LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Properties of Ethylene Glycol Room Temperature Source: Ethylene Glycol Chemical Safety Data Sheet
18
3.2 Properties of Functionalized MWCNT 19
3.3 Properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP Source: PVP10 Product Specification
19
3.4 Weight Percentage of Variables CNT, Dispersing Agent, Base Fluid
20
4.1 Stability of nanofluid sample 31
4.2 Thermal conductivity of samples at temperature 6 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C
33
4.3 Percentage of enhancement of thermal conductivity 38
4.4 Viscosity of samples at temperature 6 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C 40
4.5 Percentage of enhancement of viscosity 45
4.6 Temperature of inlet and outlet for heat transfer evaluation at 6 °C 46
4.7 Temperature of inlet and outlet for heat transfer evaluation at 25 °C 47
4.8 Temperature of inlet and outlet for heat transfer evaluation at 40 °C 47
4.9 Average temperature of sample at temperature 6 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C 47
4.10 Percentage of enhancement of heat transfer at 6 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C 48
4.11 Specific heat capacity of nanofluid 51
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Computer-generated image of carbon nanotubes Source: Dresselhaus et al. 1995
7 2.2 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube structure
Source: Patel, 2008 8
2.3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube structure Source: Ross, 2008
9 2.4 Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP structure
Source: Kullman, 2012 10
2.5 Thermal conductivity enhancement with increase of size of nanoparticles
Source: Chon et al. 2005 13
2.6 Thermal conductivity test at various weight percentages Source: Mohamad et al. 2011
13 2.7 Effect of nanoparticle size and concentration on the specific heat
capacity of nanofluidSource: Lu and Huang, 2013 15
3.1 Flowchart 17
3.2 Mechanical Homogenizer 21
3.3 Ultrasonicator Unit 22
3.4 Stability Test Rig 23
3.5 KD2-Pro TC Analyzer 23
3.6 Viscometer 24
NO. TITLE PAGE
3.7 Refrigerated Bath Circulators 25
3.8 Set-up for heat transfer coefficient test 26
3.9 Calorimeter Bomb 27
3.10 Ultrasonication 28
3.11 Unstable sample left and stable sample right 28
4.1 Graph of thermal conductivity against sample temperature at 6 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C
34 4.2 Graph of thermal conductivity against CNT weight percentage at 6
°C 35
4.3 Graph of thermal conductivity against CNT weight percentage at 25 °C
36 4.4 Graph of thermal conductivity against CNT weight percentage at 40
°C 37
4.5 Graph of viscosity against sample temperature at 6 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C
41 4.6 Graph of viscosity against CNT weight percentage at 6 °C
42 4.7 Graph of viscosity against CNT weight percentage at 25 °C
43 4.8 Graph of viscosity against CNT weight percentage at 40 °C
44 4.9 Temperature difference of samples at 6 °C
49 4.10 Temperature difference of samples at 25 °C
49 4.11 Temperature difference of samples at 40 °C
50 4.12 Percentage of enhancement of specific heat capacity
51
LIST OF SYMBOLS
C
p
= Specific Heat Capacity, Jkg K
= Density, kgm
3
= Viscosity, Pa s
T =
Temperature, °C K
= Thermal Conductivity, Wm K
LIST OF APPENDIXES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
A Sample Calculation
62 B
Gantt Chart 66
C Poster
68 D
MERD Paper 2015 70
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.0
INTRODUCTION An engine coolant is a heat transfer fluid designed to remove excess heat
from an internal combustion engine. It also serves to prevent freezing and most importantly protection from corrosion. An operating engine typically converts only
one third of the energy derived through the combustion of fuel into work that moves the vehicle. The other two thirds are converted into heat, of which one third goes out
with the exhaust. This leaves the remaining third in the engine block, requiring the need for a coolant to absorb this heat, transport it to the radiator and dissipate it to the
environment. Through the removal of this heat by the coolant fluid, the engine is able to operate in an efficient manner. Therefore, engine coolant is a generic term used to
describe fluids that remove heat from an engine, in effect “cooling” the engine.
Conversely, during engine operation the fluid must possess the ability to
remain a fluid as it is heated during operation. It must resist the tendency to boil and form a vapor as this reduces its ability to transfer heat. An efficient heat transfer fluid
for use in combustion engines may require a low freeze point as well as an elevated boiling point, ensuring its capacity to perform in all situations encountered in the
environment. Such characteristics are exhibited when glycols are combined with water and for this reason form the basis for all engine coolants.
The two main glycols that are used as engine coolants are ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Both can be used in automotive or heavy-duty engine coolants or
glycol-based heat transfer fluids, although it is generally accepted that ethylene glycol based fluids when used as directed, offer the greatest cost-effective
performance advantage. Propylene glycol based engine coolants or low-temperature heat transfer fluids tend to be used in locations where a low toxicity product is
required and due to the toxicity of ethylene glycol, it cannot be used. Currently, the majority of engine coolants in the global market place are ethylene glycol based.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
