An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

(1)

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION IN SELECTED ARTICLES OF JAKARTA GLOBE E-PAPER

A THESIS

PUTROE WULANDARI REG. NO. 100705106

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

(2)

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION IN SELECTED ARTICLES OF JAKARTA GLOBE E-PAPER

A THESIS

PUTROE WULANDARI REG. NO. 100705106

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

(3)

AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION IN SELECTED ARTICLES OF JAKARTA GLOBE E-PAPER

A THESIS BY

PUTROE WULANDARI REG. NO. 100705106

SUPERVISOR, CO. SUPERVISOR

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, MA. NIP. 195711171983032002 NIP. 196301091988032001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

(4)

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D NIP. 195411171980031002 NIP. 197502092008121002

(5)

Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Tuesday, 15th July 2014.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners:

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. ……….

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ……….

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA. ……….

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. ……….

(6)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT who always gives me blessing, power, strength and love in my entire life and in terms of my study, especially in completing this thesis as one of the requirements to get Scholar Certificate in English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Dr. H Syahron Lubis, M.A, The head of English Departement, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS, and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, and to all the lectures of English Department for all assistances, valuable knowledge and facilities during my academic year.

My sincere gratitude goes to my Supervisor, Dr. Deliana, M.Hum, and my Co-Supervisor, Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, MA, who given me a considerable amount if contribution of knowledge, spared their valuable time to comment, encourage, and guide me to finishing this thesis.

Further, my sincere gratefulness is devoted to my beloved dad M. Noer Irfath, my mom almh. Rosmani and my late grandmom also thank you so much to my inspiring siblings Reka Rahmi, Amety Lydiana, Musfiary Harrydhi and my brother in law Erwinsyah for their endless support, attention prays and love which they have been giving to me not only during the term of my study and my completing of this thesis, but also in everyday’s motivation and encouragement for a better future Beside them I would like to thank to all my relatives for their mental support.

(7)

Last but not least, my special thanks are due to all my friends, for the first for Eby, my roommate that always share suggestions, happiness, and sadness when we felt homesick, then especially to those who amazingly close to me, they are Anok, Vivi, Dhini, Filza Lora, Ninis, Nadia, Anis, Aldi Kiteng, Nanda & Kahfi, Moyie, Pipy, and also for my ‘cabe-cabean’ Yudi Tolo, Boy, Dicky, and Petrus- if it hadn’t for you guys, I wouldn’t be able to get to this part to finish my thesis, I hope this friendship will be last forever and we will be success as soon as, guys. My special thanks also for my partner and best friend, Farhan, for his support and helped. Thank you so much for all of my friends in class B 2010 who cannot I mention all of your names.

In writing this paper, I realized that this thesis is far from being perfect though I have done my best, so I hope suggestion for this thesis. Without any helps and support from all parties, this thesis would not be completed. Finally, I expect this thesis would be useful for the readers in future.

Medan, July 2014 The Writer

Putroe Wulandari No. Reg. 100705106

(8)

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, PUTROE WULANDARI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS

THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

(9)

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : PUTROE WULANDARI

TITLE OF THESIS :AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION IN SELECTED ARTICLES OF JAKARTA GLOBE E-PAPER

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

(10)

ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper”, adalah sebuah analisis tentang kohesi leksikal yang terdapat dalam artikel berita online sebagai suatu wacana (discourse). Ada lima jenis kohesi leksikal yang dibedakan menurut teori Halliday dan Hasan, yang dapat diidentifikasikan melalui kalimat-kalimat (sentences) yang membentuk kesatuan dalam sebuah teks atau wacana, dan sangat berperan dalam menghubungkan kalimat dalam teks secara konsisten sehingga pesan yang ingin disampaikan dan dibicarakan dalam teks dapat tersalur dengan baik kepada pembaca. Kohesi leksikal menggambarkan bagaimana kata-kata dalam sebuah teks yang berhubungan satu sama lain dalam suatu susunan yang sistematis. Data analisis diambil dari dua belas artikel berita online dengan menggunakan teori Arikunto, yaitu sampel bertujuan atau purposive sampel, sedangkan untuk menghitung data digunakan teori Nawawi. Dari pembahasan lima jenis kohesi leksikal ini ditemukan bahwa repetisi adalah jenis kohesi leksikal yang paling dominan (76,32 %) karena pada umumnya sebuah teks memberikan suatu berita informatif yang ditulis secara mendetail dan deskriptif sehingga pengulangan terhadap sebuah kata (baik yang menjadi subjek maupun objek) dalam kalimat sering terjadi. Sinonimi juga banyak ditemukan dalam teks sebagai bagian dari perbendaharaan kata (10.9 %). Meronimi yang merupakan bentuk kolokasi kata juga dijumpai meskipun tergolong kecil (4.89 %). Antonimi juga ditemukan di setiap teks dalam analisis ini (4.51 %). Sementara Hiponimi, yang sangat jarang terdapat di dalam teks, merupakan jenis kohesi leksikal yang paling sedikit digunakan (3.38 %).

(11)

ABSTRACT

Thesis entitled "An Analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of the Jakarta Globe E-Paper", is an analysis of lexical cohesion contained in the online news article as a discourse. There are five types of lexical cohesion is distinguished by Halliday and Hasan's theory, which can be identified through sentences that make up the unity in a text or discourse, and was instrumental in connecting sentences in the text consistently so that the message to be conveyed and discussed in text can be properly received by the reader. Lexical cohesion illustrates how the words in a text are related to each other in a systematic arrangement. Data analysis was taken from twelve online news articles by using the theory of Arikunto, purposive sampling, whereas the data is calculated by using the theory of Nawawi. From the discussion of the five types of lexical cohesion is found that repetition is a kind of lexical cohesion appeared most dominant (76.32%) in the text because in general a text gives an informative message written in detail and descriptive so that the repetition of a word (both the subject and object) in the common phrase. Synonymy is also found in the text as part of the variation of vocabulary (10.9%). Meronymy, which is a form of word collocation also encountered although relatively small (4.89%). Antonymy is also found in every text in this analysis (4:51%). While Hyponymy, which is very rarely found in the text, is a kind of lexical cohesion least used (3:38%).

(12)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………..……...……….. i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………...…… iii

ABSTRAK ………..………...……….. v

ABSTRACT ………..………...……….. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..………..………... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study ………... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ………... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ………... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ………... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study………... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of discourse ……….. 7

2.1.1 The functions of discourse analysis ………...……….. 8

2.1.2 The types of discourse analysis ………...…… 9

2.2 The Concept of Cohesion …...………...……. 11

2.2.1 Text …...………....… 12

2.2.2 Texture…………...………... 13

2.2.3 Ties …...………....…… 14

2.2.4 Coherence and Cohesion………..………....…. 15

2.2.4.1 Coherence ...……….…………...……... 15

2.2.4.2 Cohesion …...………... 16

(13)

2.3.1 Repetition ...………... 21

2.3.2 Synonymy ...………... 21

2.3.3 Antonymy ...………... 21

2.3.4 Hyponymy ...………... 23

2.3.5 Meronymy ...………... 24

2.4 Previous Study ………...………... 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method ………...………. 27

3.2 Data Collecting Method ………...…... 27

3.3 Data Analysis Method ………... 28

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS 4.1 Repetition ... 30

4.1.1 The Existence of Repetition ...………... 31

4.2 Synonymy ... 58

4.2.1 The Existence of Synonymy ………..…...…..…... 58

4.3 Antonymy ... 63

4.3.1 The Existence of Antonymy ………...………..……….. 63

4.4 Hyponymy ... 67

4.4.1 The Existence of Hyponymy …...……..………... 67

4.5 Meronymy ... 71

4.5.1 The Existence of Meronymy ……...…….……….. 71

4.6 The Percentage of Lexical Cohesion ………...……….……….. 74

(14)

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ………...……...………... 75 5.2 Suggestion ……….………...……... 75 REFERENCES ...……….………... 76

(15)

ABSTRAK

(16)

ABSTRACT

(17)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Language has a great position in human life, it becomes a means of communication to utter human’s feeling in interacting to others. Language is a social phenomenon as a means of doing than knowing (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:8). By using language, human can convey their idea, make statements, explain or ask about something and keep social relations among the language users.

