Design of Microstrip Antenna with Parasitic Element.

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DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH PARASITIC ELEMENT

MUHAMMAD HAKIM BIN HARUN

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Electronic Telecommunication) With

Honors

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : ………

Sesi

Pengajian : 2009/2010

Saya

……….. (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap: LOT 520, KG. BKT PAYUNG,

06400 ALOR STAR, KEDAH DARUL AMAN.

Tarikh: ……….. Tarikh: ………..

DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH PARASITIC ELEMENT

MUHAMMAD HAKIM BIN HARUN

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iii

“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own except for quotes as cited in the references”

Signature :

Author : Muhammad Hakim Bin Harun

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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinionthis report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering

(Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours.”

Signature :

Supervisor’s Name : Mr. Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I am most grateful to Almighty ALLAH s.w.t. for blessing me with good health and ideas in completing this research successfully. I would like to thank Allah for HIS firm hands in guiding me in the course of completing this thesis writing. Alhamdulillah.

I would like to show my highest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Abd Aziz for his invaluable support, patient, assistance and especially his encouragement to this project. I truly have learnt a lot and all this would not be without his guidance.

I also would like to thank all my fellow friends for their contribution in giving me a moral support throughout my project development period. Last but not least, to all my beloved family members who were always, stand by my side to encourage, advice, comfort, cherish, and support me during this entire project.

Lastly, I really appreciate to have this responsibility to finish this project. This task has taught a lot of lesson and knowledge which is much valuable for me in the future.

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ABSTRACT

Antenna is a device which radiates or receives electromagnetic wave. The antenna is the transition between a guiding device and free space. There are many types of antenna and nowaday, microstrip antenna has higher demand between users. The advantages of microstrip antennas have made them a perfect candidate for use in the wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. Though bound by certain disadvantages, microstrip patch antennas can be tailored so they can be used in the new high-speed broadband WLAN systems. This project concentrates on manufacture of broadband microstrip patch antenna with parasitic elements for the 2.4 GHz frequency band and possible implementation using additional of parasitic elements in research scenarios. This thesis represents the design process that cover calculation and analysis part, simulation by using Computer Simulation Technology software and development of microstrip antenna with parasitic elements. All the result and data are state clearly in this thesis.

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viii

ABSTRAK

Antena ialah suatu alat yang meradiasikan gelombang elektromagnetik. Antena berfungsi sebagai pengantaraan diantara alat pemancar dan penerima serta ruang udara bebas. Terdapat pelbagai jenis antena di pasaran tetapi antena jenis jalur mikro mendapat permintaan menggalakkan daripada pihak pengguna. Kelebihan yang terdapat pada antena jalur mikro menjadikannya sebagai calon yang sesuai untuk digunakan dalam aplikasi sistem jalur bebas tempatan (WLAN). Walaupun terdapat kelemahan tersendiri, namun antena mikro jalur mampu digunakan untuk sistem jalur lebar berkelajuan tinggi. Projek ini memfokuskan kepada pembangunan antena jalur mikro yang mempunyai elemen parasit untuk kegunaan jalur bebas dalam julat operasi frekuensi sebanyak 2.4GHz dan diadaptasikan dalam arena pengakajian antena. Tesis ini turut memaparkan proses pembinaan yang meliputi cara kerja dan bahagian analisis, simulasi menggunakan CST serta pembangunan untuk membuat antena jalur mikro yang mempunya elemen parasit. Semua keputusan dan data yang diperoleh dipaparkan secara jelas di dalam tesis ini.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE OF THE PROJECT i

DISCLAIMER ii

DECLARATION iii

SUPERVISOR’S CONFIRMATION iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

LIST OF TABLE xiii

LIST OF FIGURE xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Project Objective 2

1.3 Problem Statement 2

1.4 Scope of Work 2

1.5 Project Methodology 3

II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Project Flow 4

2.2 Introduction of Antenna 6

2.3 Antenna Parameters 6

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2.3.2 Quality Factor 8

2.3.3 Bandwidth 8

2.3.4 Resonant Frequency 9

2.3.5 Input Impedance 9

2.3.6 Return Loss 10

2.3.7 Polarization 10

2.3.7.1 Linear Polarization 10

2.3.7.2 Circular Polarization 11

2.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna 11

2.4.1Fundamental Specifications Of Patch Antennas 13

2.4.1.1Radiation Pattern 13

2.4.1.2Antenna Gain 14

2.4.1.3Polarization 15

2.4.1.4Bandwidth 16

2.4.1.5Alternative Feed Type 17

2.5 Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna 20 2.6 Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna 22

