Three Functional Components Of Meaning In Business And Sports Articles On Jakarta Globe Newspaper: A Functional Grammar Analysis

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Business and Sports Articles on Jakarta Globe Newspaper: A Functional Grammar Analysis” is conducted as one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree of Indonesia Computer University. First of all, the writer wants to thank to Allah SWT and our last prophet Muhammad SAW. Moreover, the writer wants to say thanks to the followings:

1. Prof. Dr. H. Moh. Tadjuddin, M.A., as the Dean of Faculty of Letters in Indonesia Computer University.

2. Dr. Juanda, as the Head of English Department in Indonesia Computer University.

3. Muhammad Rayhan Bustam , S.S., M.Hum., and Nenden Rikma, S.S., M.Hum., as the advisors.

4. Tatan Tawami, S.S., M.Hum., as guardianship lecturer.

5. All lecturers in English Department in Indonesia Computer University. The writer realized that this research would not be done without an effort and support from many people. Hopefully, this research can be useful and give the benefit for the readers and the next researcher in the future.

Bandung, July 2015

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No Clause Process Number of data 1. Apple was told to pay

$532.9 million

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

data 1 2. After a federal jury said

the company‟s iTunes software used a Texas company‟s patented inventions without permission

Adjunct + SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme

data 12

3. Closely held Smartflash, which claimed that apple infringed three patents, was seeking &852 million in damages

Mood adjunct + SFPC + material process + interpersonal & topical theme

data 8

4. While apple said it was worth $4.5 million at most

Adjunct + SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme

data 13

5. The dispute is over digital rights management and inventions

SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme

data 19

6. Smartflash claimed that iTunes used the inventions in applications

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 7. Smartflash has no products SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme 8. Smartflash has no

employees

SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme 9. Smartflash creates no jobs SFPC + material process

+ unmarked topical theme 10.

Smartflash has no US presence

SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme 11. And Smartflash is

exploiting our patent system to seek royalties for technology Apple invented

Conjunction + SFPC + material process + marked topical theme

company for the ideas our employees

13. KingIsle Entertainment had also been defendant s before they were dismissed from the case last year

SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme

14. Smartflash argue it was entitled to a percentage of sales of Apple‟s devices

SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme 15. Smartflash claimed that

Apple infringed the patents

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

data 3 16. Apple doesn‟t respect

smartflash‟s in ventions SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 17. Jhon Ward of Ward &

Smith in Longview told the jury

SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme 18. It said the patents were

invalid and were not infringed

SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme 19. There is a bit of a relief

trade here that she wasn‟t hawkish said Michael Materraso

SFPC + existential process + unmarked topical theme

data 20

20. There is reason to feel good about the economic outlook

SFPC + existential process + unmarked topical theme

data 21

21. It said smartflash did not have complete control of the patents

SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme 22. Smartflash was started in

the early 2000s inventor Patrick Racz in an effort to commercialize his ideas

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

data 2

23. Racz was offered less than $200,000for an interest in one of his patents

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 24. Racz met with executive of

what is now Gemalto

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 25. Farrugia is Apple‟s

director of security and designed the national banking system for Singapore in the 1990s

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

26. Smartflash does not make any products

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

unmarked topical theme 28. Ward said after the verdict

was announced

SFPC + Adj + verbal process + unmarked topical theme

data 10

29. Apple had sales of $18 billion for iTunes

SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme

data 18 30. When the dispute is over a

single feature

Adjunct + SFPC +

material process + marked topical theme

31. People do not buy cell phones for the sole purpose of using apps

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 32. Google was sued by

smartflash

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 33. Google is trying to have its

case transferred to a court in California

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 34. Amazon.com was sued in

December

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

Sports Article

No Clause Process Number of data 1. European clubs want

compensation if FIFA stages the 2022 World Cup in Qatar in November and December

SFPC + mental process + unmarked topical theme

data 17

2. While the leagues said such a move would cause “great damage” to

domestic soccer.

Adjunct + SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme

data 14

3. Meanwhile the world players union FIFPro said any discussion over shortening the World Cup should involve its member

Conjunctive Adjunct + SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme

data 15

4. And that it remained equally concerned about the human rights situation in the Gulf state

Conjunction + SFPC + mental process + marked topical theme

5. A FIFA task force examining dates for the event recommended a shorter tournament

SFPC + mental process + unmarked topical theme

6. The recommendation will be sent to FIFA‟s

executive commite for a final decision in Zurich on March 20

SFPC + Adj + material process + unmarked topical theme

data 4

7. When the tournament should be played

Adjunct + SFP + relational process + marked topical theme

data 7

8. The rescheduling of the FIFA World Cup 2022 presents a difficult and challenging task

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

9. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge said in a statement

SFPC + verbal process + unmarked topical theme 10.

European clubs and

leagues cannot be expected to bear the costs for such rescheduling

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme

11. We expect the clubs to be compensated for the damage that a final decision would cause

SFPC + conjunctive adjunct + material process + unmarked topical theme

data 5

12. The EPFL reiterated that May would be a less disruptive way of avoided

SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 13. English premier league

chief executive Richard Scudamore said there was little discussion during Tuesday‟s meeting

SFPC + verbal process + unmarked topical theme

data 11

14. The German Football League (DLF) said

SFPC + verbal process + unmarked topical theme 15. Staging the World Cup in

November and December is an organizational as well as a financial burden for European leagues

S (subject) +

circumstantial adjunct + FPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme

data 6

16. DLF managing director Andreas Rettig said

SFP + verbal process + unmarked topical theme

data 9 17. FIFPro was satisfied that

the summer months of June and July had been ruled out

SFPC + mental process + unmarked topical theme

18. The organization said in a statement

SFPC + verbal process + unmarked topical theme

1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

According to Hafied Cangara: “Teks adalah media komunikasi karena merupakan salah satu unsur pendukung yang membangun body of knowledge” (2010: 20). As one of communication media, text relates meaning between sentences and paragraph. The language in some media that is used in a text has many phenomena. The phenomena are described by different ways such as the use of language in newspaper. The newspaper shows that the text does not only describe the meaning, but also describes how the text works to deliver information based on the text itself.

