10
Corder 1967 says that the term mistake is a term used by performance errors, while the term error is a developing knowledge by learners rule system
that is reserved for the systematic deviation in some of the second language literature as cited in Dulay, Burt, Krashen, 1982, p. 139. Sometimes
researchers also distinguish the factors of errors. Chomsky 1965 calls fatigue and inattention as performance factors, while the lack of learners’ knowledge of
the rules of the language is called as competence factors as cited in Dulay et al., 1982, p. 139.
Performance and competence errors are difficult to be distinguished because both are also very important. Since the nature of a deviation has not been
classified as a performance or competence error, the term error does not restrict to competence-based deviations. Thus, an error refers to any deviation that is
selected from norm of language performance, no matter what the characteristics or causes might be Dulay et al., 1982, p.139.
b. Types of Error
Some of students’ written compositions are possibly to produce a lot of various errors. Therefore, it is essential to classify errors based on their type.
1 Linguistic Taxonomy
This kind of taxonomy is categorized from a descriptive grammar in target language. Besides, the grammar is relating to basic sentence structure, the verb
phrase, verb complementation, the noun phrase, prepositional phrases, adjuncts, coordinate subordinate constructions and sentence connection
Ellis Barkhuizen, 2005, p. 60. While according to Dulay et al. 1982, the linguistic
11
category classifies the errors based on a language component and a particular language aspect. The language components are phonology pronunciation, syntax
and morphology grammar, semantics and lexicon meaning and vocabulary, and discourse style p. 146.
2 Surface Structure Taxonomy
In this part, Dulay et al. 1982 divide the category into omission, addition, misinformation, and misordering that can be seen below.
a Omission
According to Dulay et al. 1982, the errors can be classified as an omission when there is an absence of an item that should appear in a well-formed
sentence p. 154, for example, Mary president new company instead of Mary is the president of the new company.
b Addition
Addition is the opposite of omission. The addition can be meant as the presence of an item that should not appear in a well-formed sentence. It is sub-
categorized into:
1 Double Marking
According to Dulay et al. 1982, double marking is two items which appear rather than one and those are marked for the same feature p. 156, for
example, He doesn’t knows my name instead of He doesn’t know my name. Another example is We didn’t went there instead of We didn’t go there.
12
2 Regularization
Dulay et al. 1982 state that “the addition category are those in which a marker that is typically added to a linguistic item is erroneously added to
exceptional items of the given class that do not take a marker”, it is called regularization errors p. 157. For example: sheeps and putted. The plural form
of sheep is still the same instead of sheeps. Besides, the verb putted is not correct, the correct past tense is put.
3 Simple Addition
Simple addition can be defined as a neither addition error that is not double marking or regularization Dulay et al., 1982, p. 158.
c Misinformation
Misinformation deals with the incorrect form of the morpheme or structure. There is the difference between omission and misinformation. In
omission the item is not supplied but in misinformation the learner supplies something. According to Dulay et al. 1982 misinformation can be sub-
categorized into p. 158:
1 Regularization
Dulay et al. 1982 say that regularization in misinformation category which is a regular marker is applied in an irregular one. For example: runned
instead of run, gooses instead of geese p. 158. Other examples of regularization under misinformation category are I falled instead of I fell,
childs instead of children Dulay et al., 1982, p. 159.
13
2 Archi-forms
Archi-forms refer to form selected by learners. Dulay et al. 1982 explain further that a learner may temporarily select just one of English demonstrative
adjectives such as this, that, these, and those, to do the work for several of them. The learners usually write that dog and that dogs p. 160.
3 Alternating Forms
This last type of misinformation happens because the use of archi-form that often makes fairly free alternation of various members of a class with each
other, as seen in Those dog and This cats Dulay et al., 1982, p. 161.
d Misordering
Misordering errors are characterized by the incorrect placement morpheme or group of morpheme which is not place in a well-formed sentence e.g. She fights
all the time her brother Ellis Barkhuizen, 2005, p. 61 instead of She fights with her brother.
c. Sources of Error