2.7 Parasitic Element 24

III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design Consideration 27

3.1.1The Dielectric Constant 27

3.1.2Feed Line 28

3.1.3Substrate Thickness 28

3.2 Design Of Microstrip Parasitic Antenna 29

3.2.1Design 1 29

3.2.2Design 2 31

3.2.3Design 3 32

3.2.3.1 Rectangular Patch With Rectangular

Parasitic Element 1 33

3.2.3.2Rectangular Patch With Rectangular

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xi 3.2.3.3 Rectangular Patch With Rectangular

Parasitic Element 3 35

3.2.3.4 Rectangular Patch With Rectangular

Parasitic Element 4 36

3.2.4 Design 4 37

3.2.4.1Circular Patch With Circular

Parasitic Element 1 37

3.2.4.2 Circular Patch With Circular

Parasitic Element 2 38

3.2.4.3 Circular Patch With Circular

Parasitic Element 3 39

3.2.4.4 Circular Patch With Circular

Parasitic Element 4 40

3.2.5 Design 5 41

3.2.5.1Circular Patch With Blade Curve

Parasitic Element 1 41

3.2.5.2 Circular Patch With Blade Curve

Parasitic Element 2 42

3.2.5.3 Circular Patch With Blade Curve

Parasitic Element 3 43

3.2.5.4 Circular Patch With Blade Curve

Parasitic Element 4 44

3.2.6 Design 6 45

3.2.6.1Circular Patch With Ring

Parasitic Element 1 45

3.2.6.2 Circular Patch With Ring

Parasitic Element 2 46

3.3 Simulation 47

3.4 Fabrication Process 48

3.4.1 Ultra Violet (UV) 49

3.4.2 Etching 49

3.4.4 Soldering 49

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IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Overall Result for All Design 51

4.2 Microstrip Circular With Ring Parasitic 53 4.3 Microstrip Antenna With Curve Blade Parasitic 55 4.4 Microstrip Antenna With 3 Rectangular

Parasitic Elements 57

V CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 59

5.2 Recommendation 60

REFFERENCES 62

APPENDIX A 66

APPENDIX B 67

APPENDIX C 69

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xiii

LIST OF TABLE

TABLES TITLE PAGE

3.1 Parametric analysis of yo for single rectangular patch 30 3.2 Parametric analysis of yo for single circular patch 32 3.3 Parametric analysis of d for rectangular patch

with rectangular parasitic element 1 33

3.4 Parametric analysis of d for rectangular patch

with rectangular parasitic element 2 34

3.5 Parametric analysis of d for rectangular patch

with rectangular parasitic element 3 35

3.6 Parametric analysis of d for rectangular patch

with rectangular parasitic element 4 36

3.7 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with circular parasitic element 1 38

3.8 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with circular parasitic element 2 39

3.9 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with circular parasitic element 3 40

3.10 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with blade curve parasitic element 1 42

3.11 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with blade curve parasitic element 2 43

3.12 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with blade curve parasitic element 3 44

3.13 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

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xiv 3.14 Parametric analysis of d for circular patch

with ring parasitic element 1 47

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LIST OF FIGURES

NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Flow Chart of Methodology 5

2.2 Radiation Pattern 7

2.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 12

2.4 Typical Radiation Pattern of Rectagular Patch Antenna 14

2.5 Impedance Bandwidth Definition 16

2.6 Probe Feed Patch 18

2.7 Microstrip Line Feed Patch Antenna 18

2.8 Inset Line Microstrip Feed Patch Antenna 19

2.9 Aperture Coupled Patch Antenna 19

2.10 Cross Section of Aperture Coupled Patch Antenna 20 2.11 Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna Dimension 21 2.12 Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna Dimension 23 2.13 Rectangular Patch with the addition of parasitic ring 24 2.14 Broadband using rectangular patches parasitic elements 25