The use of language in newspaper focuses on text and context, it means that the newspaper does not only describe the use of language based on the structures, but also explains how the structures construct the meaning. According to Gerot and Wignell, “we are able to reconstruct this context of situation because there is a systematic relationship between context and text.” (1994: 12). The quotation indicates that in systemic relation to construct the meaning, it represents some process, some doing or happening, saying or sensing. They also state, “the wordings of texts simultaneously encode three types of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, and textual.” (1994: 12). The interpersonal can be analyzed through mood elements, the experiential through transitivity that consist

of processes, participants and circumstances, whereas the textual through theme-rheme elements. As an example, the phenomenon of these components can be seen in a clause below:

After decades of development, 3D printing has emerged as a viable and affordable technology. (China Daily, January 16th 2014)

After decades of developm ent

3D printing

has emerged as a viable and affordable technology adjunct subject finite predicator complement

Mood Residue carrier Process: relational:

attributive possessive

attribute Marked topical theme

theme Rheme

The example above consists of three different functional components, which are interpersonal that is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement), the experiential consisting of carrier and relational process and the textual consisting of theme-rheme. The analysis shows that three different structures can appear at the same time, it indicates that every role has more than one function, which means that a clause is made up of three distinct structures that are combined into one.

There are many pieces of previous research that are discussed about these components, as one of example, there is research that has similarity to this discussion entitled “Thematic progression In Gail B. Stewart’s Cuba (Place In

(2010). The research discussed about the types of thematic progression and cohesion devices in narrative text, whereas this topic discussed about three different functional that one of the function is theme structures (textual).

In addition, there is another previous research that is more related to this discussion entitled “An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Some Selected

Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspaper” written by Moses

Olusanya (2013). Although the research has some similarity that discussed about functional components and used newspaper as data source too, the previous research only analyzed about interpersonal that described about what the clause is doing. The previous research used political advertisement from three Nigerian newspapers. Whereas, this research analyzes three types of functional components (interpersonal, experiential, textual) using business and sports articles as data source. The business and sports articles are taken from Jakarta Globe newspaper in edition of Thursday, February 26, 2015. The business article entitled “Apple to Pay $532.9m After Patent Trial” is written by Susan Decker & Dennis Robertson. Whereas, the sports article entitled “European Clubs Want Compensation for Qatar World Cup” is written by Mike Collet & Karolos Grohman.

Based on the discussion in the background above, the writer interests to analyze the combination of three different structures. Thus, the writer entitles this skripsi “Three Functional Components of Meaning in Business and Sports Articles on Jakarta Globe Newspaper: A Functional Grammar Analysis”. This research are made to show how three different components that consist of interpersonal, experiential, and textual determine the structural shape of the clause

in some different articles that are made by more than one native speaker. In addition, the writer chooses the topic in order to make this research more varied and more complete than the previous research.

1.2 Research Questions

1. What elements and types of mood in interpersonal meaning component are found in the business and sports article on Jakarta Globe newspaper? 2. What types of experiential meaning component (transitivity process) are

used in the business and sports article in the data?

3. What types of textual meaning component are found in business and sports articles in the data?

1.3 Objectives

1. To analyze elements and types of mood in interpersonal meaning component that are found in business and sports article on Jakarta Globe newspaper.

2. To analyze the types of experiential meaning component (transitivity process) that are used in business and sports article in the data.

3. To analyze the types of textual meaning component that are found in business and sports articles in the data.

1.4 Significant to knowledge

The discussion of the topic has benefits in understanding a combination of three different structures in newspaper. Through the discussion, the writer does not only show the case of these components, but also makes reader be more informed that a clause in the text can be produced by three types of function whether they have the different or same role. Based on the discussion above, those clauses play two or often three different functional roles that can also be found in other sources such as novel and advertisement. Based on that reason, this research has benefits to add more knowledge that relates with systemic functional grammar analysis. In addition, this research can help the readers to understand the three functional components of meaning in systemic functional grammar analysis.

1.5 Framework of the theory

The theories used in this research are the theories from M.A.K. Halliday and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen in their book entitled “An Introduction to

Functional Grammar 3th Edition”. They said that:

“The three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, textual) are realized throughout the grammar of language, but whereas in the grammar of the clause each component contributes a more or less complete structure, so that a clause is made up of three distinct structures combined into one.”(2004: 320)

Based on the theory above, each clause does not only express one type, but it expresses three types of function from distinct functional components that determine the structural shape of the clause. When the three functional components of meaning are analyzed together, then they can be seen that clause constituent repeatedly plays more than one functional role at a time. It means, when these three types are analyzed together, all structure in every component does not always appear to show how many word that has more than one functional role. There are some elements in one component that have to be removed, but it does not affect the other element that appears because every element has their own position to indicate the position of speaker, the process of type and how the information in a text can be developed.

In addition, Halliday and Matthiessen also mention that:

“Transitivity structures express representational meaning: what the clause is about, which is typically some process, with associated participants and circumstances; Mood structures express interactional meaning: what the clause is doing, as a verbal exchange between speaker/writer and audience; Theme structures express the organization of the message: how the clause relates to the surrounding discourse, and the context of situation in which it is being produced. “ (2004: 320)

This quotation suggests that the three functional components of meaning have specific purpose; a clause can be analyzed into three different components that are combined into one. The quotation is effective to understand more about the function in each clause; also to make these different types of meaning more obviously. However, in transitivity process, the clause can be seen as clause as representation. It means that every process in transitivity types have one major

system of grammatical choice that involves a particular configuration of participant roles. When analyzing the transitivity, it does not only describe about the types of process that indicates the difference between process types, but it also shows the differences in functional participant roles and circumstances. In addition, mood elements express about the relation between the speaker and the addressee (listener or reader). Some roles are followed by how the addressee should understand to accept the information such as give and demand. Additionally, some categories indicate about types of theme such as unmarked and marked theme in theme structure. It shows about how the text can be developed by presenting information that is already available and adding to the element of rheme.

The writer also uses the theory from Suzanne Eggins through her book entitled “An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics”. She said that: “realizations of these three metafunction occur simultaneously, allowing

language to create different meanings at the same time.” (2004: 213).

The analysis of three different functional components can occur at the same time, while the meaning is different. These three different functions are also known as metafunction in systemic theory for every function has their own element such as the interpersonal, which consists of mood and residue, the experiential or transitivity that has several process of types, and the textual that consists of theme and rheme. All elements show how the structured interaction can be produced by different functional components of meaning.

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This chapter explains about the theories that are used including supporting theories. The writer uses the theory of Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) as main theory, Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), Gerot and Wignell (1994), and Suzanne Eggins (2004) as supporting theories.

