TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION ii
APPROVAL
iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, SPECIALIZED NOMENCLATURES
xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the project 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Objectives 2
1.3 Introduction on Magnetic material 2
1.4.1 Ceramic material 2
1.4.2 Ceramic magnet 3
1.4.3 Properties of magnetic material 4
1.4.4 Application of magnetic material 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Type of magnetism 7
2.1.1 Diamagnetism 7
2.1.2 Paramagnetism
8 2.1.3
Antiferromagnetism 8
2.1.4 Ferrimagnetism
8 2.1.5
Ferromagnetism 9
2.2 Type of ferrites
10 2.2.1 Hard ferrite
11 2.2.2 Soft ferrite
12 2.2.3 Other type of magnetic materials
12 2.3 Starting material for strontium ferrite
15 2.3.1 Strontium carbonate
15
vii
2.3.2 Iron oxide 15
2.3.3 Ethanol 16
2.3.4 Nickel 16
2.4 Previous research on strontium ferrite 17
2.4.1 Process parameter selection for strontium ferrite sintered magnets using Taguchi L9
orthogonal design. 17
2.4.2Barium and Strontium ferrite perpendicular thin film media with a sendust soft
magnetic underlayer. 18
2.4.3Fine powders of SrFe12O19 with SrTiO3 additive prepared via a quasi-dry
combustion synthesis route 19
2.4.4
Microstructure of pre-sintered permanent magnetic strontium ferrite
powder
19
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Powder processing 21
3.1.1 Milling and mixing
22 3.1.2
Calcinations 24
3.1.3 Crushing 25
3.1.4 Sieving
25 3.1.5
Mixing 26
3.1.6 Compact
26 3.1.7
Sintering 28
3.2 Sample Characterization 28
3.2.1 Sample preparation for microstructure evaluation
28 3.2.2
Microstructure evaluation 30
3.2.1.2 Optical microscope
30 3.2.1.2
Scanning Electron Machine SEM
32 3.2.3 Phase analysis
34 3.2.4 Density measurement
35
viii
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSION
4.1 Observation on powder 37
4.1.1 As-received material 37
4.1.1.1 Iron Oxide
37 4.1.1.2
Strontium carbonate 38
4.1.2 Milled powder
39 4.1.3
Calcined powder 40
4.2 Composition Study on Strontium Ferrite
41 4.3 Sintered Strontium Ferrite
43 4.3.1
Final Specimens 44
4.3.2 Optical Observation
4.3.3 SEM observation
45 4.3.3.1 Strontium ferrite sinter at 1250
o
C 46
4.3.3.2 Strontium ferrite sinter at 1270
o
C 48
4.3.3.3 Strontium ferrite + 1 Nickel sintered at 1270
o
C 49
4.3.3.4 Strontium ferrite + 2 Nickel sintered at 1270
o
C 50
4.3.4 EDX microstructure
4.3.3.2 Strontium ferrite sinter at 1270
o
C 51
4.3.3.3 Strontium ferrite + 1 Nickel sintered at 1270
o
C 52
4.3.3.4 Strontium ferrite + 2 Nickel sintered at 1270
o
C 53
4.3.5 Phase analysis
54 4. 3.6 Physical properties
56 4.3.6.1 Mass and Volume measurement
57 4.3.6.2 Density measurement
57 4.4 Defect on sample
58
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