Sumarlam (2004:173) states that cohession is semantic relation between one element in the text and some other element that is crucial for its interpretation. This other element must also be found within the text. Cohesion refers to the range of publisities that exist for linking something with what has gone before. Without cohesion the sentence system cannot be effectively activated all.

Halliday and Hasan (1976) say that the concept of cohesion refers to relation of meaning that exists within the texts, and it is that defines it as a text. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another. They classify cohesion into five types: reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion.

However, cohesion can be concluded as “the means by which texts are linguistically connected” (Carter, 1998: 80). It is significant to recognise that lexical cohesion cannot exist without sentences. That is, cohesive words should be discussed not only as the meaning relations which hold between items, but also as the explicit

(18)

expression of those meaning relations within a text. Ultimately, it is necessary to consider cohesion as “a set of discourse semantic systems” (Martin, 2001: 37).

Furthermore, the meaning of cohesion (Halliday, 1994:170) refers to the sources within language that provide continuity in a text, above and over that is provided by clause structures and clause complexes. Therefore, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which help the text to be understood together.

Cohesion is thus one of the text properties that contributes to the organization of discourse. The term refers to the connectedness of the surface elements in the text. The three main categories of cohesion are

i. Referential cohesion (anaphoric chains) ii. Relational cohesion (connectives and ellipsis) iii. Lexical cohesion.

Lexical cohesion, which is the focus of this thesis, contributes to the ideational (semantic) structuring of discourse (Martin 1992). It refers to the semantic relations between the lexical items in the text; thus it provides information about the way lexemes are organized in the discourse (lexical patterning).

Lexical cohesion refers to the relationship between or among word in a text. It is concerned with the content words and primarily related to that field. The field is discovered through the content words within a text. This field tends to have specialized vocabularies and tend to engage in specialized activities. Hassan (1984:320) presents five categories of general lexical cohesion:

(19)

1. Repetition / Re-iteration (including inflection and derivation).

Repetition is the act or process instance of repeating or being repeated.

Example: Miley is in the singing contest on Sunday. Everyone believes that she will win the

2. Synonymy (similarity of meaning) singing contest

Synonymy is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language.

For example: I am taken to the clinic – I am taken to the 3. Antonimy (opposite or contrastive meaning) .

hospital

Antonymy is a word having a meaning opposite that of another word.

For examples: Male - female

4. Hyponymy (classes / super ordination and subclasses / is a type of) season

Hyponymy is relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of another words. For example: She’ll win a trophy. The prize

5. Meronymy (whole part relation) won’t mean much to her.

Meronymy is a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is subtituted for another with which is closely. For example: Linguistics- discourse analysis, language acquisition, sociolinguistics.

The object of this study is newspaper. Newspaper is media that provides any information for people everyday. So, it is the most readable printed media compared to

(20)

other kinds of printed information such as books or magazines. In the past, newspaper was only provided in printed version. But, in this 20th century supported by the advanced technology newspaper is also provided in online version. This thesis uses online newspaper as the main object of the study because:

1. Online newspaper is the most read writing that could influence people grammatically.

2. Online newspaper is very easy to access, people are more interested to read online newspaper than printed newspaper nowdays.

“Jakarta Globe” is one of newspaper which is provided in two versions, there are printed and online version. This thesis uses the selected articles of “Jakarta Globe” Electronic paper(E-paper) as the main object of the study because:

1. ”Jakarta Globe” is one of the most well-known newspaper in Indonesia. 2. Cohesions are found in articles of “Jakarta Globe”.

3. “Jakarta Globe” is provided in online version. 4. “Jakarta Globe” is written in English.

5. “Jakarta Globe” is written by Indonesian people and the reporters are not native speakers too.

The reasons above have motivated the writer to analyze the lexical cohesion of the selected articles contents of “Jakarta Globe” Electronic paper (E-paper) as a kind of written discourse.

(21)

1.2Problem of the Study

By writing this thesis, the writer would like to find out the sollution of some following problems:

1. What are the lexical cohesion categories found in the selected articles of Jakarta Globe E-paper from January until March 2014?

2. What is the most dominant lexical cohesion found in selected articles of Jakarta Globe E-paper from January until March 2014?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the lexical cohesion categories in the selected articles of Jakarta Globe E-paper from January until March 2014.

2. To find out the dominant lexical item applied in the selected articles of Jakarta Globe E-paper from January until March 2014.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been choosen, and to avoid over complicating the issues and analysis.

There is cohsion in this paper, but the writer just focused on lexical cohesion in the selected articles taken from Jakarta Globe E-paper from January until March 2014 based on the theory of Halliday and Hasan.

(22)

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significances of study are:

1. It helps the readers to understand the lexical cohesion.

2. It gives an explanation about the categories of lexical cohesion.

3. Theoritically, it will enrich the study of Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL), especially dealing with lexical cohesion.

4. Practically, it will be useful for English Department students who are interested in the field of lexical item study. So, they can use this thesis as reference for their analysis.

(23)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Discourse

Linguistic had focused its analysis on sentence until the begining of decade 1950s. Then in 1952, a famous linguist, Harris published an article entitled “Discourse Analysis” in

Language magazine. He expressed a new opinion stating that the most complete unit of language is discourse, not a sentence. That opinion had brought linguist started to analyze language basic on discourse.

Discourse analysis is not only widely recognized as one of the vastest, but also the least defined areas in linguistics. One reason for this statement is that our understanding to discourse analysis is based on scholar from a number of academic disciplines that are actually very different from one to another. However, as the least defined areas in linguistics, the study of discourse analysis is supposed to be the most important study of language.

There are some linguists who give definition of discourse. Few of them are as follows.

(a) Henry Guntur Tarigan (1987:27) state that: “wacana adalah satuan bahasa yang terlengkap dan tertinggi atau terbesar di atas kalimat atau klausa dengan kohesi dan koherensi yang berkesinambungan yang mempunyai awal dan akhir yang nyata disampaikan secara lisan dan tulisan.” (Discourse is one complete and highest language unit above sentence and clause with continuous cohesion and coherence, which have the reality beginning and ending, communicate as verbal and writing). (b) Stubbs (1983:1) explain that, “discourse analysis refers to the attempts to study the

organization of language above the sentence or above the clause and therefore to study larger linguistic unit such as conversational exchanges or written texts.”

(24)

(c) Edmonson (1981:4) in Tarigan (1981:4) says that discourse is a structural event manifested in linguistic behavior or athers whereas a text is an arrangement of structural lingusitic expressions which forms a unity.

(d) Linde (1981:85) in Tarigan says that discourse is a stretch of continuous

beginning and ending, and also a number of internal structure.

(e) Carlson (1983:xii-xiv) in Tarigan says, “Discourse is a stretch of continuous utterances (a sequence of individual sentences). So, it does not only consist of utterances or sentences which are grammatically well-formed.”

From definitions about discourse analysis above, the writer see some similarities and differences on concept of the linguists. There are essentially some important points that the writer gets from all those definitions, they are: (1) lingusitic unit; (2) the most complete or the highest; (3) above the sentence or above the clause; (4) well-tied or coherent; (5) sense of unity or cohesion; (6) continuity; (7) written and spoken; and (8) clear beginning and ending.

2.1.1 The Functions of Discourse Analysis

As the highest unit of language above the sentences or the clause is discourse. It has the main functions or targets just like the function of language, that is to transmit information in social communication. So the study of discourse analysis is to lead the

(25)

language users to understand thoroughly about the discourse and also are qualified to produce a well-formed discourse.

It is important that the recipient gets the information correctly. For instance, when the doctor tells a nurse how to administer medicine to the patients, a policeman gives direction to the travelers, or a salesman explains the products to the buyers and so on. In each case, it matters that the speaker or writer should make what he/she says could be understood. Every speaker or writer is expecting that his/her utterances or written text will be understood and appreciated by the recifients. In this situation, the speaker or the writer will try to find the best way to make all events easily reported or uttered. So discourse is an appropriate unit for this purpose.