2.1 Functional Grammar

As the main base of the research, functional grammar shows many phenomena about the meaning in a text. It focuses how a text works based on grammatical units, and it explains the meaning that contained in a text. According to Halliday and Matthiessen:

“The grammatics- the model of grammar- should be as rich

as the grammar itself because the functional grammar is complex in making and understanding of meaning”. (2014: 24).

From the quotation above, functional grammar expresses many phenomena based on the use of language itself. Functional grammar focuses the use of language to show comprehensive meaning in text. It can be seen that in the use of language, there are some grammatical features to get relation between text and context. To construct the meaning in functional grammar, there are three grammatical features of the language to get the relation between text and context. Those three grammatical features involve human role in make and understand the meaning.

2.2 Three Functional Components of Meaning

Functional components of meaning are discussed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) as a combination of three different structures.

“The three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, textual) are realized throughout the grammar of language, but whereas in the grammar of the clause each component contributes a more or less complete structure, so that a clause is made up of three distinct structures combined into

one.”(2004:320)

From the quotation above, three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, and textual determine the structural shape in the clause. From these components, a clause is made by three different structures. Moreover, a clause has three different meanings based on components that contain in it.

2.2.1 Interpersonal Meaning (Clause as an exchange)

Clause as an exchange is clause that uses speech role to explain about meaning. Halliday and Matthiessen stated (2004: 106) that simultaneously with its organization as a message; the clause is also organized as an interactive event involving speaker, or writer, and audience. It means that the speaker selects a speech role to give the information to the addressee (listener or reader), there are two types of speaker in speech function, which are give and demand. Give means inviting to receive; the speaker gives some information to the addressee. When the speaker demands information, it means that he or she invites the addressee to give information.

In addition, Gerot and Wignell states, “the interpersonal meanings are realized in the lexicogrammar through selections from the system of mood.” (1994: 22). They add that the interpersonal meaning has mood element to analyze every role in a text. Interpersonal meaning is also known as clause as an exchange, it shows speaker‟s attitude and judgments. Additionally, it explains clause role as a verbal exchange between speaker/writer and audience. Interpersonal meaning is divided into two elements, which are mood and residue. Mood consists of subject and finite, whereas residue consists of predicator, complement and sometimes an adjunct.

a. Mood

Mood is the first element in interpersonal component. Eggins particularly stated (2004: 149) the component that gets bandied back and forth is called mood element of the clause. It means clause, which can be placed in the beginning is called mood; it also consists of subject and finite. The subject is realized by nominal group, while finite is part of the verbal residue. In finite, there is also predicator fusing with another element that will change into residue element.

a.1 Subject

A subject is one of two main parts of a sentence. According to Halliday and Matthiessen, “The subject may be any nominal group” (2004: 111). Subject provides the person or thing in whom is vested the success or failure of the proposition. In other word, subject is about a person or thing, which has main role in a clause.

a.2 Finite

The second constituent from mood element is finite. Finite is the first of verbal elements that makes a proposition in a way that we can argue about it. Gerot and Wignell particularly stated (1994: 26) the finite element is one of a small number of verbal operators expressing tense or modality. Refers to the function, there are two kinds of finite verbal operators: a.2.1 Temporal

Temporal finite verbal operators are the words that refer to time. It indicates tense to the finite such as past (was), present (is), or future (will).

a.2.2 Modal

Modal is not the word that refer to time but it refers by modality. Modal consists of low (could), median (would), and high (must).

In addition, there are four types of verb if the finite element and the lexical verb are fused. Those types consists of simple past (ate = did eat) or simple present (eats = does eat), active voice (they eat pizza = they do eat pizza vs pizza is eaten), positive polarity (they eat = they do eat vs they don‟t eat), and neutral contrast (go away = do go away).

The clause below is the example of subject. Moreover, it has temporal finite verbal operator, which is past (was):

Lily was reading a book subject finite (past)

In the clause above, Lily has a role as subject because it is a nominal group providing the person. The word was is temporal finite verbal operator since it is a part of verbal group. Since both are part of mood, the speech function shows a statement gives information. The speaker wants addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information, which is about Lily was reading a book.

b. Residue

Gerot and Wignell states,” The remainder of each clause, if there is a

remainder, is called the residue” (1994: 25). The residue element is a part of a

clause. It is somehow less essential to the variability of the clause than mood element. Residue is the next part of the interpersonal component that consists of predicator, complement and adjunct.

b. 1 Predicator

The predicator is a content part of verbal group, it tells about action or the process being discussed. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 121) stated that the predicator is present in all major clauses, except those where it is displaced through ellipsis. The predicator can be fused with finite in mood element, but there is also non-finite containing predicator. For example:

Lily was reading a book predicator

b.2 Complement

Complement is used to predicate a description of the subject or object of the clause. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 122) stated that complement is element, which has the potential for being given the interpersonally elevated status of modal responsibility. The complement is element that completes the structure of clause. It has potential to be subject. For example:

Lily was reading a book complement

From these three analyses, the structure of residue element can be identified in the clause below:

meanwhile Lily was reading a book predicator complement residue

c. Adjuncts

Halliday and Matthiessen states, “An adjunct is an element that has not got the potential of being subject.” (2004: 123). Adjunct does not always appear in a clause, but some kinds of adjunct appear in interpersonal component analysis. There are three kinds of adjunct, which are conjunctive adjunct, circumstantial adjunct and mood adjunct.

c.1 Conjunctive adjunct

Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 132) particularly stated that conjunctive adjunct operate in the clause as part of theme. These are adverbial groups

or prepositional phrases, which relate the clause to the preceding text. For example:

meanwhile Lily was reading a book conjunctive

adjunct

c.2 Circumstantial adjunct

Halliday and Matthiessen states, “circumstantial adjunct occurs in the end of clause because they function as circumstances in transitivity structure.” (2004: 125). For example:

Lily was reading a book in the backyard of her home circumstantial adjunct

c.3 Mood adjunct

Gerot and Wignell (1994: 35) stated that mood adjuncts, on the other hand, both express interpersonal meanings and do fall within mood element. It means that the position of mood adjunct is next to finite verbal operator, either before or after subject. For example:

actually she likes him mood adjunct

d. Mood Types

Halliday and Matthiessen mentions “the mood types, declarative and yes/no interrogative are terms of in the systems of indicative type” (2004: 134). Mood types declarative and yes/no interrogative are terms in the systems of indicative type and interrogative type.

