Inter-province disparities Rural urban disparities

I. Inter-province disparities

ndonesia is comprised of 33 provinces and 497 districts. The 2010 Situation Analysis of Children in Indonesia SITAN reveals a consistent pattern of inter-provincial disparities, whereby a majority of provinces are lagging behind the national average and a small number of provinces have surpassed it see Table 2. For example, Indonesia is on track to achieve MDG 4.1 on Infant Mortality Rate at 34 per 1,000 live births, but 27 our 33 provinces have higher mortality rates than the national average. ii The gap between provinces is also vast: West Sulawesi, the worst off province has an IMR of 741,000 live births compared to 341,000 for the national average and 191,000 in D.I. Yogyakarta. With the exception of education see above, there is evidence of provincial disparities in most of the MDG indicators that are directly related to child rights MDG 1 to 4, and the same can be seen on the service coverage indicators. Provinces located in Eastern Indonesia in particular Papua, NTT and NTB, newly formed provinces such as West Sulawesi, Gorontalo and Jambi, as well as the conflict-affected provinces of Maluku, Papua and Central Sulawesi, repeatedly feature among the worse off provinces in terms of poverty, health, education and nutrition indicators. Intra-province disparities are also prevalent with marked differences between districts within the same province. ISSUE BRIEFS OCTOBER 2012 Figure 1: Infant Mortality Rate IMR by province, Indonesia 2007 I 2 Attaining the MDGs with Equity: Current Challenges

II. Rural urban disparities

ndonesia is undergoing rapid urbanization with a record high of as much as 48 of the population and 54 of all children living in urban areas. Poverty remains concentrated in rural areas and is one of influencing factors contributing to rural-urban disparities in Indonesia. Other factors include geographic isolation, poor infrastructure, high transport costs, poor quality of services and lower human resource capacity found in the rural areas. Table 1. Provincial disparities with key MDG and human development indicators Indicator National Average Number of provinces below the national average ProvincesEnd points of the scale Under Five Mortality Rate 441,000 26 West Sulawesi 961,000 D.I. Yogakarta 221,000 14.50 16 Papua 37.53 D.K.I Jakarta 3.62 Women receiving onemore skilled antenatal care visit NA 20 Papua 69 D.K.I Jakarta: 99.50 Births assisted by skilled providers 73 20 Maluku: 32.80 D.K.I Jakarta: 97.30 Post-partum postnatal care 84 21 Papua: 34 D.I Yogyakarta 98 Under five underweight children Severe: 5.4 19 NTT Severe: 9.40 D.I Yogyakarta Severe: 2.40 Moderate: 13 NTT Moderate: 24.20 D.I Yogyakarta Moderate: 8.50 Children under five stunted Severe: 18.8 28 NTT Severe: 24.20 NTT Moderate: 22.50 Moderate: 18 Riau Severe 13.40 Riau Moderate 12.70 Children under five with wasting Severe 6.2 25 Riau Severe 12.20 Riau Moderate 9.90 Moderate 7.2 D.I Yogyakarta Severe: 2.40 D.I Yogyakarta Moderate 5.20 infants with low birth weights 11.50 15 Papua 27 Bali 5.80 Pregnant women who receive iron tablets 90 29.20 22 West Sulawesi 3 D.I Yogyakarta 75.20 Households with sustainable access to clean water 55.10 24 West Kalimantan 19.40 D.K.I Jakarta 87.80 Households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation 49.50 20 NTT 17.90 D.K.I Jakarta 78.10 ISSUE BRIEFS OCTOBER 2012 Table 1. Provincial disparities with key MDG and human development indicators I 3 1999-2008 Figure 2: Percentage of poor population based on head-count Index by area, Indonesia 1999-2008 iii At the national level, there has been some closing of the gap between urban and rural populations, as evidenced by the reduction in infant mortality Figure 3. At the same time, it should be noted that this trend has been mainly due to improvements in rural development, whereas the rate of progress in urban areas have been much slower. A similar trend is also found for neonatal mortality and deaths of children under five years of age, with a greater rate of reduction in rural areas than in urban areas. It is noted that population growth, rapid urbanization and the growth of slum areas are putting significant pressures on the health and other social sector services and infrastructure.

III. Wealth disparities