Finally, it can be insisted that the function of discourse is defined as to organize a larger idea of a writer or a speaker (that the sentence has failed to do) and to arrange that the idea into a coherent state so that the recifients will easily comprehend what the writer or speaker means. That is why, as the consequence, the goal of language will be obtained. So, the main function of discourse is as the best way to convey information in the terms of communication. But, however, the participants, either the speaker (writer) or hearer (reader) should certainly understand thoroughly about the discourse and its structure or organization.

(26)

2.1.2 The Types of Discourse Analysis

After talking about the definitions and functions of discourse, then the writer would like to talk about the types of discourse analysis. This is very important to know how the types of discourse analysis found in linguistic scientific.

Every text has different characteristic of discourse, such as narrative, conversation, exposition, poem, and so on. But the formal characters which characterize each types of discourse in every language often differ from one language to another (Nida 1987:42).

According to his point of view, a discourse can be classified into various ways, as follows: (a) based on the medium used; (b) based on the way of discourse is conveyed; (c) based on thematic orientation; and (d) based on the form of discourse.

Based on the medium used, a discourse can be classified into: (1) Written discourse. This is a type of discourse that is conveyed in written form, through written media. The recifients should read the discourse if he/she wants to enjoy or comprehend it. The example of written discourse can be found in newspaper, magazine, book, and others. Written discourse can be an indirect discourse, a prose, a poem, and so on. (2) Spoken discourse is a type of discourse which is conveyed orally through speaking or spoken form. The recipients should listen to the discourse if he/she wants to enjoy or comprehend it. This includes casual conversation and speech.

Then, based on the way of discourse is conveyed, a discourse can be classified into : (a) Direct discourse, Kridalaksana (1984:208) state that direct discourse is a type

(27)

of discourse which is limited in its conveyance by intonation or functuation. (b) Indirect discourse can be said that indirect discourse is conveyed by using a certain grammatical construction of word, instead of quoting the words used by the speaker directly.

Beside that, based on the thematic orientation, a discourse can be classified into: (a) Expository discourse, is oriented in the subject and parts that tied logically which ignore the time and the expositor, and (b) Narrative discourse, a discourse which focused on time chronological, writen or spoken by first person or third person in the specific time, and oriented to subject linguistic, the all forms of this discourse based and tied by chronological time (Kridalaksana, 1984:208).

Then, based on its form, a discouse can be clasified into; (a) Prose, is the type of discourse conveyed in the form of prose. It can be written or spoken, direct or indirect, and also expository or narrative. This type of discourse includes novel, short story, articles, and so on. (b) Play, is the type of discourse conveyed in the form of dialog, either spoken or written. This includes causal conversation, classroom. Interaction, and so on. (c) Poem, is a type of discourse which ruled in stanza, line, rhytmh, and rhyme. It can be spoken or written.

2.2 The Concept of Cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976:4) state that the concepts of cohession is semantic one. It refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. It means that the key to the concepts of cohesion is based on meaning, that is something wich exists in the language, not something which exists in people.

(28)

A relationship neglected aspect of the linguistic system is its resources for text construction, the range of meanings that are specifically related to something which is being said or written to its semantic environment. The essential component of these resources is cohesion. Furthermore, cohesive relation is relation between two or more elements in a text that are independent of the structure. For example between a personal pronoun and an antecedent proper name such as Robert... he, Stephanie... she, and so on. A semantic relation of this kind may set up either within a sentence or between sentences. Concerning with that, when it crosses a sentence boundary, and the concepts have been outlined by Halliday in his writing on stylistic, and the concepts was developed by his partner, Hasan, in his University of Edinburgh doctoral thesis. According to Halliday and Hasan, there are four concepts of cohesion, they are: (1) text; (2) texture; (3) ties; and (4) cohesion and coherence.

2.2.1 Text

Text is the verbal record of communicative event. Halliday and Hasan (1976:1) state: “The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length. That does form a unified whole.” This means that a text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.

A text is language in use. It is regarded as a semantic unit, a unit which is not of form but of meaning. A text is not a grammatical unit like a clause or a sentence and does not defined by its size. A text may be of any length.

(29)

Since it is not of the grammatical rank scale and does not consist of sentences, a text is not tied to the sentences as its lower limit. In fact, many familiar texts such aswarning, titles, announcements, inscription, and advertisement come out as less than one sentence in grammatical structure, and often consist of a verbal, nominal, adverbial or proporsional group.

Examples:

(1) No smoking!

(2) Stop!

(3) No shoes, no service!

However, there is no upper limit on the length of the text. A play, a lecture, a meeting, or an entire book may – and in many genres such as fiction typically does— comprise a single text in summary, text does not defined by its size but realization.

2.2.2 Texture

The concept of texture is entirely appropriate to express the property of being a text. A text has texture, and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. It devices this texture from the fact that it functions as a unity with respect to its environment (Halliday and Hasan 1976:2). This also means that every discourse has a texture, which is identified by a thight relation between the sentences in the discourse itself and which makes the sentences coheren (logically related). When a passage of English containing more than one sentence is perceived as a text, there will be the

(30)

certain linguistic features present in that passage which can be identified as contributing to its total units and giving the texture. For examples:

(4) Jeremy and I went to Gramedia Book Shop. We bought some dictionaries.

(5) Pevita and her little sister are shopping. I am making a cake in my home.

The sentences in example (4) above are related one another that make the reader or the listener easy to understand what they are about. The word “we” from the example (4) clearly refers back (anaphoric to) “Jeremy and I.” This gives a cohesive relation that does not occur in the example (5). This cohesive relation, in the example (a), makes a texture in that two sentences.

2.2.3 Ties

According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:4) the concepts of tie make it possible to analyze a text in terms of its cohesive properties, and gives a systemic account of its pattern of texture. From this statement, we will know that the basic concept that is employed in analyzing the cohesion of a text is the tie.

A tie is a complex notion, because it does not only include in the cohesive elements itself, but also that is presupposed by it. A tie is the best interpreted as a relation between those two elements. For examples:

(6) Jeremy goes to Gramedia Book Shop. He buys dictionaries and pencils.

(31)

In the example (6) the two sentences related one another. In which there is a cohesive relation between “Jeremy” and “he”, which constitutes what we called tie. The particular kind which we can find in this example is called reference. While in example (7) there are actually two ties, of which one is reference kind occurs in the anaphoric relation of the three watermelons and the other is of a different kind and consists in the repetition of the word watermelon, a repetitionwhich would still have a cohesive effect even if the two were not referring to the some watermelons.

2.2.4 Coherence and Cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976:1) offer a definition of text that provides a starting point for an exploration of text. Text is any passage of language, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. In describing how a text forms a unified whole, they introduced the concept of texture. Texture is the property that distinguishes text from non-text. A text has texture which holds the clauses of a text together to give them unity. If the clauses within a text do not relate each other, we are reacting two dimensions of the paragraph: its contextual properties, what we call as coherence, and its internal properties, what we call as cohesion.

2.2.4.1Coherence

Coherence refers to the way a group of clauses or sentences relate to the context (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:23). There are two types of coherence in the systemic model:

(32)

2. Generic coherence

A text has situational coherence when we can think of one situation in which all the clauses of the text could occur, for example when we can specify a field, mode and tenor for the entire collection of clauses.

The field of discourse - What is happening? What are the participants engaged in?

The tenor of discourse - Who is taking part? What are their rules?

The mode of discourse - What part of language is playing? Is it persuasive, expository, narrative, or descriptive.

A text has generic coherence when we can recognize the text as an example of a particular genre, for example when we can identify a scheme structure.

2.2.4.2 Cohesion

Halliday (1976:4) says, “The concept of cohesion is a semantic one. It refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text and that define it as a text. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text.”

From this definition, we can get understandings of cohesion. They are:

(33)

- Sense of unity

- Inter sentence relation

- Relation in meaning

A very wide range of semantic relationship is encoded through the clause complex. But in order to construct discourse, we need to be able to establish additional relations within the text. The relations within the text that may involve elements of any extent, both smaller and larger than clauses, from single words to lengthy passages of text, and that may hold across gaps of any extent, both within the clause and beyond it. This cannot be achieved by grammatical structure; it depends on a resource of a different kind. These non-structural resources for discourse are what are referred to by the term cohesion.