d.1 indicative

Gerot and Wignell state, “indicative mood is realized by the features of subject + finite” (1994: 38). The order of the subject and finite realized declarative and interrogative.

 declarative

the type of declarative consist of subject and finite. For example:

we can wait until next week subject finite (modal) predicator complement the type of mood is indicative in declarative type

 interrogative

Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 145) stated that the WH-element is a distinct element in the interpersonal structure of the clause. Its function is to specify the entity that the questioner wishes to have supplied, if it is conflacted with the subject, it is part of mood element.

polar (yes/no question)

should I be using my phone? finite subject predicator complement mood residue

wh-question

who killed her? subject/ wh finite (past) predicator complement mood residue

d.2 imperative

Gerot and Wignell (1994: 41) stated that in imperatives the mood element may consist of subject + finite, subject only, finite only, or they may have no mood element. For example:

look at me no subject or finite

2.2.2 Experiential Meaning (Clause as representation)

Eggins states, “Experiential meaning is expressed through the system of transitivity or process type, with the choice of process implicating associated

participant roles and configurations” (2004: 206). Experiential meaning explains

typically some processes with associated participants and circumstances. Those processes called as transitivity element.

The experiential meaning shows the relation of experiential reality such as the world of actions. In the clause, experiential meaning always construes a relationship of significant between words that represented and expressed. Experiential meaning have three important parts to represent and express the relationship: processes, participants and circumstances.

Transitivity System a. Process

According to Gerot and Wignell: “processes are central to transitivity that are realized by verbs” (1994: 54). The quotation means most important part in transitivity consists of verbs, but verbs do not always express about doing something. In several cases, verbs express being or having. The processes explain about the relation between experiences that have happened. The experience can consist of perception, emotion, imagination and it is about action and event.

Halliday and Matthiessen states, “the system of process type has six terms, which are material, behavioural, mental, verbal, relational and existential” (2004: 174). Each type expresses the differences in order of doing or being and with the process of types. It can be seen how the world of actions and relation give content to the conversation.

a.1 Material Process

Material process is a process of doing or happening. Eggins stated (2004: 215) that material processes are processes about doing, about action that

involve actor and other participants. From the quotation, material process is one of the main types in transitivity system. It expresses how an actor in physically or materially does something to some other entity. For example: The doctor gave Lucy some medicine

Material process

a.2 Mental process

Mental process is a process of sensing, feeling, and thinking. According to Halliday and Matthiessen; “Mental processes are concerned with our experience of the world of our own consciousness” (2004: 197). Mental process is what we think or feel. It has similarity with material process, which uses the subject as speaker. For example:

I hate curly hair mental process

a.3 Verbal Process

Verbal process is a process of saying. Gerot and Wignell states, “verbal processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically

signalling” (1994: 62). When the clause encodes a signal source to

responsible for the verbal process, it can be projected clause as indirect speech, which is used to reporting or quoting. For example:

Tony called me the story verbal process

a.4 Relational Process

Relational process is a process of being and having. Gerot and Wignell states, “Relational process involves states of being and having” (1994: 67). This quotation suggested that relational process used to identify something or to assign a quality to something. Moreover, relational process has three types whether they are attributive or identifying, which are intensive, possessive, and circumstantial. For example:

Relational process of attributive intensive

A rose is a flower relational process: attributive

intensive

Relational process of attributive possessive

Alvin has a car relational process: attributive

possessive

Identifying process of circumstantial identification

Today is independence day identifying process:

circumstantial identification

a.5 Behavioral processes

According to Eggins: “Behaviourals are typically processes of physicological and psychological behavior” (2004: 233). Behavioral process is a process between material and mental. Meanwhile, the process is not sensing but doing because it is in part about action. For example:

She screams loudly behavioral process

a.6 Existential Processes

According to Halliday and Matthiessen: “Existential process represent that something exists or happens” (2004: 256). Existential process uses the word there that has no representational meaning. The word there is used to indicate the feature of existence and as subject role in mood analysis. For example:

There is a fly in my soup existential

process

b. Participants

b.1 Material: actor, goal, beneficiary (recipient and client), scope, attribute In material process, an actor is the entity who or which does something. According to Halliday and Matthiessen: “actor is the source of the energy bringing about the change” (2004: 179). The actor is typically a subject, it is the constituent of the clause who does the deed or performs the action.

In addition, Eggins states, “The goal is that participant at whom

the process is directed, to whom the action is extended” (2004: 216). In

traditional grammar, the goal is also known as direct object and has role as complement in mood analysis.

Additionally, Gerot and Wignell states, “The beneficiary is the one

Beneficiary is one of participant, which may occur in a material process and consists of two kinds: a recipient (the one to whom something is given) and a client (the one for whom something is done).

Meanwhile, Halliday and Matthiessen (2014: 239) stated that the scope of material clause is not in any way affected by the performance of the process. The scope indicates an entity of process.

The last participant in material clause is attribute. Halliday and Matthiessen particularly stated (2014: 242) the attribute may be used to construe the resultant qualitative state of the actor, or goal after the process has been completed.

b.2 Mental: senser, phenomenon

In mental process, there are two kinds of participant, which are senser and phenomenon. Gerot and Wignell states, “The senser is by

definition a conscious being” (1994: 58). The senser is only conscious

human who can think or feel. Whereas, Gerot and Wignell also states,

“The phenomenon is that which is sensed, felt, thought or seen” (2014:

58). The phenomenon is all reactions that are sensed by conscious senser. b.3 Verbal: sayer, receiver, verbiage

In verbal process, the participant is sayer. According to Eggins:

“The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process that

encodes a signal source” (2004: 235). The sayer is used as marker to signaling (verbal process) and projected clause. In addition, Gerot and Wignel states, “receiver is the one to whom the verbalisation is

addressed” (1994: 62). It shows to whom the verbal process is given and occurring with or without a preposition depending on position in the clause. They also declared (1994: 62) that verbiage is a name for the verbalisation itself, it is a nominalized statement of the verbal process. b.4 Relational: Attributive: carrier, attribute

Identifying: token, value

Relational process consists of two kinds, which are attributive and identifying. In attributive process, there are carrier and attribute. According to Eggins: “The carrier is always realized by a noun or nominal group” (2004: 239). From the quotation, it can be seen that carrier as the one which does relational process. She also states, “Descriptive epithet (attribute) is assigned to a participant (carrier)” (2004: 239). Attribute is used as participant in the form of nominal group.