3.1 Parameters of Single Rectangular Patch Design 29

3.2 Parameters of Single Circular Patch Design 31

3.3 Rectangular Patch with Rectangular Parasitic Element 1 33 3.4 Rectangular Patch with Rectangular Parasitic Element 2 34 3.5 Rectangular Patch with Rectangular Parasitic Element 3 35 3.6 Rectangular Patch with Rectangular Parasitic Element 4 36 3.7 Circular Patch with Circular Parasitic Element 1 37 3.8 Circular Patch with Circular Parasitic Element 2 38 3.9 Circular Patch With Circular Parasitic Element 3 39 3.10 Circular Patch With Circular Parasitic Element 4 40 3.11 Circular Patch With Blade Curve Parasitic Element 1 41

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xvi 3.12 Circular Patch With Blade Curve Parasitic Element 2 42 3.13 Circular Patch with Blade Curve Parasitic Element 3 43 3.14 Circular Patch with Blade Curve Parasitic Element 4 44 3.15 Circular Patch with Ring Parasitic Element 1 45 3.16 Circular Patch with Ring Parasitic Element 2 46

3.17 CST Studio Suite 2009 48

3.18 The FR4 board that use in fabrication process. 48

3.19 Ultra Violet Ray Exposed Double Layer 49

3.20 Prototype of microstrip circular antenna 50

4.1 Microstrip circular with parasitic ring 53

4.2 simulated result of return loss for microstrip circular

with parasitic ring 53

4.3 Radiation pattern for for microstrip circular with parasitic ring 54 4.4 measured result of return loss for microstrip circular

with parasitic ring 54

4.5 Microstrip antenna with two blade curve parasitic elements 55 4.6 Simulation result of return loss for microstrip

antenna with two blade curve parasitic elements 55 4.7 Radiation pattern for microstrip antenna

with two blade curve parasitic elements 56

4.8 Measured result of return loss for microstrip antenna

with two blade curve parasitic elements 56

4.9 Microstrip antenna with 3 rectangular parasitic elements 57 4.10 Simulation result of return loss for microstrip

antenna with 3 rectangular parasitic elements 57 4.11 Radiation pattern for microstrip antenna with

3 rectangular parasitic elements 58

4.12 Measured result of return loss for microstrip

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xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

εr - Dielectric Constant ADS - Advance Design system

BW - Bandwidth

CST - Computer Software Technology

dB - Decibel

FNBW - First Null Beam Width

g2 - Height of the Ground

GPS - Global Positional System

h - Thickness of Substrate

HPBW - Half Power Beam Width

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

RF - Radio Frequency

tan δ - Tangent Loss

VNA - Vector Network Analyzer VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapters covers the introduction of the project, background study regarding the project topic, project objective, the problem statement involves, the scope of work and the methodology of this project

1.1 Project Background

An antenna or aerial is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antenna converts electromagnetic waves into electrical currents or vice versa [1]. Besides, antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device. Antenna which can work in more than one frequency region either for transmitting or receiving electromagnetic (EM) waves are termed as Multiband Antenna. The purpose of this project is to design antenna with a multiple frequency range, impedance bandwidth, gain, structure and layout. The scopes of work in this project are literature review, calculation, simulation, fabrication and measurement. All simulation is done using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. FR4 board is used for fabricate, measure and test the antenna.

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1.2 Project Objective

The objective of this project is to design a microstrip antenna with parasitic elements which can operate at frequency of 2.4 GHz and suitable gain.

1.3 Problem Statement

Microstrip antenna has a narrow bandwidth. Using only single antenna in the multi signal band is better than using the each antenna element in the separate way. Microstrip patch antennas are widely used because of there are many merits such as the low profile, light weight, low cast and planar also.

Microstrip antenna also has spurious feed radiation, poor polarization purity, limited power capacity, and tolerance problems.

However patch antenna have a disadvantage of narrow bandwidth typically 1-5 % impedance bandwidth, dielectric and conductor losses can be large for thin patches resulting in poor antenna efficiency and sensitivity to environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.