Cohesion is part of the system of a language. The potential for cohesion lies in the systematic resources that are built into the language. Like other semantic relations, cohesion is expressed through the strata organization of language. Language can be explained as a multiple coding system comprising three levels of coding or strata: the semantic (meanings), the lexicogrammatical (forms), and the phonological and orthographical (expression). Meanings are realized or coded as forms, and forms are realized in turn as expressions. In everyday terminology, meaning is put into wording, and wording into sound or writing (Halliday, 1976:5). It can be seen in this figure :

(34)

Meaning (the semantic system)

Sounding/ Writing (the phonological and orthographic system)

There are five types of cohesion, they are:

1. Reference

Reference refers to how the speaker introduces participants and then keeps track of them once they are in the text. Participants are the people, places, and things that get talked about in the text.

Examples:

(a) Three strong horses, three strong horses See how they run! See how they

‘They’ refers to ‘three strong horses’. run!

(b) Jeremy went to the market with his friend on the Sunday morning. Theywould bought some milks

‘There’ refers to ‘the market’.

there.

Wording (the lexicogrammatical system, grammar and vocabulary)

(35)

Whenever a participant is mentioned in a text, the writer/ speaker must signal to the readers/ listeners whether the identity of the participant is already known or not. A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.

2. Ellipsis

A clause or a part of a clause, or a part of a verbal or nominal group, may be presupposed at a sub sequent place in the text by the device of positive omission. Ellipsis requires supplying the appropriate word/words available.

Examples:

(a) Freddy will go

(b) Kate

abroad on Sunday, and Vanessa on Wednesday. (verb)

has

Jeremy was. (verb) 3. Substitution

The replacement of one item by another is called substitution. Essentially substitution and ellipsis are the same process but the mechanism involved in, are rather different.

Examples :

(a) Do you want the blue or the purple shirt? The purple one.

(36)

One is cohesive, it is a substitute for the word shirt (b) Is it difficult for you?

I think so.

So substitutes the whole clause.

4. Conjunction

A clause or clause complex, or some longer stretch of text, may be related to what follows it by one of a specific set of semantic relations. Conjunction has functions to specify the semantic connection of a clause with the preceding text. There are many expressions, which serve to express conjunctive relations. Halliday and Hasan categorize the four kinds of conjunction (1976:242):

Additive : and, nor, or, also, etc.

Adversative : yet, however, infact, etc.

Causal : so, therefore, because, etc.

Temporal : then, next, in short, etc.

5. Lexical cohesion

Lexical cohesion refers to how the speaker/ writer uses lexical items (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and even sequences (chains of clauses and sentences) to relate the text consistently to its area of focus. Lexical relation analysis derives from observing that there are certain expectancy relations between words, lexical relation analysis is a way of systematically describing how words in a text relate to each other.

(37)

There are five types of lexical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:320): Repetition, Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, and Meronymy.

2.3 Types of Lexical Cohesion

Lexical cohesion is established through the structure of lexis, or vocabulary, and hence at the lexicogrammatical level. There are five types of lexical cohesion:

2.3.1 Repetition

Repetition occurs when two or more lexical items repeated. This is the repetition of a lexical item, or the occurrence of a synonym of some kind, in the context of reference, that is, where the two occurrences have the same referent. For example:

- Miley is in the singing contest on Sunday. Everyone believes that she will win the

2.3.2 Synonymy singing contest

Synonymy occurs when two or more lexical items express similar meanings. In other words, when two words essentially restate each other.

Examples:

- I am taken to the clinic - I am taken to the hospital

Clinic - hospital

(38)

housemaid - servant

- She has a thin body - She has a skinny body

Thin - skinny

2.3.3 Antonymy

Antonymy occurs when two or more lexical items encode a contrast relationship.

Examples:

Male >< female

Hot >< cold

Satisfied >< dissatisfied

Old >< young

There are many pairs of terms in English that can act as antonym, where one term is unmarked and the other is marked. Unmarked is the term that would be used in straightforward questions and statements, while the marked term reflects a particular meaning.

There are also some lexemes which are related to gender, examples:

Nurse >< male nurse

Model >< male model

(39)

Doctor ><woman doctor

Furthermore, in English we have pairs of terms where the unmarked form is male and the marked form is female. They are recognize by adding a suffixes such as “ess”, “ine”,

Examples:

Actor ><actress

Waiter ><waitress

2.3.4 Hyponymy

Hyponymy occurs when there is a relationship between a super ordinate term and its members, or hyponyms. It occurs because of classification. Classification is the ‘x’ is a type of ‘y’ relationship. When two or more lexical items used in a text are both members of a super ordinate class.

Examples:

- Jundice – Pneunomia Both terms are members of the super ordinate class.

- She’ll win a trophy. The prize

Hyponymy may also occur when two or more lexical items used in a text are related through sub-classification, e.g: illness – jaundice here are the relationship is super ordinate term to hyponym. English possesses separate lexemes for the male and the female of various species of animals that human domesticated: one of

(40)

the two is used when the identification of the sex is not important to the person who is speaking. They are:

Animal Male

Lion lion lioness Female

Tiger tiger tigress

Fox fox vixen

The term lion is a hyponym of lion-lioness. Lion and lioness are co-hyponyms of lion. Lion is the super ordinate, while the specifically male term lion and the specifically female term lioness as co-hyponym. It can be seen in this figure :

Lion

Lion (male) Lioness (female)

Furthermore, the pattern where the term of super ordinate use a generic term which cover animals of both sexes can be found.

Animal Male

Chicken cock hen Female

Horse stallion mare

(41)

2.3.5 Meronymy

Meronym occurs when two or more lexical items are related as whole to part:

Example: Body – Arteries

When two or more lexical items are related by both being parts of a common whole, it is called as co-meronym:

Examples:

- Law – family law, civil law, contract law, government law, international law.

- Linguistics – discourse analysis, language acquisition, sociolinguistics, language structure.

(42)

2.4 Previous Study

The idea of writing this thesis is based on some books which supply relevant information to the topic. The writer refers to the related analysis based on the cohesion in discourse. Some of them are follows under the review.

1. Halliday and Hassan (1976:4) in their book entitled Cohesion in English say that The concept of cohesion is a semantic one. It refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text and that define it as a text. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is depend on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text.

2. Thomas Bloor (1995) in his book entitled The Functional Analysis of English, explains about cohesive ties in the text which can be claasified into four main types: reference; ellipsis and subtitution, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Further, the writer explains about the relationship between grammar and text. A text has some textual components of the grammar and the lexical cohesion is a part of cohesive components.

3. Hassan (1984:320) presents five categories of general lexical cohesion in his book entitled Coherence and Cohesive Harmony in Understanding Reading Comprehension. They are: (a) repetition, (b) synonymy, (c) antonymy, (d) hyponymy, and (e) meronymy.

(43)

4. Irma Wardhani (1997) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Cohesive Ties in the Discourse of the Traditional Minangkabau Wedding Ceremony” has analyzed that text of the discourse in Minangkabau tradidional wedding ceremony

(baralek) in terms of cohesive ties encompassing grammatical cohesion

(reference, subtitution and ellipsis), lexical cohesion (re-iteration and collocation) and conjunction (additive, adversative, clausal, and temporal).

(44)

Chapter III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

The writer applied library research in writing and completing the analysis, by using the relevant theories to support this analysis from written sources, such as textbooks, thesis, internet, and dictionaries.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

The primary source of the analysis is Jakarta Globe E-paper and the other sources are the written materials, textbooks, or references that related to the topic of this analysis.