Meanwhile, in identifying process, there are token and value. Eggins particularly stated (2004: 242) a token stands for what is being defined and a value defines about token. It can be indicated that token is a sign whereas value gives meaning about the role of token.

b.5 Existential: existent

Eggins states, “The only obligatory participant in an existential process which receives a functional label is called the existent” (2004: 238). This participant has position after dummy subject such as there is or there are. It shows phenomenon of any kind such as fact or event.

c. Circumstances

Eggins states, “Circumstantials are realized by adverbial groups or

prepositional phrase” (2004: 222). Circumstance can occur with all process types,

and answer questions such as how, where, and when. It is consists of three types, which are:

c.1 Time

I Delivered it three times Circ. time

c.2 Place

I Delivered it to the school Circ: place

c.3 Manner

I Delivered it by uses the taxi Circ. manner

2.2.3 Textual Meaning (Clause as message)

According to Halliday and Matthiessen: “The clause is organized as a

message by having a distinct status assigned to one part of it” (2004: 64). Textual

meaning express the relation of language to its environment, including both in the verbal environment (what has been said or written), and the non-verbal, situational environment. These meanings are realized through theme and cohesion. Theme structures express the organization of the message that is how the clause relates to

the surrounding discourse. The theme is one part of the clause that is combined with rheme as the remainder so that the two parts together construes a message. a. Theme

Theme is the beginning information from a message. It is old information or the information that has known before. Halliday (1996: 64) stated that the theme is the element, which serves as the point of departure of the message; it is which locates and orients the clause within its context. From the quotation, it can be seen that theme is the first element that appears in a clause, which relates from text to the context. In other words, theme is the beginning of information that explains the content of that information, which contained the first nominal group. For example:

Lily can speak English Theme

From the example above, Lily has role as theme because it is a subject in nominal group. As the beginning of the information, theme is not always nominal group. The theme has categories based on the first word that appears in a clause, it can be divided into three categories, which are:

a.1 Ideational theme

According to Gerot and Wignell:

“Ideational or topical theme is usually but not always the first nominal group, a topical theme which is the subject is called as unmarked topical and if it is not the subject is called as marked topical theme” (1994: 104).

From the quotation, ideational or topical theme consists of unmarked and marked topical theme. A topical theme is called unmarked topical theme if there is nominal group in the beginning of clause. However, if it is not nominal group is called marked topical theme.

 Unmarked topical theme

Unmarked topical theme is nominal group that is also the subject. For example:

Lily can speak English Unmarked topical theme

In example above, it can be seen that the first nominal group is unmarked topical theme.

 Marked topical theme

Marked topical theme may be consists of adverbial, prepositional and complement. For example:

Adverbial as theme:

down Lily fell theme

Prepositional as theme:

up the hill Lily went theme

Complement as theme:

her coffee she drank theme

From all the examples, several categories of ideational theme can appear to differentiate the functions in the element.

a.2 Textual theme

Gerot and Wignell states: “textual themes relate the clause to its context and they can be conjunctive adjuncts and conjunctions” (1994: 105). The textual theme expresses how the signal can affect the addressee (listener or reader) in the beginning of conversation to the context of speaking. It consists of conjunctive adjuncts and conjunctions, which the example below:

Conjunctive adjunct:

meanwhile she said conjunctive adjunct

textual theme

Conjunction:

and he said conjunction

textual theme

a.3 Interpersonal themes

Gerot and Wignell states, “interpersonal elements occurring before topical theme and consists of modal adjunct and vocative” (1994: 107). It means that interpersonal elements appear before subject in topical theme, they may be modal adjunct or vocatives. Modal adjunct express the point of view from the speaker or an attitude about the content of the message. For example:

Modal adjunct:

Perhaps Lily Decided modal adjunct

interpersonal theme

Whereas, vocatives express a personal name or nickname and used to address someone. For example:

Vocatives:

Lily, we wait until Monday Vocative topical

b. Rheme

Rheme is the remainder of the clause. According to Gerot and Wignell:

“The rheme points both backwards and forwards by picking up on

information which is already available and adding to it and by presenting

information which was not there before” (1994: 103)

From the quotation, rheme is the part where the theme can be developed. Rheme can be indicated as new information to complete the theme and develops the content of information. For example:

Lily was reading a book Rheme

28 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH OBJECT AND METHOD

This chapter explains about the research object, research method, and process of collecting and analyzing data.

3.1 Research Object

The research object in this research is three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, and textual. All data are taken from Jakarta Globe newspaper in edition of Thursday, February 26th, 2015. From the edition, the writer chooses business and sports articles.

3.2 Research Method

This research is qualitative and uses descriptive-analytic method. Flick (2009:90) mentions “qualitative research comprises a specific understanding of the

relation between issue and method”. Based on the theory, this research can be

indicated as qualitative because it describes about the issue of the research using specified method. Meanwhile, descriptive analytic method is applied in the research in order to support the description, Sugiyono (2007:14) mentions “Metode deskriptif analisis adalah yang digunakan untuk menganalisa data dengan cara

mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana

adanya”. It explains that in describing the topic, the data are analyzed to show the

issue and to describe the topic under discussion.

3.2.1 Data Collection

In data collection, several steps are taken. First, the data source is taken from Jakarta Globe newspaper in edition of Thursday, February 26th, 2015. The writer reads the whole articles in Jakarta Globe then chooses two of five articles that are included, which are business and sports articles.

Second, after choosing two articles that will be used, the writer analyzes the whole data. Moreover, the writer focuses on the data that have three functional components.

Third, after analyzing the whole data, the writer separates every sentences then analyzed into several clauses based on the classification.

Fourth, after the clause is divided, the writer classified the data based on three different functional components: the interpersonal, the experiential and the textual. Next, the writer analyzed the interpersonal through mood choices, the experiential through transitivity choices, and the textual through theme choices.

3.2.2 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer found the sentence that has more than one clause and analyzed it based on three functional components of meaning. The first component is interpersonal meaning that consists of mood elements (subject, finite) and residue elements (predicator, complement). The second component is experiential meaning that consists of transitivity (process, participants, and circumstances). The third component is textual meaning that consists of theme-rheme. In addition, the writer also classified the component of theme that consists of the ideational or topical and conjunctions.

