3. Personification
According to Barnet, personification is the attribution of human feelings or characteristics to animal, non human or to inanimate objects.
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In this definition, personification occurs when poet attributes non-living things object with human
attributes, qualities and human action. Personification is really a kind of metaphor that implied comparison in
which the figurative term of the comparison is always a human being, whether in its characteristics, feelings, behaviors, actions, or other human attributes.
For example, in the poem “The Horses” of Edwin Muir said, “The seven days war that put the world to sleep”. The phrase world to sleep means that there are
no activities because of war and the author gives the characteristic of human being by word sleep to the world.
4. Hyperbole and Overstatement
Hyperbole is an expression in exaggerated language. Perrine defines hyperbole or Overstatement as simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service
of truth.
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Hyperbole is an expression in exaggerated language. In hyperbole, the speaker only emphasizes to what they really mean and using the other words in their
statement. Hyperbole may be humorous or grave, convincing or unconvincing, fanciful
or restrained. While overstatement is the coherent utterance followed with the
8
Ibid., Sylvana Barnet, et all., 1987. p. 728
9
Op. cit., Laurence Perrine, 1992. p. 101
assertion and strained. For example, someone said to his friend about the girl, “If her eyes have not blinded yours”, state how captivated the speaker is to the girl with her
beauty, and the speaker using the emphasis to the word blind.
5. Understatement
Understatement, or saying less than one means, may exist in what one says or merely in how one says it.
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The poets use understatement to stating what is literally true but with a good deal less power than the situation warrants. For instance,
when you gather with friends with a lot of snack, you say, “this looks like a nice bread”, meaning that bread was in fact a very nice to eat.
6. Irony
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