The data are collected randomly from the 12 (twelve) choosen articles of Jakarta Globe E-paper, from January until March 2014 by using “Gambling System” (Hadi, 2004:83). It is by collecting all the articles, and then numbering each of them. The number of articles are drawn, it is the article that being choosen. So, from 20 articles, there are only twelve that will be analyzed as data source by the writer. The twelve articles are:

1. Indonesian Worker in Taiwan Paralyzed After Alleged Abuse article 27th,January 2014.

2. Akil Mochtar Named Drug Suspect article 18th, January 2014.

3. KPK Seizes 17 Cars From Ratu Atut’s Brother article 28th, January 2014

(45)

5. Cars, Cash and Celebrities: Wawan’s Case Widens article 13th, February 2014. 6. In Banten, an Education System Plundered by Graft article 18th, February 2014. 7. Three Arrested in Jakarta as Police Find Half Ton of Marijuana article 28th,

February 2014.

8. Jakarta Governor in Mission to Rid City’s Procurement Process of Graft article 19th, February 2014.

9. Indonesia Religious Affairs Minister Wants Right to Issue Halal Certification article 3rd, March 2014.

10. Court Tells Pertamina Director to Stop Making Up Stories article 5th, March 2014. 11. Hambalang Suspect Andi Mallarangeng to Stand Trial on Monday article 8th, March

2014.

12. MH370 Spans Asia, But Investigation Shows Little Progress article 18th, March 2014.

The samples of this analysis are collected by using “Purposive Sampling” (Hadi, 2004:78). It is by selecting the data that can be representatives of the whole data here.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

It is a quantitative analysis method, which means a research which use some instruments for collecting the data, for instance: formulas to count the data which means here to count the categories of lexical cohesion occurs in the text. In counting the percentage of data, the writer applies Nawawi’s social analysis method ( 1991:127) to find the most dominant type of lexical cohesion in Jakarta Globe E-paper from January until March 2014.

(46)

The following formula is: �

� × 100% = N

X : Number of categories of lexical cohesion Y : Number of all data

N : Percentage of lexical cohesion

In analyzing the data, the applied procedures are: 1. Reading the choosen articles of electronic paper. 2. Identifying the words which belong to lexical cohesion. 3. Classifying the lexical item according to their groups.

4. Listing and recapitulating the lexical item which occur mostly. 5. Making the percentage of lexical cohesion.

(47)

Chapter IV

ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL COHESION IN SELECTED ARTICLES OF JAKARTA GLOBE E-PAPER

Lexical cohesion refers to the relationships between or among words in a text. They are repetition, synonimy, antonymy, hyponimy, and meronymy. The existence of each of lexical item will be calculated in the table.

3.4 Repetition

1. An Indonesian migrant worker was left paralyzed and unable to speak after enduring torture at the hands of her Taiwanese employer, .... left for Taiwan in 2012 as a legal migrant

2. An Indonesian migrant worker was left paralyzed and unable to speak after enduring

worker through maid agency Sinergi Binakarya to work as a caretaker for the elderly. (page 1, par 1-2)

torture at the hands of her Taiwanese employer, .... Rieke said that Sihatul was often tortured

(page 1, par 1 and 5)

by her employer, Huang Deng Jin.

The words migrant and torture are repeated because the writer wants to emphasize the topic/ the word in the news. That is why they are called repetition.

(48)

3.4.1 The Existence of Repetition

Jakarta Globe E-paper 1-4 (18th 27th 28th of Jauary 2014)

1. An Indonesian migrant worker was left paralyzed and unable to speak after enduring torture at the hands of her Taiwanese employer, .... left for Taiwan in 2012 as a legal migrant worker

2. An Indonesian migrant worker was left paralyzed and unable to speak after enduring

through maid agency Sinergi Binakarya to work as a caretaker for the elderly. (page 1, par 1-2)

torture at the hands of her Taiwanese employer, .... Rieke said that Sihatul was often tortured

(page 1, par 1 and 5)

by her employer, Huang Deng Jin.

3. .... left for Taiwan in 2012 as a legal migrant worker through maid agency Sinergi Binakarya to work as a caretaker for the elderly, .... But when she arrived in Taiwan

4. An Indonesian migrant worker was left paralyzed and unable to speak after enduring torture at the hands of her Taiwanese

. (page 1, par 2-3)

employer, .... Rieke said that Sihatul was often tortured by her employer

5. .... she was told to milk

, Huang Deng Jin. (page 1, par 1 and 5)

cows and clean a cowshed outside Liouying, Tainan City, .... which housed 300 cows. (page 1, par 3-4)

(49)

6. .... she was told to milk cows and clean a cowshed outside Liouying, .... She cleaned

7. .... prompting the agency to meet with her the cowshed. (page 1, par 3-4)

employer, .... [Sihatul] said that her employer

8. .... But I was informed that my daughter was in a often became outraged. (page 1, par 6-7)

coma because of her weak heart, .... Sihatul fell into a coma

9. .... [Sihatul] said that her employer

after being beaten with a blunt object. (page 1, par 7-8) often became outraged, .... she often

10. Doctors informed the Indonesian government that her condition was the result of slapped and kicked her. (page 1, par 7)

heart disease.... What I know is my wife has no history of heart disease

11. The director of Indonesian citizen protection at the Foreign Affairs Ministry denied that Sihatul had experienced

. (page 1, par 10 and 12 )

abuse.... the ministry asked the Indonesian Commerce and Economy Body (KDEI) to look into the possibility of abuse

12. “There was a meeting between

. (page 1, par 13-14) the employer, .... Indonesia Migrant Care accused the National Agency for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers (BNP2TKI) of circumventing the legal process in dealing with the employer

13.

. (Page 1-2, par 15 and 17)

Indonesia Migrant Care accused the National Agency for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers (BNP2TKI) of circumventing the legal process in dealing with the employer and work agency through mediation rather than in court. “BNP2TKI secretly conducted mediation between the family of the victim and the

(50)

work agency and agreed not to involve civil organizations in this case. (page 2, par 17-18)

14. Indonesia Migrant Care accused the National Agency for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers (BNP2TKI) of circumventing the legal process in dealing with the employer and work agency through mediation rather than in court. “BNP2TKI secretly conducted mediation

15. Anis said that Migrant Care had received a report that a BNP2TKI representative in between the family of the victim and the work agency and agreed not to involve civil organizations in this case,” (page 2, par 17-18)

Taiwan had tried to mediate privately between the victim and the employer, .... despite the fact that Sihatul’s brother had filed a police report in Taiwan

16.

. (page 2, par 19)

The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) on Friday named disgraced former Constitutional Court chief Akil Mochtar a drug possession suspect.... BNN

17.

spokesman Sumirat Dwiyanto said on Friday at the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) headquarters. (page 3, par 1-2)

The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) on Friday named disgraced former Constitutional Court chief Akil Mochtar a drug possession suspect, “[Akil was] named a suspect

18. .... undermining the democratic process in a widening today. (page 3, par 1-2)

corruption scandal that has tainted the reputation of one of the nation’s highest courts and threatened to take down a powerful family dynasty in Banten province. Sumirat said that Akil would

(51)

now be charged for narcotics offenses in addition to corruption

19. BNN officers visited the KPK offices on Friday to investigate Akil for drug possession but failed to move forward with their investigation because Akil’s and money laundering charges. (page 3, par 3-4)

lawyers were not present. “He was willing to be questioned, but [we] must wait until his lawyer

20. .... had his fleet of 17 cars confiscated by anti-corruption comes,... (page 3, par 5-6)

investigators on Monday and Tuesday morning. Investigators

21.

began their search on Monday afternoon at Wawan’s two houses on lanes off Jalan Denpasar, a Kuningan, South Jakarta.... (page 4, par 1 and 3)

Both properties, one large, the other mammoth, were deserted by Tuesday afternoon.... The larger of the two properties

22. .... his

had a four-car garage-.... (page 4, par 4)

employee Yayan Rodiah’s houses in Grand Serang Asri and Griya Serang Asri, .... and two houses in Taman Graha Asri, Serang, owned by another employee

23. “

, Dadang Prijatna. (page 4, par 5)

They were found in various places, even in a warehouse, but the most important thing is they

24. They were

have been found,... (page 4, par 9)

found in various places, even in a warehouse, but the most important thing is they have been found

25. .... even in a

,... (page 4, par 9)

warehouse, but the most important thing is they have been found,.... He would not comment on the commission’s view of the possibility that Wawan kept vehicles in a warehouse to conceal the extent of his assets. (page 4, par 9)