There is an example of data analysis of three functional components: Lily was reading Book subject finite predicator complement Mood Residue

actor process: material unmarked

topical theme

theme Rheme

In this data, interpersonal component is marked by subject and finite (mood component), predicator and complement (residue component). Meanwhile, experiential component is marked by actor and material process and textual component is marked by unmarked topical theme. Each component are analyzed to

shows how three different functional meaning combined into one and shows role, which has more than one function.

32

This chapter explains the analysis of data based on the classifications. The data are selected from paragraphs in the business and sports articles, which are divided from sentences into several clauses. The data focuses into clause because the clause is the central processing unit in grammar. It means the clause bring meanings of different kinds in every principal systems of the clause: mood, transitivity and theme. The analysis of data shows that every clause has three functional components of meaning; interpersonal, experiential, and textual.

4.1 SFPC + Material Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consists of three data and have the same structures, which is subject, finite, predicator and complement (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has types of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 1

Apple was told to pay $532.9 million Analysis

Apple was told to pay $532.9 million

Interpersonal Meaning

(IM)

subject finite (past) predicator complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type Experiential

Meaning (EM)

goal process: material actor passive structure with subject as goal Textual Meaning (TM) unmarked topical

theme rheme

Theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal that is marked by the existence of mood (subject and finite) and residue (predicator and complement) shows a statement about information. It means that the speaker invites to receive the information because he or she allocates the role to the listener or reader. The tense of the finite indicates that the subject apple already know that they had to pay $532.9 million.

In addition, experiential is marked by goal, material process and actor as another participant. As the subject in interpersonal component, apple also has a

role as goal in experiential because it indicates as a direct obejct, which is something that does something by another entity (actor).

Additionally, the textual, which is marked by theme and rheme shows about the old and new information. In this clause, the theme has categories as the ideational or topical theme and the subject has a position as nominal group then the topical theme is unmarked case. Meanwhile, the rheme carries new information, which is not there before. The relation between theme and rheme indicates that how the text can be developed by the existence of theme, which has several categories and rheme that also presents what the elements said about it. Data 2

Smartflash was started in the early 2000s by inventor Patrick Racz in an effort to commercialize his ideas.

Analysis

smartflash was started in the early by inventor 2000‟s Patrick Racz in an effort to

commercialize his ideas IM subject finite

(past)

predicator complement

Mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM goal process: material circumstance:

time

circumstance: manner

passive structure with complement as circumstance time & manner

TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal is marked by the existence of mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement). It is a statement about information by the speaker and invites to receive the information to the addressee (listener or reader).

In addition, the experiential is marked by goal that also has role as subject in interpersonal component, while material process shows how goal affect by other entity, which is circumstances of manner in the end of the clause.

Additionally, the textual is marked by theme and rheme shows about the old and new information. In this clause, the theme has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word that appears is subject. Meanwhile, the rheme carries new information and develops the meaning in a text.

Data 3

Smartflash claimed that apple infringed three patents Analysis

smartflash claimed that apple infringed three patents

IM subject finite

(past)

predicator complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM actor process: material participant: goal

material process with subject as actor

TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this clause, the interpersonal component is marked by mood, which are subject and finite (past), and residue (predicator and complement). In mood element, the word claimed includes to finite along with predicator because it is a part of verbal operators. The interpersonal component shows about a statement that demands information, it means that the speaker invites to the addressee to give the information.

Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by actor, which has role as subject in interpersonal component. Smartflash as an actor is the one doing something that followed by material process to the entity, which may be done by goal that also has a role as complement in interpersonal component.

Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme, in this data, the type of theme is unmarked topical because smartflash occupies the subject position.

4.2 SFPC + Adj + Material Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consists of one data that has structure subject, finite, predicator, complement, and adjunct (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component) and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 4

The recommendation will be sent to FIFA‟s executive committee for a final decision in Zurich on March 20, ending a four-year long saga over

Analysis

The

recommendation

will be sent to FIFA‟s executive committee

for a final decision in Zurich on March 20, ending a four year long saga over IM subject finite

(future)

predicator complement adjunct mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in

declarative type with adjunct after complement EM actor process: material recipient

client material process with complement as recipient and adjunct as client

TM unmarked topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (predicator, complement and adjunct). It is a statement about information by the speaker to the addressee to receive the information about a final decision in Zurich.

Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by material process with subject as actor, complement as recipient and adjunct as client that also known as beneficiary. In this case, the recipient is the one to whom the service is given, which means to a FIFA’s executive committee, while the client is for whom services are provided.

Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme, which has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word in the clause is subject.

4.3 SFPC + Conjunctive Adj + Material Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consist of one data that has structure subject, predicator, complement, conjunctive (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 5

We expect the clubs to be compensated for the damage that a final decision would cause.

Analysis

we Expect the clubs to be compensated

for the damage that a final decision would cause

IM subject finite (present)

predicator complement conjunctive adjunct mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with conjunctive adjunct

EM actor process: material participant: goal client material process with subject as actor

TM unmarked topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement) with conjunctive adjunct. It is a statement about information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) and show about material process in experiential component.

In this case, the process of material consists of two participants, which are actor and goal. We as actor is the one who doing something to goal as other entity (the clubs to be compensated).

Meanwhile, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme that has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word that appears is subject and rheme explains the new information, which also develops the meaning in the clause.

4.4 S + Circumstantial adj + FPC + Relational Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consist of one data that has structure subject, circumstantial adjunct (interpersonal component), relational process (experiential component) and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 6

“Staging the World Cup in November and December is an organizational as well as a financial burden for European Leagues,”

Analysis

staging the World Cup

In November and December

is an

organizational as well as a financial burden for European Leagues IM subject circumstantial

adjunct

finite (present)

predicator complement mood mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with circumstantial adjunct after subject

EM token circumstance: time

identifying: intensive participant: value

relational process with circumstantial of time after carrier position TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). It is a statement gives information from the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) with the existence of circumstantial of time to explain when staging the world cup.

Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by staging the world cup as token, which also has a role as subject in interpersonal component. The position of token means that staging the world cup stands for what is being defined. In other word, staging the world cup is the identity of an organizational as well as a financial burden for European Leagues.

Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme, which contains old and new information. The unmarked topical theme appears because the first word in the beginning of the clause is subject.

4.5 Adj + SFP + Relational Process + Marked topical theme

This classification consist of one data that has structure adjunct, subject, finite, predicator (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme.