1.3 Scope of Work

The work scopes of this project are to design the slot planar antenna. This project is divided into four phase. The first phase involves, designing the single patch and parasitic elements that operate at 2.4 GHz, broader bandwidth and suitable gain. Next, the simulation process will take place to simulate the antenna parameters such as radiation pattern, return loss and gain by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Software. Then, etching process is done to perform the fabrication on FR4 microstrip board. Finally the parameters of the antenna such as return loss, bandwidth and gain are tested by using network analyzer.

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1.4 Outlines of Thesis

The outlines of the thesis begin with Chapter 1 where this chapter provides the introduction to the project, objective and scope of work. Chapter 2 covers the literature review on the slot antenna, the antenna properties, and the feeding methods. Chapter 3 covers the methodology of the project and the design guideline. Chapter 4 consists of the slot planar antenna design, simulation and measurement. Finally, Chapter 5 provides the conclusion and recommendation to the project.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is discusses precisely about the information and theory relates to this project also the overview of major component involved. Factors that should be consider while developing this project also will be covered.

2.1 Project Flow

Following the project flow from the chapter 1, this project is start with studying the literature review about parameters of antenna such as matched impedance, VSWR, gain, frequency, bandwidth, return loss, amplitude of radiation pattern and polarization. These parameters determine the performance of the antenna designed.

Then the structure and dimension of the design is calculated to get the actual value in design part. For this project, there is a method that call parametric study or parametric sweep to get the value of the dimension.

After understand all the basic and the objective of this project, the layout can be design using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Software. The understanding how to use the software is important before doing the implementation.

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Figure 2.1 : flow chart of methodology

It is followed by simulation running by Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Software to simulate the results of radiation pattern, return loss, directivity, gain, HPBW and FNBW.

After design and simulate all antenna‘s designed, the best topologies must be choose according the simulation result to become a prototype. When the best topology has been choose, the design can be fabricate using all the equipments that involve in fabrication process.

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6 The process of fabrication will take place where the actual dimension of the antenna is fabricated on the FR4 microstrip board. Etching process is done to perform the fabrication on the FR4 microstrip board.

The process of antenna measurement is where the experiment determines all the parameters above. Comparison and analysis of the fabricated and simulated design is made in order to verify the performance. The parameters of the antenna such as S-parameter, bandwidth and frequency can be tested by using network analyzer.

2.2 Introduction of Antenna

An antenna or aerial is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or vice versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves, and are a necessary part of all radio equipment. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless LAN, cell phones, radar, and spacecraft communication. Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances [1].

2.3 Antenna Parameters

2.3.1 Radiation Patterns

An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far-field region and is represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity phase or polarization.

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7 In most cases, radiation pattern can be said as representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of angular position. In term of angular position, there is power pattern which is the trace of angular variation of the received or radiated power at the constant radius from antenna. Amplitude field pattern is the trace of a spatial variation of the magnitude of magnetic field at a constant radius from the antenna. Often the field and power pattern are normalized with respect to their maximum value, yielding normalized field and power patterns.

Figure 2.2: Radiation Pattern

Generally the radiation patterns can be plotted in terms of field strength, power density, or decibels. They can be absolute or relative to some reference level, with the peak of the beam often chosen as the reference. Radiation patterns can be displayed in rectangular or polar format as functions of the spherical coordinates and .

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1.2 Project Objective

The objective of this project is to design a microstrip antenna with parasitic elements which can operate at frequency of 2.4 GHz and suitable gain.

1.3 Problem Statement

Microstrip antenna also has spurious feed radiation, poor polarization purity, limited power capacity, and tolerance problems.

1.3 Scope of Work

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3 1.4 Outlines of Thesis

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Project Flow

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Figure 2.1 : flow chart of methodology

It is followed by simulation running by Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Software to simulate the results of radiation pattern, return loss, directivity, gain, HPBW and FNBW.

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The process of fabrication will take place where the actual dimension of the antenna is fabricated on the FR4 microstrip board. Etching process is done to perform the fabrication on the FR4 microstrip board.

2.2 Introduction of Antenna

2.3 Antenna Parameters

2.3.1 Radiation Patterns

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Figure 2.2: Radiation Pattern

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