(52)

26. Maqdir Ismail, Wawan’s lawyer, denied that the cars were hidden — .... The cars

27. The cars were parked on Tuesday at

were parked on Tuesday at the KPK headquarters in Jakarta. (page 4-5, par 10-11) the KPK headquarters in Jakarta. Aside from the vehicles, the KPK

28.

also confiscated documents detailing Wawan’s assets. (page 5, par 11)

Former Democratic Party chairman Anas Urbaningrum has denied an accusation by his former

29. .... that he pocketed almost $1 billion in kickbacks for allegedly rigging a combined treasurer and business partner,.... (page 6, par 1)

Rp 64 trillion ($5.31 billion) worth of government contracts,.... said it was “a fact” that Anas had managed to take charge of dozens of lucrative government contracts worth a total of Rp 64 trillion

30. .... that he pocketed almost $1 billion in

,.... (page 6, par 1 and 4)

kickbacks for allegedly rigging a combined Rp 64 trillion ($5.31 billion) worth of government contracts,.... for which he

received kickbacks

31. .... said it was “a fact” that Anas had managed to take charge of dozens of amounting to Rp 12 trillion. (page 6, par 1 and 4)

lucrative government contracts worth a total of Rp 64 trillion,.... He said they included the contract for the construction of a sports center in Hambalang, Bogor,.... (page 6, par 4-5)

(53)

Jakarta Globe E-paper 5-8

(13th, 18th, 19th, 28th of February 2014)

1. Jakarta. The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) on Wednesday confiscated yet another car connected to money-laundering suspect Tubagus “Wawan” Chaeri Wardana — .... KPK

2. Jakarta. The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) on Wednesday confiscated yet another car connected to

investigators confiscated a Toyota Alphard Vellfire,.... (page 8, par 1-2)

money-laundering suspect Tubagus “Wawan” Chaeri Wardana — .... in relation to the money laundering

3. “We can’t explain

case of T.C.W. (page 8, par 1-2) the connection between Jennifer and Wawan,.... said on Wednesday night that he was unaware of a connection

4. .... singers Aura Kasih and Syahrini reportedly received

between Wawan and Jennifer. (page 8, par 4 and 7)

money transfers from Wawan’s bank account,.... said that her name was mentioned in a report on suspicious money transfers

5. .... submitted by the center to

, submitted by the center to the KPK. (page 8-9, par 12-13)

the KPK. .... He said that he was often surprised when people summoned to the KPK

6. .... an

turned out to be celebrities. (page 9, par 13 and 15) apartment for model Catherine Wilson and both a car and an apartment

7. .... an apartment for

for model Yasmin Wildblood. (page 9, par 23)

model Catherine Wilson and both a car and an apartment for model Yasmin Wildblood. (page 9, par 23)

(54)

8. Lebak, Banten. As we make our way from Jakarta to the heart of Banten

province — (page 10, par 1)

Lebak, Banten. As we make our way from Jakarta to the heart of Banten province —.... Lebak

10. We’re in Lebak to see what conditions are like in

looks much like it must have for centuries: goats and chickens wander freely through villages made up of small clusters of traditional homes surrounded by forests and rice paddies. (page 10, par 1-2)

schools here — schools

11. Lebak, Banten. As we make our way from Jakarta to the heart of Banten

that rely for their funding on a district made infamous by an election-rigging scandal that brought down Akil Mochtar,.... (page 11, par 3)

province —.... in the province

12. Lebak looks much like it must have for centuries: goats and chickens wander freely through

where detained governor,.... (page 10-11, par 1 and 3)

villages made up of small clusters of traditional homes surrounded by forests and rice paddies. .... “In Banten, especially in the villages

13. One such

,.... (page 10-11, par 1 and 3)

bridge, in Serang, the provincial capital,.... I know the Banten government can afford the bridge

14. Asep says many of

, but they don’t care (page 11, par 5-6)

the schools in the area have fallen into a state of dangerous disrepair. “The schools

15. .... “We hope some

needs better maintenance,” he says. (page 11, par 7-8)

help will come, but the government is slow. .... asking for help

16. “Many

many times. (page 11, par 8)

school children come from a poor economic background,”.... Their money is hardly enough to send their children to school. (page 11, par 10)

(55)

17. “Many school children come from a poor economic background,”.... Their money is hardly enough to send their children

18. .... so the

to school. (page 12, par 10)

building is already locked up for the day. .... muddy slope that ends right at the walls of one of the school’s two low-lying buildings

19. .... says the

. (page 12, par 11-12) landslide slammed into a classroom, .... “The landslide

20. “The landslide

happened at night; (page 12, par 13-14)

happened at night;.... “But thank God there were no children inside when the incident happened

21. “But thank God there were no

. (page 12, par 14)

children inside when the incident happened. .... it would have been very dangerous for the children

22. A similar

.” (page 12, par 14)

landslide, he says, occurred during last year’s rainy season. .... 50 villagers showed up the next day to repair the building and build a makeshift concrete landslide

23. “Because of the

barrier,.... (page 12, par 15)

landslide,.... We fear that a landslide

24. “When it

might take place again if it rains. (page 13, par 16)

rains,.... We fear that a landslide might take place again if it rains

25. We have asked for the

. (page 13, par 16)

help of the subdistrict government and the subdistrict Executive Technical Unit [UPT], but there was no help

26. .... We have asked for the help of the subdistrict

in response.” (page 13, par 16)

government and the subdistrict Executive Technical Unit [UPT],.... “We don’t know why there isn’t any financial help from the government.... (page 13, par 16 and 18)

(56)

27. .... School children don’t own the books, the books are kept and used together in school

28. .... School children don’t own . (page 13, par 22)

the books, the books

29. .... School

are kept and used together in school. (page 13, par 22)

children don’t own the books,.... The children

30. “They walk to get

seem mostly unfazed by the poor conditions,.... (page 13, par 22-23)

here,.... The roads around here

31. ....“They travel as far as four kilometers to reach

are in bad condition… (page 14, par 24)

school.... Yet the children are determined to come to school

32. We head to the subdistrict

despite all difficulties. (page 14, par 24)

education office,.... We arrive to find the education office

33. “I love going to

locked,.... (page 15, par 27 and 29)

school,.... “After I finish middle school 34. “I think it is clear: in

,.... (page 15, par 28) Banten,.... If you look at the corruption cases in Banten

35. “I think it is clear: in Banten,

,.... (page 17, par 33)

education is hardly the priority of the regional government,”.... “Education

36. ....If you look at the

is used by the dynasty for profiteering.... (page 17,par 33)

corruption cases in Banten,.... They are fertile ground for corruption

37. ....“Education is used by .” (page 17, par 33)

the dynasty for profiteering.... When corruption watchdogs refer to “the dynasty” in Banten,.... (page 17, par 33-34)

(57)

38. When corruption watchdogs refer to “the dynasty” in Banten, they are talking about detained corruption

39.

suspect Ratu Atut,.... (page 17, par 34)

ICW data show that companies owned by Ratu Atut’s family have controlled public projects in Banten worth $100 million, and ICW

40. While poverty fell in

alleges that the local government stole some 30 percent of the central government’s allocation for community organizations and social aid programs in the province in one year alone. (page 17, par 36)

Indonesia between September 2012 and March 2013,.... Indonesia

41. .... it rose in

placed 64th, ahead of only Peru. (page17-18, par 37-38)

Banten,.... Problems in Indonesia’s education system extend far beyond Banten

42. .... c

. (page 17, par 37-38)

orruption is a major culprit,.... was arrested for corruption

43. .... the head of the provincial

in 2010,.... (page 18, par 39-40)

education office,.... and the education

44. .... you might find that the money meant for

chief in Pandeglang district was detained for alleged corruption last year. (page 18, par 40)

education purposes is being spent for political purposes,.... endemic corruption harms the quality and accessibility of education

45. .... you might find that the money meant for education ,.... (page 18, par 41-42)

purposes is being spent for political purposes

46. .... school operational funds are spent to ,.... (page 18, par 41)

purchase banners for the incumbents [seeking re-election]. .... The excuses may include book purchases or exam fees. (page 18, par 41 and 44)

