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Research Design RESEARCH METHOD

b. Chose one of topics below: - Good experience happy, travelling, surprise, beach, camping, etc. - Bad experience embarrasing, frightened, sad, etc. c. Recheck your work before you submit your work to the teacher. 3.4 Validity and Reliability In this section there are two parts that will be discuss further that is validity and realibility.

3.4.1 Validity

A test can be said valid if the test measures the object to be measured and suitable with the criteria Hatch and Farhady, 1982:250. According to Hatch and Farhady 1982: 251, there are two basic types of validity, content validity and construct validity. Content validity is concerned with whether the test is sufficiently representative and comprehensive for the test. In the test, students arrange a recount text of the event. The materials we re adopted from students’ handbook for the first year students SMA. Construct validity is the process of determining the extent to which test performance can be interpreted in terms of one or more constructs. In this research, the researcher administed a writing test and the technique, and gave scores of students’ writing based on five aspects of writing: content, organization, grammar, vocabulary, and mechanic. Therefore, one test is valid because the writing test is composed based on indicators and the objectives in the syllabus of the School – Based Curriculum 2006. The test was made by considering indicators and the objectives in the syllabus of the School – Based Curriculum 2006 and also contained five aspects of writing.

1.4.2 Reliability

In ensuring the pre-test and post test scores, the reseacher used inter-rater reliability-taking other was from the English teacher in the school besides the score from the researcher herself. The researcher calculated the data by using Spearman Rank Correlation that the formula can be seen as follows: � = 1 − 6. � 2 2 − 1 Where: r = Coefficient of rank correlation d = Difference of rank correlation N = Number of students Sugiyono, 2006: 228 The researcher using standard of reliability Arikunto, 1998: 260 0.8 – 1.0 = very high 0.60 – 0.79 = high 0.40 – 0.59 = medium 0.20 – 0.39 = low

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