Data 7

When the tournament should be played Analysis

when the tournament should be played IM adjunct subject finite (future) predicator mood residue the type of mood is indicative in declarative type

with adjunct before subject

EM value identifying: intensive relational process with subject as value TM marked

topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with adjunct & subject as marked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator without complement). It is a statement demands information from the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to give more information about the tournament.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by relational process that consists of one participant, which is the tournament as value because the clause is passive. In this case, the value is nominal group, which gives the classification.

Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme and has categories as marked topical theme, because the first word that appears is not subject but adjunct.

4.6 Mood adjunct + SFPC + Material Process + Interpersonal & Topical theme

This classification consist of one data and have structure mood adjunct, subject, finite, predicator, complement (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has two types of theme, which are interpersonal and topical theme (textual component).

Data 8

Closely held Smartflash, which claimed that apple infringed three patents, was seeking $852 million in damages

Analysis

Closely held smartflash was seeking $852 million in damages IM mood adjunct Subject finite

(past)

predicator complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with mood adjunct before subject

EM actor process: material participant: goal

passive structure with actor as subject TM interpersonal topical

theme rheme theme-rheme structure with mood adjunct as interpersonal theme and subject as topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement) and the existence of mood adjunct in front of subject. In this case, the word closely held is mood adjunct because it expresses probability about the problem between smartflash and apple. In addition, the speech function is statement giving information, which indicated by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information, in this case, is about $852 million in damages.

Additionally, the experiential component is marked by actor, which has role as subject in interpersonal component, material process, and goal as participant that formed in passive structure. In material process, they express a role that does something as the reason why it should be done; this entity is marked by goal as participant, which also as complement in interpersonal component.

Meanwhile, the textual component is marked by the existence of theme and rheme. In theme element, several types appear which are interpersonal and topical. Interpersonal theme appears because it occurs before topical theme in the form of mood adjunct, and topical theme appears because it is the subject. For the whole of theme element, the type is marked case because the first word that appears is not subject.

4.7 SFP + Verbal Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consist of one data and has structure subject, predicator (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 9

DLF managing director Andreas said Analysis

DLF managing director Andreas said IM subject finite

(past)

predicator mood residue the type of mood is indicative in declarative type

EM sayer process: verbal

verbal process with subject as sayer TM unmarked topical

theme rheme theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element, which are subject and finite. It is a statement about information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader), in this case the finite is a part of verbal operators expressing tense.

Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by verbal process that has one participant, which is sayer. The verbal process shows the process of saying from the sayer that has a role as subject in interpersonal component. In this case, the verbal process only encodes a signal source without projecting clause because there is only one participant, which is sayer.

Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme and it consists of unmarked topical theme, because the first word that appear is subject.

4. 8 SFP + Adj + Verbal Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consist of one data and has structure subject, predicator, and adjunct (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component). Data 10

Ward said after the verdict was announced Analysis

Ward said after the verdict was announced

IM subject finite (past)

predicator adjunct mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM sayer process: verbal verbiage

verbal process projecting adjunct as indirect speech TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). The predicator is not appears because it already fused with finite in residue element, it is a statement about information by the speaker, which invites the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by verbal process that have two participants, which are sayer and verbiage. The verbal process encodes a

signal source (sayer) with projecting adjunct as indirect speech, it also used to reported by ward as a sayer.

Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme that consists of unmarked topical theme because the first word that appears in the clause is subject.

4.9 SFPC + Verbal Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consists of one data and has structure subject, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 11

English Premier League chief executive Richard Scrudamore said there was little discussion during Tuesday‟s meeting.

Analysis English Premier League chief executive Richard Scrudamore

said there was little during

discussion Tuesday‟s meeting

IM subject finite predicator (past)

complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type

EM sayer process: verbal existential circumstance: time verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech

TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement). The predicator is not appear because it already fused with finite in mood element, it is statement about information to the addressee (listener or reader) about what the subject is talking about.

Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by verbal process that consists of sayer and circumstance of time. The sayer has also role as subject used to encodes signal source with projecting complement as indirect speech, the projected clause explains what the subject said.

Whereas, the extual component is marked by theme-rheme that has categories as unmarked topical theme, with the existence of subject in the beginning of the clause.

4.10 Adj + SFPC + Verbal Process + Marked topical theme

This classification consists of three data and have structure adjunct, subject, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme (textual component).

Data 12

After a federal jury said the company‟s iTunes software used a Texas company‟s patended inventions without permission

Analysis

after a federal jury

said the company‟s iTunes software used a Texas company‟s patended inventions without permission

IM adjunct subject finite predicator (past)

complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative typewith adjunct before subject

EM sayer process: verbal verbiage verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject and adjunct as marked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). In mood component there is only subject without predicator because in the finite there includes predicator element that already fused. Moreover, adjunct can be identified as element that does not have potential to become subject. It shows about statement giving information, the

speaker selects a speech role that indicates the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by the subject, which has a role as sayer and predicator has verbal process. The verbal process shows a clause that encodes a signal source to responsible for the verbal process (sayer), in this case the verbal process used for reporting that also realized to signaling.

Meanwhile, the textual component that is marked by theme has a category as marked topical. It happens because the first word that appears in clause is not subject but adjunct.

Data 13

While apple said it was worth $4.5 million at most Analysis

while apple said it was worth $4.5 million

at most IM adjunct subject finite predicator

(past)

complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with the existence of adjunct before subject

EM sayer process: verbal verbiage verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with adjunct and subject as marked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement). In mood component there is only subject without predicator because it already fused in finite, while adjunct that appear in the beginning of the clause can be identified as element, which do not have potential to become subject. It shows about statement gives information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by the subject, which has a role as sayer and predicator has verbal process. The verbal process shows a clause that encodes a signal source to responsible for the verbal process (sayer), in this case the verbal process used for reporting.

Meanwhile, the textual component consists of theme-rheme and theme has a category as marked topical because the first word that appears in clause is not subject but adjunct.

Data 14

While the leagues said such a move would cause „great damage‟ to domestic soccer

Analysis

while the leagues said such a move would cause „great damage‟ to domestic soccer

IM adjunct subject finite predicator (past)

complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in type declarative with adjunct before subject

EM sayer process: verbal verbiage

verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with adjunct and subject as marked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement). In mood element there is only subject without predicator because it already fused in finite, while adjunct appears in front of subject can be identified as element, which does not have potential to become subject. It shows about statement gives information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by the subject, which has a role as sayer and finiter has verbal process. The verbal process shows a clause that encodes a signal source to responsible for the verbal process (sayer), in this case the verbal process used for reporting that also realized to signaling.