(58)

47. “The first layer involves teachers. Here, teachers

48. The first

place illegal fees on school children.... (page 18, par 44)

layer involves teachers.... “The second layer

49. The first layer

involves school principal. (page 18, par 44-45)

involves teachers.... “The second layer involves

50. .... Here, teachers place illegal

school principal. (page 18, par 44-45)

fees on school children. The excuses may include book purchases or exam fees

51. “The second layer involves

. (page 18, par 44)

school principal. ... It is not seldom that school budget funds are embezzled by the school principal

52. .... the school operational

. (page 18, par 45)

fund [BOS] might be embezzled. It is not seldom that school budget funds

53. .... the school operational fund [BOS] might be

are embezzled by the school principal. (page 18, par 45)

embezzled. It is not seldom that school budget funds are embezzled

54. “The third

by the school principal. (page 18, par 45)

layer involves government officials at the education agency. “The fourth layer

55. “The third layer involves

involves high-level government officials.... (page 18, par 46-47)

government officials at the education agency. “The fourth layer involves high-level government officials

56. Although

.... (page 18, par 46-47)

corruption can be found at nearly every link in the chain between the regional administration and its constituents, Ade says that corruption

57. “If the district leaders are clean and not

at the top causes the most harm.(page 18, par 48)

corrupt, chances are the school principals and the rest will not be corrupt as well,” he says. (page 18, par 49)

(59)

58. .... where we’ve heard from villagers that a school collapsed on Feb. 5,.... a small private school

59. Ade, who helps run

with about 90 students that relies on government funding,....

the school, tells us as we pick our way through the rubble. “The school

60. “The

suddenly collapsed at 6 a.m. (page 19, par 50)

school administration is confused now,” he says. “We did receive school

61. .... “We did receive school operational assistance funds from

operational assistance funds from the government,... (page 19, par 54).

the government, but it is not quite enough. We hope the government

62. Nur, 35, the owner of a nearby warung, says her customers have dried up because can do more.... (page 19, par 54)

the school is gone. “If possible, I hope the reconstruction of the school

63. “Luckily, at the time it happened none of my friends were

can be done speedily. (page 19, par 55-56)

inside, nobody died,” he says. “I was scared. If I were inside

64. “Luckily, at the time it happened none of my friends were inside, nobody the building, I would have died.”

died,” he says. “I was scared. If I were inside the building, I would have died

65.

.” (page 19 par 58)

Jakarta. Three people have been arrested in the Greater Jakarta

66. .... Three people have been

area after more than half a ton of marijuana was found in trucks en route from from Aceh to Java, police said. (page 20, par 1)

arrested in the Greater Jakarta area after more than half a ton of marijuana was found in trucks en route from from Aceh to Java,.... were arrested in Beji, Depok,.... (page 20, par 1 and 3)

(60)

67. Three people have been arrested in the Greater Jakarta area after more than half a ton of marijuana was found in trucks en route from from Aceh to Java, police said. .... were arrested in Beji, Depok, recently with 84 kilograms of marijuana

68. Three people have been arrested in the Greater Jakarta area after more than half a ton of marijuana was found in trucks en route from from Aceh to Java,

... (page 20, par 1 and 3)

police said. .... Police

69. “The prohibited items would then be

said they had distributed more than 100 kilograms of marijuana to West Jakarta and some universities,.... (page 20, par 1 and 3)

distributed to some islands and regions in Indonesia,”.... Police said they had distributed

70. .... Police said they had distributed more than 100 kilograms of

more than 100 kilograms of marijuana to West Jakarta and some universities,.... (page 20, par 2-3)

marijuana to West Jakarta and some universities,.... Police reported that the suspects had said they would frequently send marijuana

71. .... Police said they had distributed more than 100 kilograms of marijuana to West Jakarta and some

to the two universities — (page 20, par 3-4)

universities, .... Police reported that the suspects had said they would frequently send marijuana to the two universities

72.

— (page 20, par 3-4)

Police reported that the suspects had said they would frequently send marijuana to the two universities — police

73. .... There they found 350 kilograms of

raided a warehouse in Cikupa, Tangerang, in the early hours of Thursday morning. (page 20, par 4-5)

marijuana and arrested another suspected, identified as T.F. Police said A.N. and A.J. had already distributed 200 kilograms of marijuana. (page 20, par 5)

(61)

74. .... “Traditionally they bring the weeds by carrying it on their shoulders for days. They walked for days

75. “We have detected his

and brought along foods and kitchen tools.” (page 20, par 8) location in North Sumatra and its surrounding region,” Arman said, declining to specify a location

76. Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo is using the investigation of fraud into the Rp 113 billion ($9.6 million)

. (page 20, par 10)

purchase of new buses as shock therapy and leverage to rid the city’s notoriously rigged procurement processes of corruption. .... vowed to bring those officials involved in the markups in the purchase

77. Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo is using the investigation of fraud into the Rp 113 billion ($9.6 million) purchase of new buses as shock therapy and leverage to rid the city’s notoriously rigged

to justice, .... (page 21, par 1-2)

procurement processes of corruption. .... an unprecedented move that could set an example of how the country could get rid of corruption in procurement processes

78. ....

,... (page 21, par 1-2)

vowed to bring those officials involved in the markups in the purchase to justice, .... Joko vowed

79. .... an unprecedented move that could set an example of how the country could get rid of

on Wednesday to bring all corrupt officials to book, .... (page 21, par 2-3)

corruption in procurement processes, where the state has allocated more than Rp 400 trillion this year alone, making it the biggest potential source of corruption

80. .... emphasizing the need for stricter

. (page 21, par 2)

monitoring,.... but some projects are very big and we don’t have the necessary monitoring measures.... (page 21, par 3-4)

(62)

81. .... The city’s inspectorate office may be able to handle the smaller ones,.... That is what we want to do with the project-management office

82. .... but some

,.... (page 21, par 4)

projects are very big and we don’t have the necessary monitoring measures.... Among the bigger projects

83. “This is to assist, monitor, control and audit the bigger

undertaken by the government this year are the mass rapid transit system,.... (page 21, par 4-5)

projects.... but it is impossible for me to check [on the projects

84. .... Even

] directly.... (page 21, par 6-7) the inspectorate cannot do so.... The inspectorate

85. Indications of

currently monitors 57 budgets.(page 21, par 7)

fraud have emerged from an investigation by the Jakarta Provincial Inspectorate office into the purchase of new buses,.... I have received the report from the inspectorate about fraud

86. Indications of fraud have emerged from an investigation by the Jakarta Provincial involved in the procurement of the feeder buses and buses for the Integrated City Busway facility. (page 21, par 8-9)

Inspectorate office into the purchase of new buses,.... I have received the report from the inspectorate

87. I have received the report from the inspectorate about fraud involved in about fraud involved in the procurement of the feeder buses and buses for the Integrated City Busway facility. (page 21, par 8-9)

the procurement of the feeder buses and buses for the Integrated City Busway facility.... The inspectorate had initially found no issues in the administrative process of the procurement,.... (page 21, par 9-10)

(63)

88. “I have received the report from the inspectorate about fraud involved in the procurement of the feeder buses and buses

89. .... but eventually discovered several irregularities in

for the Integrated City Busway facility. (page 21, par 9)

tender documents,.... including a significant increase in prices up to the process of determining the winning tender

90. .... but eventually discovered several irregularities in tender

. (page 21, par 10)

documents, .... So if you look at the documents

91. “In

, of course it is China who benefits most,.... (page 21, par 10-11)

China [the buses] are supposed to be priced at Rp 1 billion, but instead it is sold here for Rp 3 billion. .... of course it is China

92. .... So if you look at

who benefits most,.... (page 21, par 11)

the documents, of course it is China who benefits most,.... Basuki also called on the BPKP to subject the documents

93. He also indicated that those involved in manipulating the documents to conceal the impropriety were transportation office officials responsible for the budget and members of

to further review by auditors and those with knowledge of tender processes. (page 21-22, par 11-12)

the committee involved in the tender process. “They’re all very smart. The tender committee

