization & Testing: Microstructure of Titanium and Its Alloys, 2006 September 14).

In any manufacturing industries and application including watch manufacturing, they have their own specification and criteria on the selection of

(21)

titanium grade for their production. Titanium is divide into two application of industrial usage which is corrosion-resistant service and strength-efficient structures. Both applications characteristic are being used in selecting the suitable and exact grade of titanium for different type of manufacturing field. Corrosion resistant service is normally use lower-strength unalloyed titanium and fabricated into tanks, heat exchangers, or reactor vessels for chemical processing or power generation plants. Where as for the strength-efficient structures is use higher-strength titanium alloys. This grade of titanium usually applied in gas turbines, aircraft structures, drilling equipments and submerges components manufacturing field. Table 1.1 below are the several commercial and semi commercial grades for unalloyed and titanium alloys (ASM International, The Materials Information Society, 2000).

Table 1.1: Commercial and semi commercial grades and alloys of titanium

Heat treatment is a procedure of heating and cooling a material without melting. Typical objectives of heat treatments are hardening, strengthening, softening, improved formability, improved machinability, stress relief and improved dimensional

(22)

stability of the materials. It also determined the microstructure of small crystals called "grains" or crystallites. The orientation of the grain structure will determined how effective its mechanical properties. The better grain orientation, the better its mechanical properties. The suitable choosing of the parameter during heat treatment process like temperature and time is important to get a better result. Followed by the heat treatment process, several testing is needed to prove the effectiveness of heat treatment parameter that is being used. The testing includes hardness test, impact test and microstructure verifying and analyzing. This is due to the specification needed in watch manufacturing application to maintain the watch quality. The testing will be perform on two condition of the specimen which is specimen undergo heat treatment process and specimen that not undergo heat treatment process. From the result obtained, statistical analysis will be done to provide the analysis of the titanium characteristic that suitable to be used in watch manufacturing application.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this research is to study the effect of heat treatment process of Titanium for watch manufacturing application.

1.3 Scopes

The focus of this technical research is to do a literature study of titanium, heat treatment process of titanium, titanium microscopic structure and its availability to use for watch manufacturing application. This research also will carry out the methodology of heat treatment process of titanium and the testing that perform on it. Data such as laboratory equipment, procedures, parameter use, condition and catalyst will be included in this research. The mechanical testing that will cover in this

(23)

research is hardness test and impact test. The data obtain from the testing will be compared between specimen that not undergo heat treatment process and specimen undergo heat treatment process. The comparison result is use to analyze its mechanical properties. This research will also concentrate the comparison of the data obtain from all mechanical testing. The heat treatment process that applied in this research can also be used for student of Mechanical Engineering application.

1.4 Problem Statement

Watch manufacturing is one of the manufacturing fields that widely operate in Europe. This manufacturing field also includes Asia in its territory. One of the most famous watch makers is the Swatch Group. Nowadays, titanium is widely use for watch part manufacturing process, for example is the watch model from TISSOT brands, which are T-Touch Titanium and T-Touch Polished Titanium. The problem occur for material of titanium use in this model is its have defect like a small dotted and its surface finish is not smooth. This problem will cause failure when water resistant testing is executed. Other problem during the manufacturing process is that the quantity of tools use in machining process is issuing too many in one week period of production time. The tool is either broken or its total life is short. Too much total issuing will increase the cost of production process. All of the problem might come from heat treatment process, several testing procedure and drawing process of titanium production.

(24)

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review is the collective of data or information from reading, references and also information from the experts relating to the projects which will be review in this chapter. From here, we will understand the purpose of the project and how we are going to achieve the result. So it is important to review all the information to make sure it will be useful beneficial for this project.

2.1 Titanium

Titanium is present in the earth’s crust at a level of about 0.6% and is therefore the fourth most abundant structural metal after aluminum, iron, and magnesium. The most important mineral sources are ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile (TiO2) (Lutjering, G., Williams, J.C., Titanium 2nd Edition, Sub chapter 1.2, pg. 2, 2007).

High strength, low density, and excellent corrosion resistance are the main properties that make titanium attractive for a variety of applications. The examples include aircraft which have high strength in combination with low density. Aero-engines are another application that takes the advantage of titanium. The high strength, low density and good creep resistance up to about 550°C that have in titanium attract

(1)

LIST OF APPENDICES

QTY TITLE PAGE

A Gant Chart for PSM 1 80

B Flow Chart for PSM 1 81

C Gant Chart for PSM 2 82

D Flow Chart for PSM 2 83

E Corrosion-Resistant Titanium Alloys 84

F Titanium Grade 2 85

G Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V 86

H Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V after heat treatment process in different condition

I Schematic representation of microstructures developed after solution treatment of casted Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy

J Mitutoyo Conversion Table 89

K1 Hypothesis test procedure 90

K2 F-distribution table 91

(2)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

In any manufacturing industries and application including watch manufacturing, they have their own specification and criteria on the selection of

(3)

Table 1.1: Commercial and semi commercial grades and alloys of titanium

(4)

1.2 Objective

The objective of this research is to study the effect of heat treatment process of Titanium for watch manufacturing application.

1.3 Scopes

(5)

1.4 Problem Statement

(6)

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Titanium

Effect Of Heat Treatment Process Of Titanium For Watch Manufacturing Application.

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Effect Of Heat Moisture Treatment Of Sago Starch On Its Noodle Quality

Effect of heat treatment conditions on aluminum alloy 6061 /.

Effect of heat treatment on low carbon steel.

Large Scale Heat Treatment Of Aluminium Alloy 1050 H24 For Forming Process.

Effect Of Heat Treatment On Impact Strength Of Aluminium Alloy.

Effect Of Re-solution Heat Treatment Temperature On The Impact Toughness Of An Aluminum Alloy For Automotive Application.

Effect Of Heat Treatment Process Of Stainless Steel For Watch Manufacturing Application.

Effect Of Re-Solution Heat Treatment Time On The Impact Of An Aluminum Alloy For Automotive Application.

Experimental Investigation on Effect of Heat Treatment

Project Action for Age 2 Design process

Dukungan

Links

Effect Of Heat Treatment Process Of Titanium For Watch Manufacturing Application.

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

Effect Of Heat Moisture Treatment Of Sago Starch On Its Noodle Quality

Effect of heat treatment conditions on aluminum alloy 6061 /.

Effect of heat treatment on low carbon steel.

Large Scale Heat Treatment Of Aluminium Alloy 1050 H24 For Forming Process.

Effect Of Heat Treatment On Impact Strength Of Aluminium Alloy.

Effect Of Re-solution Heat Treatment Temperature On The Impact Toughness Of An Aluminum Alloy For Automotive Application.

Effect Of Heat Treatment Process Of Stainless Steel For Watch Manufacturing Application.

Effect Of Re-Solution Heat Treatment Time On The Impact Of An Aluminum Alloy For Automotive Application.

Experimental Investigation on Effect of Heat Treatment

Project Action for Age 2 Design process

Dokumen yang Anda mencari sudah siap untuk unduhkan