Meanwhile, the textual component that is marked by theme-rheme has a category as marked topical because the first word that appears in clause is not subject but adjunct.

4.11 Conjunctive Adj + SFPC + Verbal Process + Marked topical theme This classification consists of one data and has structure conjunctive adjunct, subject, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme (textual component).

Data 15

Meanwhile, the world player‟s union FIF Pro said any discussion over shortening the World Cup should involve its members.

Analysis

meanwhile The world player‟s union FIF pro

said any discussion over shortening the World Cup should involve its members IM conjunctive

adjunct

subject finite predicator (past)

complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with conjunctive adjunct

EM sayer process: verbal verbiage

verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with conjunctive adjunct & subject as marked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite), and residue element (complement). The predicator is not appear because it already fused with finite in mood element, it is shows the statement giving information by the speaker to the addressee to receive the information. Meanwhile, the conjunctive adjunct in the beginning of the clause is one of several types of adjuncts, which fall outside of mood structure.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by verbal process and it has two participants, which are sayer and verbiage. In verbal process, the projecting clause encodes a signal source (sayer) used for reporting about what the sayer is talking about.

Additionally, the extual component is marked by theme-rheme that contains old and new information. The theme element has categories as marked topical theme because the first word in the beginning of clause is not subject.

4.12 SFPC + Mental Process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consists of one data and has structure subject, finite, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), mental process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 16

“The jury was very attentive, took good notes and worked very hard,” Analysis

the jury was very attentive took good notes and worked very hard

IM subject finite (past)

predicator complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM senser process: mental phenomenon

passive structure with finite & predicator as mental process of emotion

TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement). It is shows statement giving information by the speaker through passive structure to the addressee, which indicates to receive that information.

In addition, the experiential component is marked by mental process that consists of senser and phenomenon. The senser has role as subject explains the one who can feel about phenomenon and the mental process shows the emotion of senser as conscious being.

Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme that consists of unmarked topical theme because the first word that appear is subject. Data 17

European clubs want compensation if FIFA stages the 2022 World Cup in Qatar in November and December.

Analysis

European clubs want compensation if FIFA stages the 2002 World Cup in Qatar in November and December IM subject finite predicator

(present)

complement mood residue the type of mood is indicative in declarative type

EM senser process: mental phenomenon

mental process with complement as phenomenon

TM unmarked

topical

theme rheme

theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme

In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). The predicator is not appear because it already fused with finite in mood element, in this case the statement gives information from the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader).

Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by mental process. The senser as subject in interpersonal component is the one that can feel about the phenomenon, in this clause the phenomenon has role as complement in

interpersonal component. The process of mental shows how the European clubs as senser feels about compensation if FIFA stages the 2022 World Cup in Qatar in November and December as phenomenon through the word want as mental process.

Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme and has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word that appear is subject. 4.13 SFPC + Relational process + Unmarked topical theme

This classification consists of one data and has structure subject, finite, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), relational process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).

Data 18

Apple had sales of $18 billion for iTunes, software and services last fiscal year, about 10 percent of the company‟s revenue.

Analysis

apple had sales of $18 billion for iTunes software and services last fiscal year about 10 percent of the company‟s revenue

subject finite (past)

predicator complement mood residue

the type of mood is indicative in declarative type carrier process: relational:

attributive possessive

participant: attribute

relational process with finite & predicator as possessive attribution unmarked

topical

theme rheme

73

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Student’s Profile

a. Name : Susan Aryanti

b. Address : Jln. Tubagus Bawah no. 32 Bandung c. Place and date of birth : Sukabumi 04 Oktober 1993

d. Sex : Female

e. Religion : Moslem

f. Phone : 08562004805

g. E-mail : susanaryanti58@yahoo.com

2. Educational Background

a. Formal Education

No Year Institution 1. 1999 – 2005 SDN 1 Cidolog 2. 2005 – 2008 SMPN 1 Cidolog 3. 2008 – 2011 SMAN 5 Sukabumi

74

b. Informal Education

No Year Institution

1 2011 Public Speaking Seminar (Certified)

2 2011 Semiotics: Literature and Media Seminar and Workshop (Certified)

3 2011 Copywriting Seminar and Workshop (Certified) 4 2012 English Contest (Certified)

5 2012 Hari Sastra (Certified)

6 2012 Seminar “Reaktualisasi Nilai-Nilai Pancasila di Kalangan Generasi Muda” (Certified)

7 2012 English Literary Internal Training of Education (Certified) 8 2012 Talkshow “Kreatif Menulis, Rejeki Tak Akan Habis”

Bersama Raditya Dika (Certified) 9 2012 Character Building Training (Certified)

10 2012 Learning Inspiration From Experiences (Certified) 11 2013 Hari Sastra (Certified)

12 2013 Building The Translation Skill and Confidence (Certified) 13 2014 Seminar „Menyambut Bulan Suci Ramadhan‟ (Certified) 14 2014 Postcolonialism Seminar „Postcolonialism: An Indonesian

75

c. Competency

There are some competencies that the writer has. They are as follows:  Good at English

 Translation from English to Indonesia and the reverse  Make a novel or short story

d. Organization and Work Experiences

No Year Organization

1 2009 - 2010 Member of OSIS SMAN 5 Sukabumi 2 2013 - 2014 Member of HIMA SAIS UNIKOM

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

68 REFERENCES

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Qatar World Cup”. Jakarta Globe 26 February 2015: 15

Decker, Susan and Dennis Robertson. “Apple to Pay $532.9m After Patent Trial”. Jakarta Globe 26 February 2015: 31

Eggins, Suzzane. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic2nd Edition. London: Continuum.

Flick, Uwe. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research Fourth Edition. SAGE Publication Limited: London.

Gerot, Linda and Petter Wignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Australia: Gerd Stabler.

Halliday, M.A.K and Christian Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar 3th Edition. London: Edward Arnold.

---.2014. An Introduction to Functional Grammar 4th Edition. Oxon: Routledge.

Olusanya, Moses. 2013. An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Some Selected Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspaper. Nigeria: University of Ilorin.

Sugiyono. 2007. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.