94. “However the city administration has not yet received all of the units so we can’t come up with a general

is also full of problems,” he said. (page 22, par 13)

conclusion just yet,” he said. “We will have to run tests [on the buses] and test their performance. Only then will we be able to draw a conclusion.” (page 22, par 19)

(64)

95. “However the city administration has not yet received all of the units so we can’t come up with a general conclusion just yet,”.... The city administration so far this year received

96. The city administration so far this year received a total of 656 a total of 656 buses. (page 22, par 19-20)

buses. However, less than a month into their use, 10 BKTB buses and five TransJakarta buses

97.

were found to be unfit for use. (page 22, par 20)

The city administration so far this year received a total of 656 buses. .... Some people have also called on the city administration

98. Some people have also called on the city administration to involve

to involve the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in its investigation. (page 22, par 20-21)

the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in its investigation. The TransJakarta case is best handled by the KPK

99. .... We are calling on Basuki to be proactive and report it to . (page 22, par 21-22)

the KPK,.... The KPK

100... We are calling on Basuki to be proactive and

has expressed its willingness to support city officials. (page 22, par 22-23 )

report it to the KPK,.... If they want to report

101.

it to the KPK then go ahead. (page 22, par 22 and 24)

The procurement of goods purchased by government institutions has frequently fallen victim to graft. .... the Jakarta High Court sentenced former traffic police chief Djoko Susilo to an 18-year prison term for his involvement in the graft-ridden procurement

102.The central government has

of driving simulators. (page 22, par 25-26)

allocated a total of Rp 201.88 trillion for the purchase of goods and another Rp 205.84 trillion for capital expenditure in its budget for

(65)

2014. Additionally, the state has also allocated

103.A recent Indonesia Corruption Watch report showed that up to 98.12 percent of the 267 corruption cases reported in the second quarter of 2013 were in

Rp 341 trillion to provinces and districts across the country. (page 22, par 28-29)

regional government institutions, .... Last year, 35 regional

104.Additionally, the state has also allocated Rp 341 trillion to provinces and districts across

chiefs were caught up in graft scandals, .... (page 22, par 30-31)

the country. .... prompting ICW to warn of a “corruption emergency” in the country. (page 22, par 29 and 31)

Jakarta Globe E-paper 9-12 (3rd, 5th, 8th, 18th of March 2014)

1. The Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) are engaged in a tug-of-war over the right to issue Halal certificates and to reap the potential economic benefits of the Islamic certification process. The MUI

2. The Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) are engaged in a tug-of-war over the right to issue

, the nation’s highest Islamic oversight body, (page 23, par 1-2)

Halal certificates and to reap the potential economic benefits of the Islamic certification process. .... has handled the issuance of Halal certificates

3. The Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) are engaged in a tug-of-war over the right to issue Halal certificates and to reap the

(66)

potential economic benefits of the Islamic certification process. .... which entity should lay claim to the revenue from such certifications

has become a hotly debated issue. .... (page 23, par 1-2)

The Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) are engaged in a tug-of-war over the right to issue Halal certificates and to reap the potential economic benefits of the Islamic certification process. .... The Ministry of Religious Affairs

5. ....

has broached the subject during discussions on the long-deliberated Halal Product Security Bill. .... (page 23, par 1 and 3)

The MUI wants to continue issuing the certificates, but is facing strong headwinds from the central government. .... arguing that keeping the right exclusively in the hands of the MUI

6. .... But in Muslim-majority Indonesia, which entity should lay claim to the revenue from such certifications has become a hotly debated

could breed jealousy among other Islamic organizations. (page 23, par 2-3)

issue. .... Recent allegations that MUI auditors extorted tens of thousands of dollars from Australian companies has compounded the issue

7. .... arguing that keeping the right exclusively in the hands of the MUI could breed . (page 23, par 2-3)

jealousy among other Islamic organizations. .... there might be jealousy

8. .... “

from other organizations like Muhammadiyah and Nadhlatul Ulama.” (page 23, par 3-4)

The MUI is merely a civil organization. If we let the MUI become the executor, .... (page 23, par 4)

(67)

9. .... arguing that keeping the right exclusively in the hands of the MUI could breed jealousy among other Islamic organizations. .... there might be jealousy from other organizations

10. “

like Muhammadiyah and Nadhlatul Ulama. (page 23, par 3-4)

The government as the prosecutor of regulations should be the one doing the process,”.... “If it is managed by the government

11. “

, .... (page 23, par 4 and 6) The MUI is not a civil organization. .... MUI

12. “The MUI is not a

is a union of a sort, .... (page 23, par 8)

civil organization. .... representing a number of civil organizations

13. “

. (page 23, par 8)

The MUI isn’t targeting revenues, .... He said that the MUI

14. He said that the MUI should

should handle assessment, .... (page 23, par 10-11)

handle assessment, the government should handle

15. “What’s the use of [deliberating] the law if [halal certification] will remain enforcement and that certification should be mandatory. (page 23, par 11)

voluntary?” he asked. .... The decision whether or not to seek the certification is voluntary

16. Currently food and clothing companies that sell in Indonesia can apply for Halal , .... (page 23-24, par 12 and 14)

certification. The decision whether or not to seek the certification

17. .... explaining that the measure should remain

is voluntary, .... (page 24, par 14)

voluntary in a country where six major religions are protected by the constitution. .... while the government wants it to be voluntary, .... (page 24, par 15-16)

(68)

18. .... Micro-businesses might have to stop their activities and the economy will suffer. We can’t let the regulation disturb the economy

19. The antigraft court on Tuesday warned Pertamina president director Karen Agustiawan that she risks being detained if she provides false

.” (page 24, par 16)

testimony. The warning from the Jakarta Anti-Corruption Court’s panel of judges came after Karen revised her testimony

20. “As a witness, she is under

in the investigation report. (page 25, par 1-2) oath and after saying her oath

21. “

, .... (page 25, par 3) As a witness, she is under oath and after saying her oath, .... As a witness

22. .... there are legal consequences if she decides to provide

, say it as it is. (page 25, par 3)

false testimony or hides information, .... “She may at least be charged with providing a false

23. .... which oversees

testimonial. .... (page 25, par 1 and 3)

energy and mineral resources, had asked Pertamina, the state energy

24. .... she said Hanung and Afdal were also threatened with removal from office should they fail to comply with the

company, .... (page 25, par 5)

lawmakers’ requests. The report also covered Karen’s statements on lawmakers’

25. The report also covered Karen’s statements on lawmakers’ alleged habits of asking for bribe

alleged habits of asking for bribe money from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, .... (page 25, par 7-8)

money from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, who in turn were alleged to have asked for money from various state enterprises such as Pertamina, .... (page 25, par 8)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

An Analysis Of Code-Mixing In Magazine “Chic”

An Analysis Of Hedonism Potrayed In Some Selected Song

An Analysis of Logical Relation Found in Selected Articles of Globe Asia Magazine

The Analysis Of English Pronouns Found In The Articles Of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

An Analysis Of Prepositional Phrase In Jane Austen’s Novel “Pride And Prejudice”

An Analysis Of Adjective Clauses Found In Jane Green’s Novel Another Piece Of My Heart

An Analysis of The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse In Danielle Steel’s Malice

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

An Analysis of Logical Relation Found in Selected Articles of Globe Asia Magazine

Dukungan

Links

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

An Analysis Of Code-Mixing In Magazine “Chic”

An Analysis Of Hedonism Potrayed In Some Selected Song

An Analysis of Logical Relation Found in Selected Articles of Globe Asia Magazine

The Analysis Of English Pronouns Found In The Articles Of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

An Analysis Of Prepositional Phrase In Jane Austen’s Novel “Pride And Prejudice”

An Analysis Of Adjective Clauses Found In Jane Green’s Novel Another Piece Of My Heart

An Analysis of The Psychological Impact of Sexual Abuse In Danielle Steel’s Malice

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

An Analysis of Logical Relation Found in Selected Articles of Globe Asia Magazine

Dokumen yang Anda mencari sudah siap untuk unduhkan