iii
Table of contents
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Cash transfer programmes in South Africa 3
2.1. Policy objectives of cash transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Main characteristics of the South African cash transfer system . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Administration, implementation and monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Strategies and arrangements for cash transfers that aim to reduce poverty amongst women and contribute to their empowerment
9
3.1. Gender-neutral but reaching more women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2. Sustaining gendered positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Inter-linkages of cash transfers to other policies facilitating women’s access to employment and social services
13
4.1. Employment, skills development and social security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.2. Social services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. The effects of South African cash transfer programmes on women, with particular emphasis on their economic empowerment
19
5.1. Access to income, poverty alleviation and investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.2. Employment, labour market activities and migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3. Household composition and child care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.4. Intra-household decision-making. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5. Health and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.6. Fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Cash transfer programmes, poverty reduction and empowerment of women in South Africa
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6. Conclusion and recommendations 33
